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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{short description|Series of mountain ranges and highlands in north-central India}}
{{Infobox mountain
{{Infobox mountain
| name              = Vindhya Range
| name              = Vindhya Range
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=== Historical definitions ===
=== Historical definitions ===
[[File:Vindhyas Mountain Range seen from Malwa Plateau Mandu Mandav Madhya Pradesh India 2009.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Vindhya range seen from Mandav, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[File:Vindhyas Mountain Range seen from Malwa Plateau Mandu Mandav Madhya Pradesh India 2009.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Vindhya range seen from Mandav, Madhya Pradesh]]
Earlier, the term "Vindhyas" was used in a wider sense, and included a number of hill ranges between the [[Indo-Gangetic plain]] and the [[Deccan Plateau]]. According to the various definitions mentioned in the older texts, the Vindhyas extend up to [[Godavari river|Godavari]] in the south and [[Ganges river|Ganges]] in the north.<ref name="HHW_Meghaduta_1843" />
Earlier, the term "Vindhyas" was used in a wider sense and included a number of hill ranges between the [[Indo-Gangetic plain]] and the [[Deccan Plateau]]. According to the various definitions mentioned in the older texts, the Vindhyas extend up to [[Godavari river|Godavari]] in the south and [[Ganges river|Ganges]] in the north.<ref name="HHW_Meghaduta_1843" />


In certain [[Puranas]], the term Vindhya specifically covers the mountain range located between the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and the [[Tapti river|Tapti]] rivers; that is, the one which is now known as the [[Satpura Range]].<ref name="Edward1885">{{cite book |author=Edward Balfour |title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1017 |year=1885 |publisher=Bernard Quaritch |pages=1017–1018 }}</ref><ref name="James1853">{{cite book |author=James Outram |title=A few brief Memoranda of some of the public services rendered by Lieut.-Colonel Outram, C. B.: Printed for private circulation |url=https://archive.org/details/fewbriefmemorand00outr |year=1853 |publisher=Smith Elder and Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/fewbriefmemorand00outr/page/31 31] }}</ref> The [[Varaha Purana]] uses the name "Vindhya-pada" ("foot of the Vindhyas") for the Satpura range.
In certain [[Puranas]], the term Vindhya specifically covers the mountain range located between the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and the [[Tapti river|Tapti]] rivers; that is, the one which is now known as the [[Satpura Range]].<ref name="Edward1885">{{cite book |author=Edward Balfour |title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1017 |year=1885 |publisher=Bernard Quaritch |pages=1017–1018 }}</ref><ref name="James1853">{{cite book |author=James Outram |title=A few brief Memoranda of some of the public services rendered by Lieut.-Colonel Outram, C. B.: Printed for private circulation |url=https://archive.org/details/fewbriefmemorand00outr |year=1853 |publisher=Smith Elder and Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/fewbriefmemorand00outr/page/31 31] }}</ref> The [[Varaha Purana]] uses the name "Vindhya-pada" ("foot of the Vindhyas") for the Satpura range.
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Today, the definition of the Vindhyas is primarily restricted to the Central Indian escarpments, hills and highlands located to the north of the [[Narmada River]].<ref name="Edward1885" /> Some of these are actually distinct hill systems.<ref name="WWHunter2013">{{cite book |author=W.W. Hunter |title=The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vdv7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-38301-4 |page=35 }}</ref>
Today, the definition of the Vindhyas is primarily restricted to the Central Indian escarpments, hills and highlands located to the north of the [[Narmada River]].<ref name="Edward1885" /> Some of these are actually distinct hill systems.<ref name="WWHunter2013">{{cite book |author=W.W. Hunter |title=The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vdv7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-38301-4 |page=35 }}</ref>


The western end of the Vindhya range is located in the state of [[Gujarat]], near the state's border with [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], at the eastern side of the [[Gujarat peninsula]]. A series of hills connects the Vindhya extension to the [[Aravalli Range]] near [[Champaner]]. The Vindhya range rises in height east of [[Chhota Udaipur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/downloads/phy_geology_gujarat_eng.pdf |title=Physical Geology of Gujarat |author=VN Kulkarni |publisher=Public Works Department, Government of Gujarat |access-date=20 June 2014 }}</ref>
The western end of the Vindhya range is located in the state of [[Gujarat]], near the state's border with [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], at the eastern side of the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula. A series of hills connects the Vindhya extension to the [[Aravalli Range]] near [[Champaner]]. The Vindhya range rises in height east of [[Chhota Udaipur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/downloads/phy_geology_gujarat_eng.pdf |title=Physical Geology of Gujarat |author=VN Kulkarni |publisher=Public Works Department, Government of Gujarat |access-date=20 June 2014 }}</ref>


The principal Vindhya range forms the southern escarpment of the Central Indian upland. It runs roughly parallel to the Naramada river in the east-west direction, forming the southern wall of the [[Malwa]] plateau in Madhya Pradesh.
The principal Vindhya range forms the southern escarpment of the Central Indian upland. It runs roughly parallel to the Naramada river in the east-west direction, forming the southern wall of the [[Malwa]] plateau in Madhya Pradesh.
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== Elevation ==
== Elevation ==


Different sources vary on the average elevation of the Vindhyas, depending on their definition of the range. M. C. Chaturvedi mentions the average elevation as 300&nbsp;m.<ref name="Mahesh2012">{{cite book |author=Mahesh Chandra Chaturvedi |title=Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Waters: Advances in Development and Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFvVY4jAJfgC&pg=PA19|date=27 August 2012 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-7376-2 |page=19 }}</ref> Pradeep Sharma states that the "general elevation" of the Vindhyas is 300–650&nbsp;m, with the range rarely going over 700&nbsp;m during its 1200&nbsp;km extent.<ref name="Pradeep2007" />
Different sources vary on the average elevation of the Vindhyas, depending on their definition of the range. M. C. Chaturvedi mentions the average elevation as {{convert|300|m}}.<ref name="Mahesh2012">{{cite book |author=Mahesh Chandra Chaturvedi |title=Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Waters: Advances in Development and Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFvVY4jAJfgC&pg=PA19|date=27 August 2012 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-7376-2 |page=19 }}</ref> Pradeep Sharma states that the "general elevation" of the Vindhyas is {{convert|300|-|650|m}}, with the range rarely going over {{convert|700|m}} during its {{convert|1200|km}} extent.<ref name="Pradeep2007" />


The highest point of the Vindhyas is the Sad-bhawna Shikhar ("Goodwill Peak"), which lies {{convert|2467|ft|m}} above the sea level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diethatta.nic.in/tour.htm |title=Places of Interest |publisher=[[District Institute for Education and Training|DIET]] [[Hatta, Madhya Pradesh|Hatta]] |access-date=20 June 2014 }}</ref> Also known as the Kalumar peak or Kalumbe peak, it lies near [[Singrampur]] in the [[Damoh district]], in the area known as Bhanrer or Panna hills.<ref name="WWHunter1908">{{cite book |author=William Wilson Hunter |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O39DAAAAYAAJ |year=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=316 }}</ref> Historical texts include [[Amarkantak]] (1000+ m) in the Vindhyas, but today, it is considered a part of the [[Maikal Range]], which is considered as an extension of the Satpuras.<ref name="KSUnni1996">{{cite book |author=K. Sankaran Unni |title=Ecology of River Narmada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00jcLwUPhrwC&pg=PA15 |year=1996 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7024-765-4 |page=15 }}</ref>
The highest point of the Vindhyas is the Sad-bhawna Shikhar ("Goodwill Peak"), which lies {{convert|2467|ft|m|order=flip}} above the sea level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diethatta.nic.in/tour.htm |title=Places of Interest |publisher=[[District Institute for Education and Training|DIET]] [[Hatta, Madhya Pradesh|Hatta]] |access-date=20 June 2014 }}</ref> Also known as the Kalumar peak or Kalumbe peak, it lies near [[Singrampur]] in the [[Damoh district]], in the area known as Bhanrer or Panna hills.<ref name="WWHunter1908">{{cite book |author=William Wilson Hunter |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O39DAAAAYAAJ |year=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=316 }}</ref> Historical texts include [[Amarkantak]] ({{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=x|+ or }}+) in the Vindhyas, but today, it is considered a part of the [[Maikal Range]], which is considered as an extension of the Satpuras.<ref name="KSUnni1996">{{cite book |author=K. Sankaran Unni |title=Ecology of River Narmada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00jcLwUPhrwC&pg=PA15 |year=1996 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7024-765-4 |page=15 }}</ref>


{{Wide image|Vindhyas as seen from Bhimbetka.jpg|1000px|Vindhyas as seen from [[Bhimbetka]]}}
{{Wide image|Vindhyas as seen from Bhimbetka.jpg|1000px|Vindhyas as seen from [[Bhimbetka]]}}
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| last2 = Belivanova | first2 = V.
| last2 = Belivanova | first2 = V.
| last3 = Rasmussen | first3 = B.
| last3 = Rasmussen | first3 = B.
| last4 = Whitehouse | first4 = M. | url = https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/20.500.11937/10114/2/134874_134874.pdf}}</ref> Shelled creatures are documented to have first evolved at the start of the Cambrian 'explosion of life', about 550 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rex Dalton & Killugudi Jayaraman |title=Indian fossil find resolves fraud accusations |publisher=Nature |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090422/full/news.2009.383.html |doi=10.1038/news.2009.383 |date=22 April 2009}}</ref>
| last4 = Whitehouse | first4 = M. | url = https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/20.500.11937/10114/2/134874_134874.pdf| doi-access = free
}}</ref> Shelled creatures are documented to have first evolved at the start of the Cambrian 'explosion of life', about 550 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rex Dalton & Killugudi Jayaraman |title=Indian fossil find resolves fraud accusations |publisher=Nature |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090422/full/news.2009.383.html |doi=10.1038/news.2009.383 |date=22 April 2009}}</ref>


== See also==
== See also==
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