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{{short description|Social movement originating in the United States}}
{{update|date=September 2020}}
 
{{Infobox organization
 
|name = Black Lives Matter
{{Update|reason=Missing information on recent police killings and response (i.e. Daunte Wright, Ma'Khia Bryant, Andrew Brown Jr.)|date=May 2021}}
|image = Black Lives Matter logo.svg
{{good article}}
|size = frameless
{{use American English|date=August 2020}}
|alt = Official logo depicting name in black capital letters on yellow background with "LIVES" color inverted
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
|formation = {{start date and age|2013|7|13}}
{{Infobox historical event
|founders = {{unbulleted list|[[Alicia Garza]]|[[Patrisse Cullors]]|[[Opal Tometi]]}}
|Event_Name    = Black Lives Matter
|type = Activist organization
|partof        =
|purpose = Anti-racist advocacy and protest
|Image_Name    = Black Lives Matter logo.svg
|location = International<br />(mostly in the United States)
|Image_Caption  = Logo often used in the Black Lives Matter movement
|key_people = {{hlist|[[Shaun King]]|[[DeRay Mckesson]]|[[Johnetta Elzie]]|[[Tef Poe]]|[[Erica Garner]]}}
|aka            = {{hlist|Black Lives Matter movement|BLM}}
|website = {{URL|https://blacklivesmatter.com/}}
|Location      = International, largely in the United States
|Date          = 2013–present
|Result        =
* Multiple mass protests in the United States
* [[Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture|Impact on popular culture and politics]]
* Spread of protests outside the United States
}}
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21587635011).jpg|thumb|alt=Protesters lying down over rail tracks with a "Black Lives Matter" banner|A Black Lives Matter [[die-in]] over rail tracks, protesting alleged police brutality in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] (September 20, 2015)|261x261px]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' ('''BLM''') is a [[decentralized]] [[Political movement|political]] and [[social movement]] protesting against incidents of [[police brutality]] and all [[racially motivated violence]] against [[black people]].<ref>Friedersdorf, Conor.  [https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/drawing-distinctions-antifa-the-alt-right-and-black-lives-matter/538320/ "How to Distinguish Between Antifa, White Supremacists, and Black Lives Matter."] ''The Atlantic''.  August 31, 2017.  August 31, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=August 22, 2020 |title=Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.newsweek.com/topic/black-lives-matter |website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Chloe |last1=Banks |title=Disciplining Black activism: post-racial rhetoric, public memory and decorum in news media framing of the Black Lives Matter movement |journal=Continuum |date=November 2, 2018 |issn=1030-4312 |pages=709–720 |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2018.1525920 |s2cid=150199510}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Fabio |last1=Rojas |title=Moving beyond the rhetoric: a comment on Szetela's critique of the Black Lives Matter movement |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |date=June 20, 2020 |issn=0141-9870 |pages=1407–1413 |volume=43 |issue=8 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2020.1718725 |s2cid=213636514}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Black Lives Matter {{!}} Dictionary.com|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/black-lives-matter|access-date=September 4, 2020|website=www.dictionary.com|language=en}}</ref> While there are specific organizations such as the [[Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation|Black Lives Matter Global Network]] that label themselves simply as "Black Lives Matter", the Black Lives Matter movement comprises a broad array of people and organizations. The slogan "Black Lives Matter" itself remains [[Trademark|untrademarked]] by any group.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-life-cb-black-lives-matter-chicago-20200903-xh75kbw5nfdk5joudlsgb2viwq-story.html |title=What you need to know about Black Lives Matter in 10 questions |first1=Lauren |last1=Leazenby |first2=Milan |last2=Polk |date=September 3, 2020 |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=November 4, 2020}}</ref> The broader movement and its related organizations typically advocate against police violence toward black people as well as for various other policy changes considered to be related to black liberation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/racial-justice/race-and-criminal-justice/how-black-lives-matter-changed-way-americans-fight |title=How Black Lives Matter Changed the Way Americans Fight for Freedom |first=Frank |last=Roberts |date=July 13, 2018 |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |access-date=June 15, 2020}}</ref>
 
In July 2013, the movement began with the use of the [[hashtag]] #BlackLivesMatter on [[social media]] after [[Trial of George Zimmerman|the acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] in [[Killing of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[African-American]] teen [[Trayvon Martin]] 17 months earlier in February 2012. The movement became nationally recognized for street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African Americans, that of [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]]—resulting in [[Ferguson unrest|protests and unrest in Ferguson, Missouri]], a city near [[St. Louis]]—and [[Death of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]] in New York City.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement |title=#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement |first=Elizabeth |last=Day |date=July 19, 2015 |work=The Guardian |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-changed-america-one-year-later/ |title=Black Lives Matter: How the events in Ferguson sparked a movement in America |first=Shannon |last=Luibrand |date=August 7, 2015 |work=CBS News |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref> Since the Ferguson protests, participants in the movement have demonstrated against the deaths of numerous other African Americans by police actions or while in police custody. In the summer of 2015, Black Lives Matter activists became involved in the [[2016 United States presidential election]].<ref name=eligon>{{cite web |last=Eligon |first=John |date=November 18, 2015 |title=One Slogan, Many Methods: Black Lives Matter Enters Politics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/19/us/one-slogan-many-methods-black-lives-matter-enters-politics.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref> The originators of the hashtag and call to action, [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]], expanded their project into a national network of over 30 local chapters between 2014 and 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/@patrissemariecullorsbrignac/we-didn-t-start-a-movement-we-started-a-network-90f9b5717668#.l0oku76m3 |title=We didn't start a movement. We started a network. |last=Cullors-Brignac |first=Patrisse Marie |date=February 23, 2016 |publisher=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref> The overall Black Lives Matter movement is a decentralized network of activists with no formal hierarchy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter |title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter? |first1=Ben |last1=Collins |first2=Tim |last2=Mak |date=August 15, 2015 |newspaper=The Daily Beast |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref>
 
The movement returned to national headlines and gained further international attention during the global [[George Floyd protests]] in 2020 following [[murder of George Floyd|his murder]] by [[Minneapolis Police Department|Minneapolis police officer]] [[Derek Chauvin]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eligon|first1=John|last2=Arango|first2=Tim|last3=Dewan|first3=Shaila|last4=Bogel-Burroughes|first4=Nicholas|date=April 20, 2021|title=Derek Chauvin Verdict Brings a Rare Rebuke of Police Misconduct|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/20/us/george-floyd-chauvin-verdict.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=June 7, 2020|title=Protesters around the world rally for George Floyd and against police brutality|work=France24|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200607-protesters-on-four-continents-support-george-floyd-black-lives-matter|access-date=June 16, 2020}}</ref> An estimated 15&nbsp;million to 26&nbsp;million people participated in the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests in the United States, making it one of the largest movements in the country's history.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Buchanan |first1=Larry |last2=Bui |first2=Quoctrung |last3=Patel |first3=Jugal K. |date=July 3, 2020 |title=Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html|access-date=July 3, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The movement comprises many views and a broad array of demands but they center on [[Criminal justice reform in the United States|criminal justice reform]].
 
The popularity of Black Lives Matter has rapidly shifted over time. Whereas public opinion on Black Lives Matter was net negative in 2018, it grew increasingly popular through 2019 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cohn |first1=Nate |last2=Quealy |first2=Kevin |date=June 10, 2020 |title=How Public Opinion Has Moved on Black Lives Matter |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/06/10/upshot/black-lives-matter-attitudes.html|access-date=July 14, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A June 2020 [[Pew Research Center]] poll found that 67% of adult Americans expressed some support for the Black Lives Matter movement.<ref name=pew>{{cite web |last1=Parker |first1=Kim |last2=Horowitz |first2=Juliana Menasce |last3=Anderson |first3=Monica |title=Majorities Across Racial, Ethnic Groups Express Support for the Black Lives Matter Movement |website=Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project |date=June 12, 2020 |url=https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/06/12/amid-protests-majorities-across-racial-and-ethnic-groups-express-support-for-the-black-lives-matter-movement/ |access-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref> A later poll conducted in September 2020 showed that support among American adults had dropped to 55%, with notable declines among whites and Hispanics, while support remained widespread among black adults.<ref name="Pew 2020">{{Cite web|date=September 16, 2020|title=Support for Black Lives Matter has decreased since June but remains strong among Black Americans|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/09/16/support-for-black-lives-matter-has-decreased-since-june-but-remains-strong-among-black-americans/|access-date=November 20, 2020|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref>{{toc limit|3}}
 
== Structure and organization ==
=== Loose structure ===
The phrase "Black Lives Matter" can refer to a [[Twitter]] [[hashtag]], a [[slogan]], a social movement, a [[political action committee]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=By Janell Ross |title=Black Lives Matter launches a political action committee. But it's not an easy fit. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/10/27/black-lives-matter-goes-official-with-a-political-action-committee-but-its-not-an-easy-fit/?arc404=true |access-date=August 23, 2020 |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> or a loose confederation of groups advocating for racial justice. As a movement, Black Lives Matter is [[grassroots]] and decentralized, and leaders have emphasized the importance of local organizing over national leadership.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Ryan W. |title=Black Lives Matter: A primer on what it is and what it stands for |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2016/07/11/black-lives-matter-what-what-stands/86963292/ |access-date=July 13, 2016 |work=USA Today |date=July 12, 2016 |ref=USA_BLM}}</ref><ref name=clayton>{{cite journal |last=Clayton |first=Dewey M. |title=Black Lives Matter and the Civil Rights Movement: A Comparative Analysis of Two Social Movements in the United States |journal=[[Journal of Black Studies]] |date=2018 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=448–480 |doi=10.1177/0021934718764099 |s2cid=148805128}}</ref> The structure differs from previous black movements, like the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. Such differences have been the subject of scholarly literature.<ref name="Cambridge"/> Activist [[DeRay McKesson]] has commented that the movement "encompasses all who publicly declare that black lives matter and devote their time and energy accordingly."<ref name="tags_BLM">{{cite web |last1=Freelon |first1=Deen |last2=McIlwain |first2=Charlton D. |last3=Clark |first3=Meredith D. |title=Beyond the Hashtags |url=http://cmsimpact.org/resource/beyond-hashtags-ferguson-blacklivesmatter-online-struggle-offline-justice/ |date=February 29, 2016 |publisher=Center for Media and Social Impact |type=PDF |page=9 |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref>
 
In 2013, [[Patrisse Cullors]], [[Alicia Garza]], and [[Opal Tometi]] formed the Black Lives Matter Network. Garza described the network as an online platform that existed to provide activists with a shared set of principles and goals. Local Black Lives Matter chapters are asked to commit to the organization's list of guiding principles but operate without a central structure or hierarchy. Garza has commented that the Network was not interested in "policing who is and who is not part of the movement."<ref name="ITT_BLM">{{cite news |last1=Fletcher Jr. |first1=Bill |title=From Hashtag to Strategy: The Growing Pains of Black Lives Matter |url=http://inthesetimes.com/article/18394/from-hashtag-to-strategy-the-growing-pains-of-black-lives-matter |access-date=July 13, 2016 |work=In These Times |date=September 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NY_BLM">{{cite news |last1=Cobb |first1=Jelani |author-link1=Jelani Cobb |title=The Matter of Black Lives |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/where-is-black-lives-matter-headed |access-date=July 13, 2016 |work=The New Yorker |date=March 14, 2016}}</ref>
 
The loose structure of Black Lives Matter has contributed to confusion in the press and among activists, as actions or statements from chapters or individuals are sometimes attributed to "Black Lives Matter" as a whole.<ref name="dbeast_BLM">{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Ben |title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter? |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html |access-date=July 13, 2016 |work=The Daily Beast |date=August 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name="CJR_BLM">{{cite news |last1=Bernard |first1=Jephie |title=Black Lives Matter: the movement, the organization, and how journalists get it wrong |url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/black_lives_matter_the_movement_the_organization_and_how_journalists_get_it_wrong.php |access-date=July 13, 2016 |journal=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] |date=April 1, 2016}}</ref> [[Matt Pearce]], writing for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', commented that "the words could be serving as a political rallying cry or referring to the activist organization. Or it could be the fuzzily applied label used to describe a wide range of protests and conversations focused on racial inequality."<ref name="LAT_BLM">{{cite news |last1=Pearce |first1=Matt |title=Why the term 'Black Lives Matter' can be so confusing |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-black-lives-matter-explainer-20151020-story.html |access-date=July 13, 2016 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=October 20, 2015}}</ref>
 
On at least one occasion, a person represented as ''Managing Director of BLM Global Network'' has released a statement represented to be on behalf of that organization.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://blacklivesmatter.com/for-immediate-release-statement-by-kailee-scales-managing-director-of-blm-global-network/|title=For Immediate Release, Statement by Kailee Scales, Managing Director of BLM Global Network|date=June 25, 2020|publisher=blacklivesmatter.com}}</ref>
 
=== Broader movement ===
Concurrently, a broader movement involving several other organizations and activists emerged under the banner of "Black Lives Matter", as well.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.colorlines.com/articles/why-its-dangerous-lump-all-black-activists-under-black-lives-matter-banner |title=Why It's Dangerous to Lump All Black Activists Under the 'Black Lives Matter' Banner |last=Naasel |first=Kenrya Rankin |date=July 20, 2016 |work=[[ColorLines]] |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref> In 2015, [[Johnetta Elzie]], [[DeRay McKesson]], [[Brittany Packnett]], and [[Samuel Sinyangwe]] initiated [[Campaign Zero]], aimed at promoting policy reforms to end police brutality. The campaign released a ten-point plan for reforms to policing, with recommendations including: ending [[broken windows]] policing, increasing community oversight of police departments, and creating stricter guidelines for the [[use of force]].<ref name="NYT_campaignzero">{{cite news |last1=Maloney |first1=Alli |title=When police turn violent, activists Brittany Packnett and Johnetta Elzie push back |url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/09/29/when-police-turn-violent-activists-brittany-packnett-and-johnetta-elzie-push-back/ |access-date=December 18, 2016 |agency=Women in the World |work=The New York Times |date=September 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219043331/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/09/29/when-police-turn-violent-activists-brittany-packnett-and-johnetta-elzie-push-back/|archive-date=December 19, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reporter, John Eligon, wrote that some activists expressed concerns that the campaign was overly focused on legislative remedies for police violence.<ref name="NYtimes_campaignzero">{{cite news |last1=Eligon |first1=John |title=One Slogan, Many Methods: Black Lives Matter Enters Politics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/19/us/one-slogan-many-methods-black-lives-matter-enters-politics.html |access-date=July 12, 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=November 18, 2015}}</ref>
 
Black Lives Matter also voices support for movements and causes outside of black police brutality, including LGBTQ activism, feminism, immigration reform and economic justice.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linscott |first=Charles "Chip" P. |date=2017 |title=Introduction: #BlackLivesMatter and the Mediatic Lives of a Movement |journal=Black Camera |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.8.2.04 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.8.2.04 |s2cid=157642074 |issn=1536-3155}}</ref>
 
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21552673186).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protest on September 20, 2015, against police brutality in [[St. Paul, Minnesota]]]]
 
==== Movement For Black Lives ====
{{main|Movement for Black Lives}}
The Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) is a coalition of more than 50 groups representing the interests of [[Black people|black communities]] across the United States.<ref name="Newkirk">{{cite web|last=Newkirk|first=Vann R. II|date=August 3, 2016|title=The Permanence of Black Lives Matter|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/movement-black-lives-platform/494309/|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> Members include the Black Lives Matter Network, the [[National Conference of Black Lawyers]], and the [[Ella Baker Center for Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us – The Movement for Black Lives|url=https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502120213/https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|archive-date=May 2, 2019|access-date=August 4, 2016|website=Movement for Black Lives|publisher=policy.m4bl.org}}</ref> Endorsed by groups such as [[Color of Change]], [[Race Forward]], Brooklyn Movement Center, [[PolicyLink]], Million Women March Cleveland, and ONE DC,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Eric K.|date=2017|title=The BLM Effect: Hashtags, History and Race|journal=Race, Poverty & the Environment|volume=21|issue=2|pages=8–15|issn=1532-2874|jstor=44687751}}</ref> the coalition receives communications and tactical support from an organization named Blackbird.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ransby|first=Barbara|date=October 21, 2017|title=Opinion {{!}} Black Lives Matter Is Democracy in Action|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/21/opinion/sunday/black-lives-matter-leadership.html|access-date=April 25, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
 
Following the [[murder of George Floyd]], M4BL released the [[BREATHE Act]], which called for sweeping legislative changes surrounding policing; the policy bill included calls to divest from policing and reinvest funds directly in community resources and alternative emergency response models.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=July 7, 2020|title=Movement for Black Lives Seeks Sweeping Legislative Changes|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/07/07/us/ap-us-black-lives-matter-legislation.html|access-date=July 8, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Byrd|first=Jessica|title=The Genius of Resilience: Toward a New, Black National Convention|url=https://www.theroot.com/the-genius-of-resilience-toward-a-new-black-national-1844367817|access-date=July 18, 2020|website=The Root|language=en-us}}</ref>
 
On July 24, 2015, the movement initially convened at [[Cleveland State University]] where between 1,500 and 2,000 activists gathered to participate in open discussions and demonstrations. The conference in Cleveland, Ohio initially attempted to "strategize ways for the Movement for Black Lives to hold law enforcement accountable for their actions on a national level".<ref name="about2017">{{Cite news|title=About Us – The Movement for Black Lives|language=en-US|work=The Movement for Black Lives|url=https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|url-status=dead|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502120213/https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|archive-date=May 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="cleveland2015">{{Cite news|last=Morice|first=Jane|date=July 25, 2015|title=Thousands of 'freedom fighters' in Cleveland for first national Black Lives Matter conference|language=en-US|work=cleveland.com|url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2015/07/thousands_of_freedom_fighters.html|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name="bernard2017">{{Cite news|last=Bernard|first=Tanya Lucia|date=August 7, 2015|title=The Movement for Black Lives Convening: An Offering of Love|language=en-US|work=The Root|url=http://www.theroot.com/the-movement-for-black-lives-convening-an-offering-of-1790860722|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref> However, the conference resulted in the formation of a much more significant social movement. At the end of the three day conference, on July 26, the Movement for Black Lives initiated a year long "process of convening local and national groups to create a United Front".<ref name="about2017" /> This year long process ultimately resulted in the establishment of an organizational platform that articulates the goals, demands, and policies which the Movement for Black Lives supports in order to achieve the "liberation" of black communities across America.<ref name="about2017" />
 
In 2016, the [[The Ford Foundation|Ford Foundation]] announced plans to fund the M4BL Movement For Black Lives in a "six-year investments" plan, further partnering up with others to found the [[Black-led Movement Fund]].<ref name="Ford Foundation">{{cite web |title=Why black lives matter to philanthropy |first1=Brook |last1=Kelly-Green |last2=Yasui |first2=Luna |website=fordfoundation.org |url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/ideas/equals-change-blog/posts/why-black-lives-matter-to-philanthropy/ |date=July 19, 2016|access-date=June 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Ellen |last=McGirt |title=Who Is Funding Black Lives Matter: Ford Foundation |url=https://fortune.com/2016/08/08/funding-black-lives-matter-ford/ |date=August 9, 2016|access-date=June 30, 2020 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ford Motors Funds Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/ford-motors-funds-black-lives-matter/ |first=Kim |last=LaCapria |website=snopes.com |date=September 26, 2016|access-date=June 30, 2020}}</ref> The sum donated by the Ford Foundation and the other donors to M4BL was reported as $100&nbsp;million by ''[[The Washington Times]]'' in 2016; another donation of $33&nbsp;million to M4BL was reportedly issued by the [[Open Society Foundations]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Richardson |first1=Valerie |title=Black Lives Matter cashes in with $100 million from liberal foundations |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/aug/16/black-lives-matter-cashes-100-million-liberal-foun/ |work=The Washington Times |date=August 16, 2016|access-date=June 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Did George Soros Fund Ferguson Protests and Black Lives Matter? |first=David |last=Mikkelson |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/riot-act/ |website=snopes.com |date=January 22, 2015|access-date=June 30, 2020}}</ref>
 
In 2016, M4BL called for [[decarceration in the United States]], [[reparations for slavery|reparations for harms related to slavery]], and more recently, specific remedies for [[redlining]] in housing, education policy, mass incarceration and food insecurity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGirt |first=Ellen |date=August 8, 2016 |title=raceAhead: Why Ford Foundation Is Underwriting Black Lives Matter |url=https://fortune.com/2016/08/08/raceahead-why-ford-foundation-is-underwriting-black-lives-matter/|access-date=August 12, 2020 |website=[[Fortune magazine|Fortune]] |language=en}}</ref> It also called for an end to mass surveillance, investment in public education, not incarceration, and community control of the police: empowering residents in communities of color to hire and fire police officers and issue subpoenas, decide disciplinary consequences and exercise control over city funding of police.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 2, 2016 |title=Slavery reparations sought in first Black Lives Matter agenda |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-politics-race-idUSKCN10C3E1|access-date=June 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2016 |title=Black Lives Matter Releases Policy Demands, Includes Reparations And Abolishing The Death Penalty |url=https://populardemocracy.org/news-and-publications/black-lives-matter-releases-policy-demands-includes-reparations-and-abolishing|access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=The Center for Popular Democracy}}</ref>
 
=== Funding ===
''[[Politico]]'' reported in 2015 that the [[Democracy Alliance]], a gathering of Democratic-Party donors, planned to meet with leaders of several groups who were endorsing the Black Lives Matter movement.<ref name="Vogel & Wheaton">{{cite news |last1=Vogel |first1=Kenneth P. |last2=Wheaton |first2=Sarah |date=November 13, 2015 |title=Major donors consider funding Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/11/major-donors-consider-funding-black-lives-matter-215814 |work=Politico|access-date=June 30, 2020}}</ref> According to ''Politico'', Solidaire, the donor coalition focusing on "movement building" and led by Texas oil fortune heir [[Leah Hunt-Hendrix]], a member of the Democracy Alliance, had donated more than $200,000 to the BLM movement by 2015.<ref name="Vogel & Wheaton" />
 
According to ''[[The Economist]]'', between May 2020 and December 2020, donations to Black Lives Matter related causes amounted to $10.6 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Six months after mass protests began, what is the future of BLM? |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2020/12/12/six-months-after-mass-protests-began-what-is-the-future-of-blm|date=December 10, 2020|access-date=December 18, 2020 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> The [[Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation]], one of the main organizations coordinating organizing and mobilization efforts across the Black Lives Matter network, reported raising $90 million in 2020, including a substantial number of individual donations online, with an average donation of $30.76.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-20|title=AP Exclusive: Black Lives Matter opens up about its finances|url=https://apnews.com/article/black-lives-matter-90-million-finances-8a80cad199f54c0c4b9e74283d27366f|access-date=2021-05-26|website=AP NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=2020 Impact Report - Black Lives Matter|language=en-US|work=Black Lives Matter|url=https://blacklivesmatter.com/2020-impact-report/|access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref>
 
=== Strategies and tactics ===
Black Lives Matter originally used various social media platforms—including [[hashtag activism]]—to reach thousands of people rapidly.<ref name=herbert>{{cite web |last1=Ruffin II |first1=Herbert G. |title=Black Lives Matter: The Growth of a New Social Justice Movement |date=August 23, 2015 |url=http://www.blackpast.org/perspectives/black-lives-matter-growth-new-social-justice-movement |publisher=[[BlackPast.org]] |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref> Since then, Black Lives Matter has embraced a [[diversity of tactics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/frustration-lies-behind-black-lives-matter/2915526.html |title=Frustration Lies Behind 'Black Lives Matter' |first=Molly |last=McKitterick |date=August 12, 2015 |publisher=[[Voice of America|VOA]] |access-date=December 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119135921/http://www.voanews.com/content/frustration-lies-behind-black-lives-matter/2915526.html |archive-date=November 19, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Black Lives Matter protests have been overwhelmingly peaceful; when violence does occur, it is often committed by police or by counter-protesters.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Erica|last1=Chenoweth|first2=Jeremy|last2=Pressman|access-date=October 23, 2020|title=This summer's Black Lives Matter protesters were overwhelmingly peaceful, our research finds|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/10/16/this-summers-black-lives-matter-protesters-were-overwhelming-peaceful-our-research-finds/|newspaper=The Washington Post|issn=0190-8286|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Ebong|last1=Udoma|access-date=October 23, 2020|title=UConn Study: At Least 96% of Black Lives Matter Protests Were Peaceful|url=https://www.wshu.org/post/uconn-study-least-96-black-lives-matter-protests-were-peaceful|website=www.wshu.org}}</ref><ref name="nbcThug">{{cite web|access-date=October 23, 2020|title=False 'thug' narratives have long been used to discredit movements|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/not-accident-false-thug-narratives-have-long-been-used-discredit-n1240509|website=NBC News}}</ref> Despite this, opponents have falsely portrayed the movement as violent.<ref name="nbcThug" /><ref>{{cite web|first1=Nicquel Terry|last1=Ellis|access-date=October 23, 2020|title='Stand back and stand by': Rhetoric some call racist has marked Trump's entire presidency|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/10/13/hate-speech-common-theme-trumps-presidency/5873238002/|website=USA Today}}</ref>
 
=== Internet and social media ===
{{multiple image
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|image1 = BlackLivesMatter hastag table.png
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|footer = Analysis of the usage of the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag on Twitter in response to major news events
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In 2014, the [[American Dialect Society]] chose #BlackLivesMatter as their [[word of the year]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 |title=Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter) |work=The Economist |author=R.L.G. |date=January 15, 2015 |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html |title=Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter |work=Slate |first=Gretchen |last=McCulloch |date=January 29, 2015 |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref> [[Yes! (U.S. magazine)|''Yes! Magazine'']] picked #BlackLivesMatter as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weedston |first1=Lindsey |title=12 Hashtags That Changed the World in 2014 |url=http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/12-hashtags-that-changed-the-world-in-2014 |access-date=October 24, 2015 |work=[[Yes! (U.S. magazine)|Yes! Magazine]] |date=December 19, 2014}}</ref> From July 2013 through May 1, 2018, the hashtag "#BlackLivesMatter" had been tweeted over 30&nbsp;million times, an average of 17,002 times per day.<ref name="PEW 2">{{Cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Monica |last2=Toor |first2=Skye |last3=Raine |first3=Lee |last4=Smith |first4=Aaron |date=July 11, 2018 |title=2. An analysis of #BlackLivesMatter and other Twitter hashtags related to political or social issues |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/07/11/an-analysis-of-blacklivesmatter-and-other-twitter-hashtags-related-to-political-or-social-issues/|access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech]]}}</ref> By June 10, 2020, it had been tweeted roughly 47.8&nbsp;million times,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Monica |last2=Barthel |first2=Michael |last3=Perrin |first3=Andrew |last4=Vogels |first4=Emily A. |date=June 10, 2020 |title=#BlackLivesMatter surges on Twitter after George Floyd's death |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/10/blacklivesmatter-surges-on-twitter-after-george-floyds-death/|access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> with the period of July 7–17, 2016 having the highest usage, at nearly 500,000 tweets a day.<ref name="PEW 2"/> This period also saw an increase in tweets using the hashtags "#BlueLivesMatter" and "#AllLivesMatter".<ref name="PEW 2"/> On May 28, 2020, there were nearly 8.8&nbsp;million tweets with the hashtag, and the average had increased to 3.7&nbsp;million a day.<ref name=":7"/>
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21587635011).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter [[die-in]] protest at [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]] against [[allegation]]s of [[police brutality]] in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]]]]
 
The [[2016 shooting of Dallas police officers]] saw the online tone of the movement become more negative than before, with 39% of tweets using the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter expressing opposition to the movement.<ref name="PEW 4">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Monica |date=August 15, 2016 |title=4. Major recent events bring #BlackLivesMatter back to the forefront as the tone shifts overnight |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/08/15/major-recent-events-bring-blacklivesmatter-back-to-the-forefront-as-the-tone-shifts-overnight/|access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Nearly half in opposition tied the group to violence, with many describing the group as terrorist.<ref name="PEW 4"/>
 
Khadijah White, a professor at [[Rutgers University]], argues that BLM has ushered in a new era of black university student movements. The ease with which bystanders can record graphic videos of police violence and post them onto social media has driven activism all over the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last=White |first=Khadijah |title=Black Lives on Campuses Matter: The Rise of the New Black Student Movement |url=https://www.lwbooks.co.uk/soundings/63/black-lives-matter |journal=[[Soundings (journal)|Soundings]] |issue=63 |date=Summer 2016 |pages=86–97 |access-date=December 18, 2016 |doi=10.3898/136266216819377002 |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185249/https://www.lwbooks.co.uk/soundings/63/black-lives-matter |url-status=dead }}</ref> The hashtag's usage has gained the attention of high-ranking politicians and has sometimes encouraged them to support the movement.<ref name="Cambridge"/>
 
On [[Wikipedia]], a [[WikiProject]] dedicated to coverage of the Black Lives Matter movement was created in June 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harrison |first1=Stephen |title=How Wikipedia Became a Battleground for Racial Justice |url=https://slate.com/technology/2020/06/wikipedia-george-floyd-neutrality.html |access-date=June 16, 2020 |work=Slate |date=June 9, 2020}}</ref>
 
In 2020, users of the popular app [[TikTok]] noticed that the app seemed to be [[shadow banning]] posts about BLM or recent police killings of black people. TikTok apologized and attributed the situation to a technical glitch.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Molina|first=Brett|title=TikTok apologizes after claims it blocked #BlackLivesMatter, George Floyd posts|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/06/02/tiktok-apologizes-after-claims-blocked-george-floyd-posts/3122296001/|access-date=March 1, 2021|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
=== Direct action ===
[[File:Protesters with signs in Ferguson.jpg|thumb|left|A "[[Hands up, don't shoot|Hands up!]]" sign displayed at a Ferguson protest in August 2014]]
BLM generally engages in [[direct action]] tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue.<ref name=tactics>{{cite episode |first1=Bryan |last1=Tucker |first2=Stephen |last2=Hegg |title=Tactics of Black Lives Matter |date=October 22, 2015 |url=http://kcts9.org/programs/in-close/tactics-black-lives-matter |series=IN Close |number=216 |station=[[KCTS-TV]] |access-date=December 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102024356/http://kcts9.org/programs/in-close/tactics-black-lives-matter |archive-date=November 2, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> BLM has been known to build power through protest and rallies.<ref name=maddow>{{cite web |title='Black Lives Matter' builds power through protest |url=https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/-black-lives-matter--presses-equality-demands-501828675508 |date=August 10, 2015 |work=[[The Rachel Maddow Show]] |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref> BLM has also staged [[die-in]]s and held one during the 2015 [[Twin Cities Marathon]].<ref name=mara>{{cite web |last1=Gottfried |first1=Mara H. |last2=Eccher |first2=Marino |date=October 3, 2015 |title=Black Lives Matter's Twin Cities Marathon protest peaceful |url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28919683/black-lives-matter-protest-at-twin-cities-marathon |work=St. Paul Pioneer Press |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref>
 
[[File:OaklandBLM-4174.jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter demonstration in Oakland, California, December 2014]]
[[Political slogan]]s used during demonstrations include the [[:wikt:eponym|eponymous]] "Black Lives Matter", "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]" (a later discredited reference attributed to [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2015/03/04/doj_report_on_shooting_of_michael_brown_1.pdf |title=Department of Justice Report Regarding the Criminal Investigation into the Shooting Death of Michael Brown by Ferguson, Missouri Police Officer Darren Wilson |date=March 4, 2015 |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref>), "[[I can't breathe]]"<ref>{{Cite web |title='I Can't Breathe': Eric Garner's Last Words Symbolize Our Predicament |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/grace-jisun-kim/i-cant-breathe-eric-garne_b_6341634.html |website=HuffPost |access-date=November 18, 2015 |date=December 18, 2014 |last1=Kim |first1=Grace Ji-Sun |last2=Jackson |first2=Jesse |author-link=Grace Ji-Sun Kim |author-link2=Jesse Jackson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Linguistic Power of the Protest Phrase 'I Can't Breathe' |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/12/ben-zimmer-on-i-cant-breathe |journal=Wired |access-date=November 18, 2015 |date=December 15, 2014 |last=Zimmer |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Zimmer}}</ref> (referring to [[Death of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]] and later [[George Floyd]]), "White silence is violence",<ref>{{Cite news |title=Protesting racial injustice while white |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/12/11/protesting-racial-injustice-while-white |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 11, 2014 |access-date=November 18, 2015 |first=Abby |last=Phillip}}</ref> "[[No justice, no peace]]",<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-minneapolis-police-protests-britain/no-justice-no-peace-tens-of-thousands-in-london-protest-death-of-floyd-idUSKBN23A1XS |authors=Michael Holden & Dylan Martinez |title='No justice, no peace': Tens of thousands in London protest death of Floyd |work=Reuters |date=June 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='No Justice, No Peace': Black Lives Matter & Bernie Sanders |url=http://sociologyinfocus.com/2015/08/no-justice-no-peace-black-lives-matter-bernie-sanders |website=Sociology in Focus |access-date=November 18, 2015 |last=Palmer |first=Nathan |date=August 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128200047/http://sociologyinfocus.com/2015/08/no-justice-no-peace-black-lives-matter-bernie-sanders/|archive-date=January 28, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and "Is my son next?",<ref>{{cite news |title=Protest against police violence, vigil for reconciliation held in Memphis |url=http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/protest-against-police-violence-begins-in-south-memphis-372841dd-ddf7-69a3-e053-0100007f2095-386078911.html |newspaper=[[The Commercial Appeal]] |date=July 8, 2016 |access-date=July 11, 2016 |last1=Fretland |first1=Katie |last2=Connolly |first2=Daniel}}</ref> among others.
 
According to a 2018 study, "Black Lives Matter protests are more likely to occur in localities where more black people have previously been killed by police."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=Vanessa |last2=Trump |first2=Kris-Stella |last3=Einstein |first3=Katherine Levine |year=2018 |title=Black Lives Matter: Evidence that Police-Caused Deaths Predict Protest Activity |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=400–415 |doi=10.1017/S1537592717004273 |issn=1537-5927|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
=== Media, music and other cultural impacts ===
{{main|Black Lives Matter art|Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture}}
Since the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2013, with the hashtag {{hash-tag}}BlackLivesMatter,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Day |first=Elizabeth |date=July 19, 2015 |title=#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement |access-date=June 18, 2020 |issn=0029-7712}}</ref> the movement has been depicted and documented in [[Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture#Film|film]], [[Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture#Music|song]], [[Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture#Television|television]], [[Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture#Literature|literature]], and the [[Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture#Art|visual arts]]. A number of media outlets are providing material related to racial injustice and the Black Lives Matter movement. Published books, novels, and TV shows have increased in popularity in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Heeti |first=Abrar |title=Black Lives Matter: Netflix movies, TV shows and books that touch on systemic racism |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/black-lives-matter-movies-tv-shows-and-books-on-systemic-racism/|access-date=June 10, 2020 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref> Songs, such as [[Michael Jackson]]'s "[[They Don't Care About Us]]" and [[Kendrick Lamar]]'s "[[Alright (Kendrick Lamar song)|Alright]]", have been widely used as a rallying call at demonstrations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/op-ed/bs-ed-messenger-king-20141209-story.html|title=Messenger King: Michael Jackson and the politics of #BlackLivesMatter|first=D. B.|last=Anderson|website=baltimoresun.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2015/08/black_lives_matter_protesters_chant_kendrick_lamar_s_alright_what_makes.html |title=Has Kendrick Lamar Recorded the New Black National Anthem? |last=Harris |first=Aisha |date=August 3, 2015 |newspaper=Slate |access-date=May 6, 2016}}</ref>
 
The short documentary film, ''[[Bars4justice]]'', features brief appearances by various activists and recording artists affiliated with the Black Lives Matter movement. The film is an official selection of the 24th Annual [[Pan African Film Festival]]. ''[[Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement]]'' is a 2016 American television documentary film, starring [[Jesse Williams (actor)|Jesse Williams]], about the Black Lives Matter movement.<ref name=HP>{{cite web |work=[[HuffPost]] |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/jesse-williams-stay-woke-documentary-black-lives-matter_us_5739516ee4b077d4d6f3688a |title=Jesse Williams Wants You To 'Stay Woke' In New Film On Black Lives Matter |date=May 16, 2016 |first=Lilly |last=Workneh |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.essence.com/2016/05/16/jesse-williams-chronicles-black-lives-matter-movement-powerful-documentary |work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]] |date=May 16, 2016 |title=Jesse Williams Chronicles 'Black Lives Matter' Movement in Powerful Documentary |first=Toni |last=Akindele |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref>
 
The February 2015 issue of ''[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]'' magazine and the cover was devoted to Black Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Callahan |first1=Yesha |title=Essence Dedicates February Cover to #BlackLivesMatter |url=http://www.theroot.com/blogs/the_grapevine/2015/01/essence_dedicates_february_cover_to_blacklivesmatter.html |publisher=The Root |access-date=November 11, 2015|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224000123/http://www.theroot.com/blogs/the_grapevine/2015/01/essence_dedicates_february_cover_to_blacklivesmatter.html |archive-date=December 24, 2015}}</ref> In December 2015, BLM was a contender for the ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine [[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]] award, coming in fourth of the eight candidates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/09/europe/time-person-of-the-year-merkel/index.html |title=TIME names German leader Angela Merkel its Person of the Year |publisher=CNN |date=December 9, 2015 |access-date=December 9, 2015 |author1=Botelho, Greg |author2=Tim Hume}}</ref>
 
[[File:In Space, We Can Hear Your Screams (49986786312).jpg|thumb|[[Black Lives Matter Plaza]] in Washington, D.C., as seen from space on June 8, 2020]]
A number of cities have painted [[List of Black Lives Matter street murals|murals of "Black Lives Matter" in large letters on their streets]]. The cities include [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Dallas]], [[Denver]], [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], [[Seattle]], [[Brooklyn]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[Birmingham, Alabama]].<ref name="Wilson">{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=Mark |date=June 18, 2020 |title=Can art change the world? Inside the debate raging over Black Lives Matter murals |language=en-US |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90517437/can-art-change-the-world-inside-the-debate-raging-over-black-lives-matter-murals |access-date=June 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2020 |title="Black Lives Matter" street painting project underway in Birmingham |language=en |work=WVTM 13 |url=https://www.wvtm13.com/article/portion-of-birmingham-street-blocked-for-black-lives-matter-street-art/32886880 |access-date=June 18, 2020}}</ref>
 
On May 9, 2016, [[Delrish Moss]] was sworn in as the first African-American police chief in Ferguson, Missouri. He acknowledged that he faces such challenges as diversifying the police force, improving community relations, and addressing issues that catalyzed the Black Lives Matter movement.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/05/09/us/ap-us-killings-by-police-ferguson-the-latest.html New Ferguson Police Chief Sworn In], ''The New York Times'', May 9, 2016.</ref>
 
== Policing use of excessive force ==
{{Further|Police brutality in the United States|Race in the United States criminal justice system}}
 
According to a study from the [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]] from 2002 to 2011, among those who had contact with the police, "blacks (2.8%) were more likely than whites (1.0%) and Hispanics (1.4%) to perceive the threat or use of nonfatal force was excessive."<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2015 |title=Police Use of Nonfatal Force, 2002-11 |url=https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/punf0211_sum.pdf|website=Bureau of Justice Statistics}}</ref>
 
According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', police officers shot and killed 1,001 people in the United States in 2019. About half of those killed were white, and one quarter were black, making the rate of deaths for black Americans (31 fatal shootings per million) more than twice as high as the rate for white Americans (13 fatal shootings per million).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fatal Force: Police shootings database |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/|access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=The Washington Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=People shot to death by U.S. police, by race 2020 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/585152/people-shot-to-death-by-us-police-by-race/|access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' also counts 13 unarmed black Americans shot dead by police in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stellino |first=Molly |title=Fact check: Police killed more unarmed Black men in 2019 than conservative activist claimed |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/06/23/fact-check-how-many-unarmed-black-men-did-police-kill-2019/5322455002/|access-date=August 27, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
A 2019 study by Cesario et al. published in ''[[Social Psychological and Personality Science]]'' found that after adjusting for crime, there was "no systematic evidence of anti-black disparities in fatal shootings, fatal shootings of unarmed citizens, or fatal shootings involving misidentification of harmless objects".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Is There Evidence of Racial Disparity in Police Use of Deadly Force? Analyses of Officer-Involved Fatal Shootings in 2015–2016 |journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325752754 |access-date=July 9, 2020}}</ref> However, a 2020 study by Ross et al. criticizes the data analysis used in the Cesario et al. study. Using the same data set, Ross et al. conclude that there is significant racial bias in police shooting cases involving unarmed black suspects. This bias is not seen when suspects were armed.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Racial Disparities in Police Use of Deadly Force Against Unarmed Individuals Persist After Appropriately Benchmarking Shooting Data on Violent Crime Rates |journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science |year=2020 |doi=10.1177/1948550620916071 |last1=Ross |first1=Cody T. |last2=Winterhalder |first2=Bruce |last3=McElreath |first3=Richard |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=323–332 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
[[File:Police killings in the USA in 2018.svg|thumb|250px|right|Map depicting rates of police killings by state in the United States in 2018]]
A study by Harvard economist Roland Fryer found that blacks and Hispanics were 50% more likely to experience non-lethal force in police interactions, but for officer-involved shootings there were "no racial differences in either the raw data or when contextual factors are taken into account".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fryer |first=Roland |title=An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/fryer/publications/empirical-analysis-racial-differences-police-use-force |journal=Journal of Political Economy }}</ref>
 
A study by C. Ross, UC Davis found "significant bias in the killing of unarmed black Americans relative to unarmed white Americans" by police. The average bias measure was that unarmed African Americans had 3.49 times the probability of being shot compared to unarmed whites, although in some jurisdictions the risk could be as much as 20 times higher. The study found that that 2.79 more armed blacks were shot than unarmed blacks.  The study also found that the documented racial bias in police shootings could not be explained by differences in local crime rates.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Multi-Level Bayesian Analysis of Racial Bias in Police Shootings at the County-Level in the United States, 2011–2014 |first=Cody T. |last=Ross |date=November 5, 2015 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=e0141854 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0141854 |pmid=26540108 |pmc=4634878|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1041854R |doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
A since retracted study in ''[[PNAS]]'' claimed that black people were actually less likely than white people to be killed by police, based on the death rates in police encounters.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=David J.|last2=Tress|first2=Trevor|last3=Burkel|first3=Nicole|last4=Taylor|first4=Carley|last5=Cesario|first5=Joseph|date=August 6, 2019|title=Officer characteristics and racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/116/32/15877|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=32|pages=15877–15882|doi=10.1073/pnas.1903856116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=31332014|pmc=6689929}}</ref> A study published in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' that found such conclusions were erroneous due to [[Simpson's paradox]]. The ''Nature'' paper showed that it was true that white people were more likely to be killed in a police encounter, overall black people were still being discriminated against because they had far more interactions with the police due to structural racism. The paper noted that black people have far more interactions with the police per capita than white people, and that black people tend to get stopped for more petty crimes or for no crime at all. Conversely, white people tend to interact with police in situations more rarely, and often in more serious crimes such as shootings, where police are more likely to use force. The ''Nature'' paper also backed up the findings of Ross and Fryer, and concluded that overall rate of death was a much more useful statistic than the rate of death in encounters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Cody T. |last2=Winterhalder |first2=Bruce |last3=McElreath |first3=Richard |date=June 5, 2018 |title=Resolution of apparent paradoxes in the race-specific frequency of use-of-force by police |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-018-0110-z |journal=Palgrave Communications |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1057/s41599-018-0110-z |issn=2055-1045|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 11, 2020 |first=Aubrey |last=Clayton |title=The statistical paradox of police killings |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/06/11/opinion/statistical-paradox-police-killings/ |access-date=July 9, 2020}}</ref>
 
===Disproportionate policing of Black Lives Matter events===
{{more|Law enforcement response to the 2021 United States Capitol attack#Accusations of differential treatment}}
 
Black Lives Matter protesters are themselves sometimes subject to excessive policing of the kind against which they are demonstrating. In May 2020, in addition to police, 43,350 military troops were deployed against Black Lives Matter protesters nationally.<ref name="2021-01-10-nbc"/> Military surveillance aircraft were deployed against subsequent Black Lives Matter protests.<ref name="2021-01-10-nbc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/who-decides-when-there-are-helicopters-experts-weigh-national-guard-n1253599|title=Experts weigh in on National Guard monitoring protests|website=NBC News}}</ref> Observers, such as U.S. President [[Joe Biden]], have noted that violent far-right mobilizations, including the [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol]], attracted smaller and more passive police presences than peaceful Black Lives Matter protests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-slams-capitol-rioters-domestic-terrorists-don-t-dare-call-n1253335|title='Don't dare call them protesters': Biden slams Capitol rioters as 'domestic terrorists'|website=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/capitol-police-response-rioters-draws-claims-racist-double-standards-n1253363|title=Capitol Police response to rioters draws claims of racist double standards|website=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/us/capitol-trump-mob-black-lives-matter.html|title=Racial Double Standard of Capitol Police Draws Outcry|first=John|last=Eligon|date=January 8, 2021|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/07/capitol-hill-trump-rioters-race-power|title=Look at the Capitol Hill rioters. Now imagine if they had been black &#124; Derecka Purnell|date=January 7, 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/congress-storming-black-lives-matter-22983dc91d16bf949efbb60cdda4495d|title=Race double standard clear in rioters' Capitol insurrection|date=January 7, 2021|website=AP NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2021-01-07/la-na-washington-capitol-police-attack-race|title='White supremacy was on full display.' Double standard seen in police response to riot at Capitol|date=January 8, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> In November 2015, a police officer in Oregon was removed from street duty following a [[social media]] post in which he said he would have to "babysit these fools", in reference to a planned BLM event.<ref name=larimer>{{cite web |last1=Larimer |first1=Sarah |title=Officer reassigned after calling Black Lives Matter protesters 'fools' in tweet |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/11/25/officer-reassigned-after-calling-black-lives-matter-protesters-fools-in-tweet/ |work=The Washington Post |access-date=November 26, 2015}}</ref>
 
== Timeline of notable events and demonstrations in the United States ==
{{see also|Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States}}
 
=== 2014 ===
[[File:Black Lives Matter Black Friday (15902086996).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Black Lives Matter protester at [[Macy's Herald Square]], November 2014]]
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Black Lives Matter protest at [[Herald Square]], [[Manhattan]], November 2014]]
In 2014, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of [[Shooting of Dontre Hamilton|Dontre Hamilton]], [[Killing of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]], [[Shooting of John Crawford III|John Crawford III]], [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]], [[Shooting of Ezell Ford|Ezell Ford]], [[Shooting of Laquan McDonald|Laquan McDonald]], [[Shooting of Akai Gurley|Akai Gurley]], [[Shooting of Tamir Rice|Tamir Rice]], [[Shooting of Antonio Martin|Antonio Martin]], and [[Shooting of Jerame Reid|Jerame Reid]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Lives Matter (BLM) |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0016241/|access-date=June 16, 2020 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>
 
In July, Eric Garner died in New York City, after a [[New York City Police Department]] officer put him in a banned [[chokehold]] while arresting him. Garner's death has been cited as one of several police killings of African Americans that sparked the Black Lives Matter movement.<ref name="nobody"/>
 
During the Labor Day weekend in August, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html |title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson |work=ColorLines |date=September 5, 2014 |last=Solomon |first=Akiba |access-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223101712/http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html |archive-date=February 23, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown |title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown |work=The Guardian |date=September 4, 2014 |first1=Darnell L. |last1=Moore |first2=Patrisse |last2=Cullors |access-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref> The movement continued to be involved in the [[Ferguson unrest|Ferguson protests]], following the death of Michael Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thrasher |first=Steven W. |date=March 13, 2015 |title=What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/13/black-lives-matter-ferguson-police-shooting |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref> The protests at times came into conflict with local and state police departments, who typically responded in an armed manner. At one point the National Guard was called in and [[State of emergency|a state of emergency]] was declared.<ref name=clayton/>
 
Also in August, [[Los Angeles Police Department]] officers shot and killed Ezell Ford; BLM protested his death in Los Angeles into 2015.<ref name="grad">{{cite news |last1=Grad |first1=Shelby |date=October 20, 2015 |title=How Black Lives Matter became a thorn in the side of L.A. leaders |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-how-black-lives-matter-became-a-thorn-in-the-side-for-l-a-leaders-story-so-far-20151020-htmlstory.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref>
 
In November, a New York City Police Department officer shot and killed, Akai Gurley, a 28-year-old African-American man. Gurley's death was later protested by Black Lives Matter in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |last=Prupis |first=Nadia |date=February 10, 2015 |title=NYPD Officer Indicted in Shooting of Akai Gurley: Reports |url=http://www.commondreams.org/news/2015/02/10/nypd-officer-indicted-shooting-akai-gurley-reports |publisher=[[Common Dreams]] |access-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref> In [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California, fourteen Black Lives Matter activists were arrested after they stopped a [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] (BART) train for more than an hour on [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]], one of the biggest shopping days of the year. The protest, led by Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza, was organized in response to the grand jury decision not to indict Darren Wilson for the death of Mike Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Serna |first1=Josef |title=Bay Area train service restored after Ferguson protest shutdown |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-bart-protest-20141128-story.html |access-date=July 7, 2016 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=November 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=14 Ferguson Activists Arrested After Demonstration Shuts Down Transbay BART |url=http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/11/28/blackoutblackfriday-activists-shut-down-west-oakland-bart-station-major-delays-michael-brown-ferguson-transbay-tube/ |access-date=December 21, 2016 |publisher=[[CBS San Francisco]] |date=November 28, 2014}}</ref>
 
Also in November, Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old African-American boy was shot and killed by a Cleveland police officer. Rice's death has also been cited as contributing to "sparking" the Black Lives Matter movement.<ref name="nobody">{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Yohuru |date=April 29, 2015 |title=You're Nobody 'Till Somebody Kills You: Baltimore, Freddie Gray and the Problem of History |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/yohuru-williams/youre-nobody-till-somebod_b_7167028.html |work=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fields |first1=Liz |date=April 10, 2015 |title=After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police |url=https://news.vice.com/article/after-walter-scott-killing-black-lives-matter-movement-calls-for-citizen-oversight-of-police |website=[[Vice News]] |access-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref>
 
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest, Mall of America, December 2014.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|A Black Lives Matter protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]], in December 2014]]
In December, two to three thousand people gathered at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]], to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police.<ref name=reinan>{{cite web |last1=Reinan |first1=John |date=July 4, 2015 |title=Black Lives Matter protesters question 'intertwined' relationship between Mall of America and Bloomington. |url=http://www.startribune.com/black-lives-matter-protesters-question-intertwined-relationship-between-mall-of-america-and-bloomington/311587741/ |work=Star Tribune |access-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref> The police at the mall were equipped with riot gear and bomb-sniffing dogs; at least twenty members of the protest were arrested.<ref name="Brumfield">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest |title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested |publisher=CNN |date=December 21, 2014 |access-date=December 21, 2014 |author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref><ref name="ALDM"/> Management said that they were "extremely disappointed that organizers of Black Lives Matter protest chose to ignore our stated policy and repeated reminders that political protests and demonstrations are not allowed on Mall of America property".<ref name="Brumfield" />
 
In [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Milwaukee]], Wisconsin, BLM protested the police [[shooting of Dontre Hamilton]], who died in April.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seigle |first1=Max |date=December 14, 2014 |title=Many participate in 'Black Lives Matter' rally downtown |url=http://www.wisn.com/news/many-participate-in-black-lives-matter-rally-downtown/30233084 |publisher=[[WISN-TV]] |access-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref> Black Lives Matter protested the [[shooting of John Crawford III]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wallace |first1=Lewis |date=March 30, 2015 |title=Dayton 'Black Lives Matter' protesters to appear in court today |url=http://www.wksu.org/news/story/42439 |publisher=[[WKSU]] |access-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref> The [[shooting of Renisha McBride]] was protested by Black Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Michelle D. |date=December 13, 2014 |title=Muskegon-area churches to participate in 'Black Lives Matter' movement on Sunday |url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2014/12/muskegon-area_churches_to_part.html |work=Muskegon Chronicle |access-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref>
 
Also in December, in response to the decision by the grand jury not to indict Darren Wilson on any charges related to the death of Michael Brown, a protest march was held in [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], California. Later, in 2015, protesters and journalists who participated in that rally filed a lawsuit alleging "unconstitutional police attacks" on attendees.<ref name="skinner">{{cite news |last1=Skinner |first1=Curtis |date=November 24, 2015 |title=Black Lives Matter protesters sue over treatment by California police |work=Yahoo! News |agency=Reuters |url=https://news.yahoo.com/black-lives-matter-protesters-sue-over-treatment-california-030106780.html |access-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref>
 
A week after the Michael Brown verdict, two police officers were killed in New York City by Ismaaiyl Brinsley, who expressed a desire to kill police officers in retribution for the deaths of Garner and Brown. Black Lives Matter condemned the shooting, though some right-wing media attempted to connect the group to it, with the [[Patrolmen's Benevolent Association of the City of New York|Patrolman's Benevolent Association]] president claiming that there was "blood on [the] hands [of] those that incited violence on the street under the guise of protests".<ref name="clayton" /> A conservative television commentator also attempted to connect Black Lives Matter to protesters chanting that they wanted to see "dead cops," at the December "Millions March" which was organized by different groups.<ref name="clayton" />
 
=== 2015 ===
[[File:Don't forget Freddie Gray.jpg|thumb|A demonstrator, wearing the uniform of the Orioles baseball team on the street in Baltimore, April 2015]]
In 2015, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of [[Shooting of Charley Leundeu Keunang|Charley Leundeu Keunang]], [[Shooting of Tony Robinson|Tony Robinson]], [[Shooting of Anthony Hill|Anthony Hill]], [[Shooting of Meagan Hockaday|Meagan Hockaday]], [[Shooting of Eric Courtney Harris|Eric Harris]], [[Shooting of Walter Scott|Walter Scott]], [[Death of Freddie Gray|Freddie Gray]], [[Death of William Chapman|William Chapman]], [[Death of Jonathan Sanders|Jonathan Sanders]], [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]], [[Shooting of Samuel DuBose|Samuel DuBose]], [[Shooting of Jeremy McDole|Jeremy McDole]], [[Shooting of Corey Jones|Corey Jones]], and [[Shooting of Jamar Clark|Jamar Clark]] as well Dylan Roof's murder of [[Charleston church shooting#Victims|The Charleston Nine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Lives Matter (BLM) |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0016241/|access-date=July 2, 2020 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ford |first1=Lynne E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9i5DQAAQBAJ |title=American Government and Politics Today, 2017-2018 Edition |last2=Bardes |first2=Barbara A. |last3=Schmidt |first3=Steffen W. |last4=Shelley |first4=Mack C. |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2017–2018 |isbn=978-1-337-09322-4 |location=Boston |pages=172–173}}</ref>
 
In March, BLM protested at Chicago Mayor [[Rahm Emanuel]]'s office, demanding reforms within the [[Chicago Police Department]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wisniewski |first1=Mary |title=Three arrested as Chicago protesters demand police reforms |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-chicago-police-protest-idUSKBN0MK27M20150324#6g77MosfDso29GjZ.97 |work=Reuters |date=March 24, 2015 |access-date=November 9, 2015 |archive-date=October 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010172155/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/24/us-usa-chicago-police-protest-idUSKBN0MK27M20150324#6g77MosfDso29GjZ.97 |url-status=live }}</ref> Charley Leundeu Keunang, a 43-year-old Cameroonian national, was fatally shot by Los Angeles Police Department officers. The LAPD arrested fourteen following BLM demonstrations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rocha |first1=Veronica |title=LAPD arrests 14 protesters after #BlackLivesMatter demonstration |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-14-police-protesters-arrested-20150415-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=April 15, 2015 |access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref>
 
In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the death of Freddie Gray which included the [[2015 Baltimore protests]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hagen |first1=Sarah |title=Peaceful 'Black Lives Matter' protest in Tampa |url=http://www.wtsp.com/story/news/2015/05/02/peaceful-black-lives-matter-protest-in-tampa/26782995/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160217211150/http://www.wtsp.com/story/news/2015/05/02/peaceful-black-lives-matter-protest-in-tampa/26782995/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 17, 2016 |publisher=10 News |access-date=November 8, 2015}}</ref><ref name=norfleet>{{cite web |last1=Norfleet |first1=Nicole |title=Twin Cities students walk out of schools to join Black Lives Matter protest |url=http://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-students-walk-out-to-join-black-lives-matter-protest/302163771/ |website=Star Tribune |access-date=November 8, 2015}}</ref> The National Guard was called in.<ref name=clayton/> After the shooting of Walter Scott in [[North Charleston, South Carolina|North Charleston]], South Carolina, Black Lives Matter protested Scott's death and called for [[citizen oversight]] of police.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fields |first1=Liz |title=After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police |url=https://news.vice.com/article/after-walter-scott-killing-black-lives-matter-movement-calls-for-citizen-oversight-of-police |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice News]] |date=April 10, 2015 |access-date=May 26, 2015}}</ref>
 
In May, a protest by BLM in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest, [[Say Her Name]], decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of Meagan Hockaday, [[Aiyana Jones]], [[Rekia Boyd]], and others.<ref name=naked>{{cite news |title=Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/21/black-lives-matter-naked-protest-san-francisco/27742833 |newspaper=USA Today |access-date=May 26, 2015 |last1=Mandaro |first1=Laura |last2=Guynn |first2=Jessica}}</ref> In [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], Ohio, after an officer was acquitted at trial in the [[shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams]], BLM protested.<ref name=CNN0526>{{cite news |last1=Ellis |first1=Ralph |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Elliott |title=Cleveland protesters appear in court |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/25/us/cleveland-police-verdict-reaction/index.html |access-date=May 26, 2015 |publisher=CNN |date=May 25, 2015}}</ref> In [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]], Wisconsin, BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the shooting of Tony Robinson.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Spicuzza |first1=Mary |last2=Glauber |first2=Bill |title=Madison DA decides no charges warranted in Robinson shooting |url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/crime/303390891.html |newspaper=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |access-date=May 26, 2015}}</ref>


In June, after [[Dylann Roof]]'s [[Charleston church shooting|shooting]] in [[Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church|a historically black church]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], South Carolina, BLM issued a statement and condemned the shooting as an act of terror.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting.<ref name=zukic>{{cite web |last1=Zukic |first1=Rialda |title=Hundreds march in solidarity in Charleston after church shooting |date=June 21, 2015 |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/hundreds-protest-hold-vigil-charleston-shooting/ |publisher=PBS Newshour |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kettmann |first1=Kayla |title=UC Berkeley's Black Student Union holds vigil, protest for Charleston victims |url=http://www.dailycal.org/2015/06/19/black-student-union-holds-vigil-protest-for-charleston-victims |work=Daily Californian |date=June 19, 2015 |publisher=dailycal.org}}</ref> BLM was part of a march for peace on the [[Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge]] in [[South Carolina]].<ref name=abc4>{{cite web |title=Organizers says 20,000 joined Bridge to Peace march on Ravenel Bridge |date=June 21, 2015 |url=http://www.abcnews4.com/story/29372529/watch-bridge-to-peace-event-live-on-abcnews-4-or-stream-it-live |publisher=abcnews4.com |access-date=November 2, 2015}}</ref> After the Charleston shooting, a number of memorials to the [[Confederate States of America]] were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert E. Lee Monument In VA. Vandalized With 'Black Lives Matter' |date=July 2015 |url=http://abc7chicago.com/news/robert-e-lee-monument-in-va-vandalized-with-black-lives-matter/820850/ |publisher=ABC 7 |access-date=November 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name=duda>{{cite web |title='Black Lives Matter' spray painted on New Orleans monument |url=http://www.fox8live.com/story/29430719/black-lives-matter-spray-painted-on-new-orleans-monument |publisher=Fox 8 |access-date=November 2, 2015}}</ref> Around 800 people protested in McKinney, Texas after [[2015 Texas pool party incident|a video was released]] showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in [[McKinney, Texas|McKinney]], Texas—to the ground with his knees.<ref>{{cite news |title=McKinney video: Protest over Texas pool party policing |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33059484 |newspaper=BBC News |date=June 9, 2015 |access-date=November 8, 2015}}</ref>
'''Black Lives Matter''' ('''BLM''') is an international<ref>{{cite web |title= Black Lives Matter Movement |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/11/europe/black-lives-matter-protests-europe |access-date= Sep 24, 2016}}</ref> activist group. They originated in the [[African-American]] community. They are against [[violence]] and systemic [[racism]] by [[white people|white]] police officers towards [[black people]].  


In July, BLM activists across the United States began protests over the death of Sandra Bland, an African-American woman, who was allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in [[Waller County, Texas|Waller County]], Texas.<ref name=bland>{{cite web |last1=Rhodes |first1=Dawn |title=More Sandra Bland footage released; protest held in downtown Chicago |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-sandra-bland-marijuana-20150728-story.html |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=sun>{{cite web |title=Groups in Texas hold vigil, protest in jail death of Sandra Bland |url=http://www.torontosun.com/2015/07/27/groups-in-texas-hold-vigil-protest-in-jail-death-of-sandra-bland |work=Toronto Sun |date=July 27, 2015 |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref> In [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], Ohio, BLM rallied and protested the death of Samuel DuBose after he was shot and killed by a [[University of Cincinnati]] police officer.<ref name=wlwt>{{cite web |last1=Fuller |first1=Courtis |title=Black Lives Matter stages rally after murder indictment against UC officer |date=July 30, 2015 |url=http://www.wlwt.com/news/black-lives-matter-hold-rally-after-charges-filed-against-uc-officer-ray-tensing/34427260 |publisher=wlwt.com |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref> In [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], New Jersey, over a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/united-states-thousands-march-against-racism-police-brutality-new-jersey |title=United States: Thousands march against racism, police brutality in New Jersey |date=August 7, 2015 |work=[[Green Left Weekly]] |access-date=December 15, 2016}}</ref> Also in July, BLM protested the death of Jonathan Sanders who died while being arrested by police in Mississippi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chin |first1=Alan |title=Another reason to question whether black lives matter in Mississippi |date=July 28, 2015 |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2015/07/28/another-reason-to-question-whether-black-lives-matter-in-mississippi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728114748/http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2015/07/28/another-reason-to-question-whether-black-lives-matter-in-mississippi/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 28, 2015 |work=Reuters |access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dodrill |first1=Tara |title=Mississippi Town Protests Death of Black Man by White Cop |url=http://www.inquisitr.com/2267240/jonathan-sanders-mississippi-town-protests-death-of-black-man-by-white-cop/ |publisher=Inquisitir |access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref>
== History ==
The movement began in 2013 with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on [[social network service|social media]]. It started after the [[acquittal]] of [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|George Zimmerman]] in the death of [[Trayvon Martin]]. It became famous for [[Demonstration|street demonstrations]] following the deaths of [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]] and [[Death of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]]. The former sparked [[2014 Ferguson unrest|riots and unrest in Ferguson]], Missouri. The latter led to protests all over the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Black Lives Matter Movement Changes America |publisher=CBS News |url= http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-changed-america-one-year-later |access-date= Sep 24, 2016}}</ref>


[[File:1 Year Commemoration of the Murder of Michael Brown, the Ferguson Rebellion, & the Black Lives Matter uprising. (20426285322).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|One-year commemoration of the [[shooting of Michael Brown]] and the [[Ferguson unrest]] at [[Barclays Center]] in [[Brooklyn]], New York, August 2015]]
After the Ferguson protests, participants in Black Lives Matter demonstrated against other African-Americans' deaths, such as [[Death of Freddie Gray|Freddie Gray]], [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]], [[Shooting of Laquan McDonald|Laquan McDonald]], [[Shooting of Philando Castile|Philando Castile]] and [[Shooting of Alton Sterling|Alton Sterling]].
In August, BLM organizers held a rally in Washington, D.C., calling for a stop to violence against [[transgender]] women.<ref name=stein>{{cite web |last1=Stein |first1=Perry |title=Black Lives Matter organizers hold rally in D.C. for black trans women |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/08/25/black-lives-matter-organizers-hold-rally-in-d-c-for-black-trans-women/ |work=The Washington Post |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref> In [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], North Carolina, after a judge declared a [[mistrial]] in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man, [[Shooting of Jonathan Ferrell|Jonathan Ferrell]], BLM protested and staged [[die-in]]s.<ref name=kerrick>{{cite web |title=2 arrested after Kerrick trial protests take violent turn |url=http://www.wcnc.com/story/news/local/randall-kerrick-trial/2015/08/21/kerrick-trial-protesters-blocking-4th-street/32137825/ |publisher=wcnc.com |access-date=November 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104145943/http://www.wcnc.com/story/news/local/randall-kerrick-trial/2015/08/21/kerrick-trial-protesters-blocking-4th-street/32137825/|archive-date=November 4, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Janelle Monáe]], [[Jidenna]], and other BLM activists marched through [[North Philadelphia]] to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter.<ref name=chang>{{cite web |last1=Chang |first1=David |title=Janelle Monae, Jidenna March Through Philly |url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Janelle-Monae-Jidenna-North-Philadelphia-Protest-Black-Lives-Matter-321611372.html |publisher=NBC Philadelphia |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref> Around August 9, the first anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in [[St. Louis]] and across the country.<ref name=brownann>{{cite news |title=Ferguson protesters, police gather on West Florissant Avenue; state of emergency declared in county |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/ferguson-protesters-police-gather-on-west-florissant-avenue-state-of/article_7564c9cb-cc89-58cb-8787-4aaa91bcccaa.html |newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=simone>{{cite web |last1=Wilson |first1=Simone |title=Hundreds of #BlackLivesMatter Protesters March on Downtown Brooklyn |date=August 9, 2015 |url=http://patch.com/new-york/fortgreene/breaking-hundreds-blacklivesmatter-protesters-march-downtown-brooklyn |publisher=patch.com |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref>


[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21552438456).jpg|thumb|left|Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality at [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]], September 2015]]
In 2020, during the [[George Floyd Protests]], Black Lives Matter became much more widely accepted. Black Lives Matter filed a lawsuit against the police department of [[Seattle, Washington]] for violence against protesters.<ref name="SeattleForbes">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackbrewster/2020/06/10/seattle-protesters-take-over-city-hall-demand-mayors-resignation/#6569abc73caf|title=Seattle Protesters Take Over City Hall, Demand Mayor’s Resignation|author=Jack Brewster|publisher=Forbes|date=June 10, 2020|access-date=June 11, 2020}}</ref>
In September, over five hundred BLM protesters in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], Texas rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto [[Interstate 35]].<ref name=chron>{{cite web |last1=Baddour |first1=Dylan |title=Black Lives Matter protest shut down by police in Austin, Texas |url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Black-Lives-Matter-protest-shut-down-by-police-in-6527316.php |work=Houston Chronicle |date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref> In [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], Maryland, BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the [[Death of Freddie Gray|Freddie Gray]] police brutality case.<ref name=hedg>{{cite web |last1=Hedgpeth |first1=Dana |title=Views from Baltimore as protesters rally in Freddie Gray case |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/09/02/views-from-baltimore-as-protesters-rally-in-freddie-gray-case |work=The Washington Post |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref> In [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], California, about eight hundred BLM protesters rallied to support a [[California Senate]] bill that would increase police oversight.<ref name=sac>{{cite news |last1=Pedroncelli |first1=Rich |title=Black Lives Matter protesters rally to back Senate bill increasing police oversight |url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/police-680656-bill-protesters.html |publisher=ocregister.com |agency=Associated Press |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref> BLM protested the shooting of Jeremy McDole.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jaeger |first=Kyle |url=http://www.attn.com/stories/3306/jeremy-mcdole-shooting |title=Jeremy McDole Was Shot and Killed by Delaware Police |work=Attn |date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>


In October, Black Lives Matter activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in Chicago.<ref name=morris>{{cite news |last1=Walk-Morris |first1=Tatiana |title=Black Lives Matter activists arrested during protest of police chiefs conference |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2015/10/26/black-lives-matter-activists-arrested-during-protest-of-police-chiefs-conference |newspaper=Chicago Reader |access-date=October 28, 2015}}</ref> "Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests.<ref name=shaker>{{cite web |last1=Shaker |first1=Nadeen |title="This injustice has taken genocidal proportions": Why Cornel West and Carl Dix are rising up against police brutality |url=http://www.salon.com/2015/10/21/this_injustice_has_taken_genocidal_proportions_why_cornel_west_and_carl_dix_are_rising_up_against_police_brutality/ |work=Salon |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> [[Quentin Tarantino]] and [[Cornel West]], participating in "Rise Up October", decried police violence.<ref name=democ>{{cite web |title=Voices of Rise Up October: Quentin Tarantino, Cornel West, Victims' Families Decry Police Violence |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2015/10/26/voices_of_rise_up_october_quentin |publisher=Democracy Now |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref>
"It's now something where the [[Mitt Romney]]s of the world can join in, and that was something unimaginable back in 2014," said Justin Hansford, executive director of [[Howard University]]'s Thurgood Marshall Civil Rights Center. "That is the result of six years of hard work by people who are in the movement and have put forward so many discussions that really changed people’s hearts and minds." Hansford was also an activist in Ferguson.<ref name="WPostMain">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-went-mainstream/2020/06/09/201bd6e6-a9c6-11ea-9063-e69bd6520940_story.html|publisher=Washington Post|access-date=June 11, 2020|date=June 9, 2020|title=How the Black Lives Matter movement went mainstream|author1=Jose A. Del Real|author2=Robert Samuels |author3=Tim Craig}}</ref>
 
[[File:Justice for Jamar Response Action (22627979078).jpg|thumb|Protest march in response to the [[Shooting of Jamar Clark|Jamar Clark shooting]], Minneapolis, Minnesota, November 2015]]
[[File:Black Lives Matter Sign - Minneapolis Protest (22632545857).jpg|thumb|An activist holds a "Black Lives Matter" sign outside the Minneapolis Police Fourth Precinct building following the officer-involved shooting of Jamar Clark on November 15, 2015]]
In November, BLM activists protested after Jamar Clark was shot by [[Minneapolis Police Department]].<ref>{{cite web |title=51 arrested in protests after black man shot by Minneapolis police |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/11/16/minneapolis-police-shooting/75859132 |work=USA Today |access-date=November 18, 2015}}</ref> A continuous protest was organized at the Minneapolis 4th Precinct Police. During the encamped protest, protesters, and outside agitators clashed with police, vandalized the station and attempted to ram the station with an SUV.<ref>{{cite web |last=Forliti |first=Amy |title=Minneapolis police, protesters clash at 4th Precinct |website=Saint Paul Pioneer Press |location=Saint Paul |date=November 19, 2015 |url=http://www.twincities.com/2015/11/19/minneapolis-police-protesters-clash-at-4th-precinct/ |access-date=July 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Keller |first=Bill |title=SUV rams 4th Precinct gate, 2 arrested for Jamar Clark vandalism |website=Fox 9 News |location=Minneapolis |date=November 24, 2015 |url=http://www.fox9.com/news/51959667-story |access-date=July 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707040023/http://www.fox9.com/news/51959667-story|archive-date=July 7, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later that month a march was organized to honor Jamar Clark, from the 4th Precinct to downtown Minneapolis. After the march, a group of men carrying firearms and body armor<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Mary Ann |title=Five people were shot near Black Lives Matter protest site |website=The Minneapolis Star Tribune |location=Minneapolis |date=November 24, 2015 |url=http://www.startribune.com/several-people-were-shot-near-black-lives-matter-protest-site/353121881/ |access-date=July 11, 2016}}</ref> appeared and began calling the protesters racial slurs according to a spokesperson for Black Lives Matter. After protesters asked the armed men to leave, the men opened fire, shooting five protesters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Mary Lynn |title=Five people were shot near Black Lives Matter protest site |website=Star Tribune |location=Minneapolis |date=November 24, 2015 |url=http://www.startribune.com/several-people-were-shot-near-black-lives-matter-protest-site/353121881/ |access-date=July 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Silverstein 2015">{{cite web |last=Silverstein |first=Jason |title=Five people shot at Minneapolis Black Lives Matter protest |website=Daily News |location=New York |date=November 24, 2015 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/shot-minneapolis-police-protest-article-1.2444905 |access-date=December 21, 2015}}</ref> All injuries required hospitalization, but were not life-threatening. The men fled the scene only to be found later and arrested. The three men arrested were young and white, and observers called them [[white supremacists]].<ref name="Washington Post 2015">{{cite web |title=Two men arrested in shooting of Black Lives Matter protesters in Minneapolis |website=The Washington Post |date=November 24, 2015 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/11/24/five-people-shot-near-minneapolis-protest-cops-searching-for-3-white-male-suspects |access-date=December 21, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/police-searching-for-suspects-who-fired-into-crowd-at-blm-protest-outside-4th-precinct/353154811/ |title=3 men in custody, 1 released in Minneapolis 4th Precinct protest shooting |first1=Libor |last1=Jany |first2=David |last2=Chanen |date=November 25, 2015 |work=Star Tribune |access-date=July 11, 2016}}</ref> In February 2017, one of the men arrested, Allen Scarsella, was convicted of a dozen felony counts of assault and riot in connection with the shooting. Based in part on months of racist messages Scarsella had sent his friends before the shooting, the judge rejected arguments by his defense that Scarsella was "naïve" and sentenced him in April 2017 to 15 years out of a maximum 20-year sentence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/minnesota-man-gets-15-years-for-shooting-5-black-lives-matter-protesters/ |title=Minnesota Man Gets 15 Years for Shooting 5 Black Lives Matter Protesters |date=April 27, 2017 |work=CBS News |access-date=April 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theroot.com/man-gets-15-years-for-shooting-5-blm-activists-protesti-1794769476 |title=Man Gets 15 Years for Shooting 5 BLM Activists Protesting Police Shooting Death of Jamar Clark |first=Angela |last=Helm |date=April 29, 2017 |work=The Root |access-date=April 30, 2017}}</ref>
 
From November into 2016, BLM protested the [[Shooting of Laquan McDonald|shooting death of Laquan McDonald]], calling for the resignation of numerous Chicago officials in the wake of the shooting and its handling. McDonald was shot 16 times by Chicago Police Officer Jason Van Dyke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lopez |first1=German |title=The Chicago police shooting of Laquan McDonald, explained |date=November 25, 2015 |url=https://www.vox.com/explainers/2015/11/24/9796704/laquan-mcdonald-police-shooting-chicago |publisher=Vox |access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref>
 
=== 2016 ===
In 2016, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Bruce Kelley Jr., [[Shooting of Alton Sterling|Alton Sterling]], [[Killing of Philando Castile|Philando Castile]], [[Killing of Joseph Mann|Joseph Mann]], [[Death of Abdirahman Abdi|Abdirahman Abdi]], [[Shooting of Paul O'Neal|Paul O'Neal]], [[Shooting of Korryn Gaines|Korryn Gaines]], [[Sylville Smith]], [[Shooting of Terence Crutcher|Terence Crutcher]], [[Shooting of Keith Lamont Scott|Keith Lamont Scott]], [[Killing of Alfred Olango|Alfred Olango]], and [[Shooting of Deborah Danner|Deborah Danner]], among others.
 
In January, hundreds of BLM protesters marched in [[San Francisco]] to protest the December 2, 2015, shooting death of Mario Woods, who was shot by [[San Francisco Police]] officers. The march was held during a [[Super Bowl]] event.<ref>{{cite web |author=O, Janet |url=http://abc7news.com/news/hundreds-march-in-sf-to-protest-sfpds-fatal-shooting-of-mario-woods/1180634/ |title=HUNDREDS MARCH IN SF TO PROTEST SFPD'S FATAL SHOOTING OF MARIO WOODS |publisher=[[KGO-TV|ABC7]] |date=January 30, 2016 |access-date=July 10, 2016}}</ref> BLM held protests, community meetings, teach-ins, and direct actions across the country with the goal of "reclaim[ing] the radical legacy of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saxon-Parrish |first1=Shani |title=The Movement for Black Lives Is Urging You to #ReclaimMLK This Weekend |url=http://www.colorlines.com/articles/movement-black-lives-urging-you-reclaimmlk-weekend |publisher=Colorlines |date=January 15, 2016 |access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref>
 
In February, [[Shooting of Abdullahi Omar Mohamed|Abdullahi Omar Mohamed]], a 17-year-old Somali refugee, was shot and injured by [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]], police after allegedly being involved in a confrontation with another person. The shooting led to BLM protests.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alberty |first1=Erin |author2=Michael McFall |title=Police investigate SLC shooting; protesters flood downtown streets (video) |url=http://www.sltrib.com/home/3596397-155/slc-police-investigation-continues-in-wake |work=Salt Lake Tribune |date=March 2, 2016 |access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref>
 
In June, members of BLM and [[Color of Change]] protested the California conviction and sentencing of Jasmine Richards for a 2015 incident in which she attempted to stop a police officer from arresting another woman. Richards was convicted of "attempting to unlawfully take a person from the lawful custody of a peace officer", a charge that the state penal code had designated as "[[Lynching in the United States|lynching]]" until that word was removed two months prior to the incident.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pena |first1=Marina |title=Hundreds protest sentencing of Black Lives Matter activist in Pasadena |url=http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/social-affairs/20160607/hundreds-protest-sentencing-of-black-lives-matter-activist-in-pasadena |work=Pasadena Star News |date=June 7, 2016 |access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref>
 
On July 5, Alton Sterling, a 37-year-old black man, was shot several times at point-blank range while pinned to the ground by two white Baton Rouge Police Department officers in [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], Louisiana. On the night of July 5, more than 100 demonstrators in Baton Rouge shouted "no justice, no peace," set off fireworks, and blocked an intersection to protest Sterling's death.<ref name="brennan">{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/la-cops-shoot-kill-man-selling-music-baton-rouge-store-article-1.2700548 |title=Alton Sterling shot, killed by Louisiana cops during struggle after he was selling music outside Baton Rouge store |last=Brennan |first=Christopher |date=July 5, 2016 |newspaper=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |location=New York |access-date=July 5, 2016}}</ref> On July 6, Black Lives Matter held a [[candlelight vigil]] in Baton Rouge, with chants of "We love Baton Rouge" and calls for justice.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/black-lives-matter-holds-vigil-alton-sterling-baton/story?id=40391901 |title=Baton Rouge Police Shooting: Alton Sterling's Aunt Says She Wants 'Justice' at Vigil |first=Julia |last=Jacobo |date=July 6, 2016 |work=ABC News |access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref>
 
On July 6, Philando Castile was fatally shot by Jeronimo Yanez, a [[St. Anthony, Minnesota|St. Anthony]], Minnesota police officer, after being pulled over in [[Falcon Heights, Minnesota|Falcon Heights]], a suburb of [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]]. Castile was driving a car with his girlfriend and her 4-year-old daughter as passengers when he was pulled over by Yanez and another officer.<ref name="Chappell">{{cite news |first1=Bill |last1=Chappell |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/07/485066807/police-stop-ends-in-black-mans-death-aftermath-is-livestreamed-online-video |title=Police Stop Ends in Black Man's Death; Aftermath Is Live-Streamed on Facebook |publisher=NPR |date=July 7, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016}}</ref> According to his girlfriend, after being asked for his license and registration, Castile told the officer he was licensed to [[Gun laws in Minnesota#Permits to carry|carry a weapon]] and had one in the car.<ref name="BBCCastileDeath">{{cite news |title=Philando Castile death: Aftermath of police shooting streamed live |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36732908 |date=July 7, 2016 |work=BBC News |access-date=July 7, 2016}}</ref> She stated: "The officer said don't move. As he was putting his hands back up, the officer shot him in the arm four or five times."<ref name="PheiferPeck">{{cite news |first1=Pat |last1=Pheifer |first2=Claude |last2=Peck |url=http://www.startribune.com/aftermath-of-officer-involved-shooting-captured-on-phone-video/385789251/ |title=Aftermath of fatal Falcon Heights officer-involved shooting captured on video |work=Star Tribune |date=July 7, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016}}</ref> She [[live-stream]]ed a video on [[Facebook]] in the immediate aftermath of the shooting. Following the fatal shooting of Castile, BLM protested throughout Minnesota and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanburn |first1=Josh |title=Black Lives Matter Leader Condemns Violence at St. Paul Protest |url=http://time.com/4400330/st-paul-protests-philando-castile-black-lives-matter/ |work=Time |date=July 10, 2016 |access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref>
 
[[File:Protest march in response to the Philando Castile shooting (28084964251).jpg|thumb|Protest march in response to the [[shooting of Philando Castile]], St. Paul, Minnesota, July 7, 2016]]
On July 7, a BLM protest was held in Dallas, Texas that was organized to protest the deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile. At the end of the peaceful protest, Micah Xavier Johnson [[2016 shooting of Dallas police officers|opened fire in an ambush]], killing five police officers and wounding seven others and two civilians. The gunman was then killed by a robot-delivered bomb.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/07/08/like-a-little-war-snipers-shoot-11-police-officers-during-dallas-protest-march-killing-five/ |author1=Achenbach, Joel |author2=William Wan |author3=Mark Berman |author4=Moriah Balingit |title=Five Dallas police officers were killed by a lone attacker, authorities say |website=The Washington Post |date=July 8, 2016|access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref> Before he died, according to police, Johnson said that "he was upset about Black Lives Matter", and that "he wanted to kill white people, especially white officers."<ref name="Bromwich">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/09/us/dallas-police-shooting.html |title=Dallas Shooting Suspect, Micah Johnson, 'Upset at White People' |last1=Bromwich |first1=Patrick Mcgee, Manny Fernandez, Jonah Engel |date=July 8, 2016 |last2=Pérez-peña |first2=Richard |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref> Texas Lt. Governor [[Dan Patrick (politician)|Dan Patrick]] and other conservative lawmakers blamed the shootings on the Black Lives Matter movement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2016/07/08/lt-gov-dan-patrick-blames-black-lives-matter-prote/ |title=Dan Patrick Blames Black Lives Matter Movement for Dallas Shooting |last=Mekelburg |first=Madlin |date=July 8, 2016 |website=The Texas Tribune|access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/5027952148001/texas-lt-gov-patrick-on-dallas-ambush-this-has-to-end/ |title=Texas Lt. Gov. Patrick on Dallas ambush: 'This has to end' |date=July 8, 2016 |publisher=Fox News Channel|access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref> The Black Lives Matter network released a statement denouncing the shootings.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dallas-shooting-black-lives-matter-leaders-respond/ |title=Black Lives Matter condemns Dallas, pushes forward with protests |work=CBS News |date=July 8, 2016|access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-dallas-protest-impact-20160708-snap-story.html |title=Dallas police shootings could create unwelcome tensions for Black Lives Matter movement and its allies |author1=Kaleem, Jaweed |author2=Evan Halper |work=Los Angeles Times |date=July 8, 2016|access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref> On July 8, more than 100 people were arrested at Black Lives Matter protests across the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/blacklivesmatter-protest-rochester-police-arrest-74-demonstration-n606416 |title=More Than 100 Arrested at Baton Rouge, Rochester Black Lives Matter Protests |first1=F. Brinley |last1=Bruton |first2=Kurt |last2=Chirbas |last3=Associated Press |date=July 9, 2016 |work=NBC News |access-date=July 14, 2016 |quote=After more than 100 people were arrested in a flurry of nationwide protests Friday night, police departments were preparing for another round of demonstrations Saturday demanding justice after the shootings this week of black men by cops.}}</ref>
 
[[File:Sit-in during San Francisco July 2016 rally against police violence - 3.jpg|thumb|Protest in response to the [[Shooting of Alton Sterling|Alton Sterling shooting]], San Francisco, California, July 8, 2016]]
In the first half of July, there were at least 112 protests in 88 American cities.<ref>Lee, Jasmine C., Iaryna Mykhyalshyn, Rudy Omri and Anjali Singhvi, "[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/07/16/us/protesting-police-shootings-of-blacks.html At Least 88 Cities Have Had Protests in the Past 13 Days Over Police Killings of Blacks]". ''The New York Times''. July 16, 2016.</ref> On July 13, [[NBA]] stars [[LeBron James]], [[Carmelo Anthony]], [[Chris Paul]], and [[Dwyane Wade]] opened the [[2016 ESPY Awards]] with a Black Lives Matter message.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Lily |title=LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Chris Paul and Dwyane Wade Open 2016 ESPYs With Powerful Black Lives Matter Message |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/779880/lebron-james-carmelo-anthony-chris-paul-and-dwyane-wade-open-2016-espys-with-powerful-black-lives-matter-message |publisher=E! |date=July 13, 2016 |access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref> On July 26, Black Lives Matter held a protest in Austin, Texas, to mark the third anniversary of the shooting death of [[Shooting of Larry Jackson Jr.|Larry Jackson Jr.]]<ref name="march">{{cite web |url=http://kxan.com/2016/07/26/black-lives-matter-marks-anniversary-of-larry-jackson-jr-s-death/ |title=Black Lives Matter marks anniversary of Larry Jackson, Jr.'s death |date=July 26, 2016 |access-date=December 7, 2016 |publisher=[[KXAN]] |author=Ricke, Claire}}</ref> On July 28, [[Chicago Police Department]] officers shot Paul O'Neal in the back and killed him following a car chase.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-man-shot-by-police-identified-20160729-story.html |title=3rd cop loses police powers; autopsy shows man shot in South Shore died from wound to back |author1=Crepeau, Megan |author2=Marwa Eltagouri |author3=Patricia Callahan |author4=Annie Sweeney |work=Chicago Tribune |date=July 30, 2016 |access-date=August 5, 2016}}</ref> After the shooting, hundreds marched in Chicago, Illinois.<ref name="DNA">{{cite web |last1=Nitkn |first1=Alex |title=Hundreds Block Downtown Streets To Protest Police Killing Of Paul O'Neal |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20160807/downtown/paul-oneal-killing-spurs-hundreds-march-through-downtown |publisher=DNA Info |access-date=September 23, 2016|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923190029/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20160807/downtown/paul-oneal-killing-spurs-hundreds-march-through-downtown |archive-date=September 23, 2016}}</ref>
 
In [[Randallstown, Maryland|Randallstown]], Maryland, near Baltimore, on August 1, police officers shot and killed Korryn Gaines, a 23-year-old African-American woman, also shooting and injuring her son.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/aug/02/korryn-gaines-black-woman-killed-by-police-son-injured |title=Black woman shot dead by police during alleged standoff while holding son |first=Jamiles |last=Lartey |date=August 2, 2016 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Gaines' death was protested in Baltimore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-state-fop-conference-20160814-story.html |title=Maryland FOP conference opens to protests in Baltimore |first=Colin |last=Campbell |work=The Baltimore Sun}} August 15, 2016.</ref>
 
In August, Black Lives Matter protested in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania the death of Bruce Kelley Jr., who was shot after fatally stabbing a police dog while trying to escape from police the previous January.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrow |first=Christian |title=Black Lives Matter rally highlights Kelley Jr. shooting |url=http://newpittsburghcourieronline.com/2016/07/28/black-lives-matter-rally-highlights-kelley-jr-shooting/ |work=Pittsburgh Courier |date=July 28, 2016 |access-date=November 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127204058/https://newpittsburghcourieronline.com/2016/07/28/black-lives-matter-rally-highlights-kelley-jr-shooting/|archive-date=January 27, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
In August, several professional athletes began participating in [[2016 U.S. national anthem protests|National Anthem protests]]. The protests began in the [[National Football League]] (NFL) after [[Colin Kaepernick]] of the [[San Francisco 49ers]] sat during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, before his team's third [[NFL preseason|preseason]] game of 2016.<ref name="SB">{{cite web |last1=Sandritter |first1=Mark |title=A timeline of Colin Kaepernick's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him |date=September 11, 2016 |url=https://www.sbnation.com/2016/9/11/12869726/colin-kaepernick-national-anthem-protest-seahawks-brandon-marshall-nfl |publisher=SB Nation |access-date=September 20, 2016}}</ref> During a post-game interview he explained his position stating, "I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and [[people of color]]. To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder,"<ref name="wyche">{{cite web |publisher=National Football League |url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000691077/article/colin-kaepernick-explains-protest-of-national-anthem |title=Colin Kaepernick explains why he sat during national anthem |first=Steve |last=Wyche |date=August 27, 2016 |access-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> a protest widely interpreted as in solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allen |first1=Nick |title=Colin Kaepernick: NFL Black Lives Matter protests recall rebellious spirit of 1960s sporting greats |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/18/colin-kaepernick-nfl-black-lives-matter-protests-recall-rebellio/ |access-date=October 4, 2016 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=September 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Katch |first1=Danny |last2=Zirin |first2=Dave |title=From the Raised Fist to the Bended Knee {{!}} Jacobin|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/09/colin-kaepernick-nfl-black-lives-matter/|access-date=October 4, 2016|work=Jacobin|date=September 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Jason |title=Colin Kaepernick Shows #BlackLivesMatter Even When His Career May Not |url=http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2016/08/colin-kaepernick-shows-blacklivesmatter-even-when-his-career-may-not/ |access-date=October 4, 2016 |work=theroot.com |date=August 29, 2016}}</ref> The protests have generated mixed reactions, and have since spread to other U.S. sports leagues.
 
In September, BLM protested the shooting deaths by police officers of Terence Crutcher in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]], Oklahoma, and Keith Lamont Scott in Charlotte, North Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/21/us/charlotte-police-shooting/index.html |title=One person shot during violent Charlotte protest; officer hurt |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wbtv.com/ |title=Local News - WBTV, Channel 3 News, Weather, Traffic - &#124; WBTV Charlotte |website=www.wbtv.com}}</ref><ref name=NYDaily>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/video-released-fatal-police-shooting-unarmed-oklahoma-man-article-1.2798435 |title=Video released in fatal police shooting of unarmed Oklahoma man Terence Crutcher (WARNING – GRAPHIC) |work=Daily News |location=New York |date=September 19, 2016 |access-date=September 19, 2016 |author=Salinger, Tobias}}</ref> ''[[The Charlotte Observer]]'' reported "The protesters began to gather as night fell, hours after the shooting. They held themed signs that said 'Stop Killing Us' and 'Black Lives Matter,' and they chanted 'No justice, no peace.' The scene was sometimes chaotic and tense, with water bottles and stones chucked at police lines, but many protesters called for peace and implored their fellow demonstrators not to act violently."<ref name="ObserverAftermath16">{{cite news |author1=Marusak, Joe |author2=Ely Portillo |author3=Mark Price |author4=Adam Bell |title=Charlotte faces aftermath of protests ignited by fatal police shooting; 16 officers injured |url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/crime/article103009432.html |newspaper=The Charlotte Observer |date=September 20, 2016}}</ref> Multiple nights of protests in September and October were held in [[El Cajon, California|El Cajon]], California, following the shooting of Alfred Olango.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chokshi |first1=Niraj |last2=Bromwich |first2=Jonah Engel |title=Demonstrators Protest Fatal Police Shooting of a Black Man in El Cajon, Calif. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/29/us/shooting-el-cajon-police.html |access-date=December 24, 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=September 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tometi |first1=Opal |last2=Lipscombe |first2=Carl |title=What the Shooting of Alfred Olango Says About the State of Black Refugees in the U.S. |url=http://time.com/4531836/black-immigrants/ |access-date=December 24, 2016 |work=Time |date=October 18, 2016}}</ref>
 
=== 2017 ===
During the 2017 [[Black History Month]], a month-long "Black Lives Matter" art exhibition was organized by three [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], Virginia artists at the First Unitarian Universalist Church of Richmond in the Byrd Park area of the city. The show featured more than 30 diverse multicultural artists on a theme exploring racial equality and justice.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lord |first1=Jo |title=Art Gallery: "Black Lives Matter" art show at First Unitarian Universalist Church |url=http://www.richmond.com/entertainment/art/art-gallery-black-lives-matter-art-show-at-first-unitarian/article_baaa0708-6091-5e5c-95b8-e072e4acf82d.html |website=Richmond Times-Dispatch |access-date=February 23, 2017 |page=E4 |format=with color photo of "Comin' After Me" by Jennifer Yane |date=February 23, 2017 |quote='Black Lives Matter' exhibit examines racial equality and justice through art}}</ref>
 
In the same month [[Virginia Commonwealth University|Virginia Commonwealth University's]] James Branch Cabell Library focused on a month-long schedule of events relating to [[African-American history]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.vcu.edu//article/Black_History_Month_at_VCU_aims_to_spark_dialogue_celebrate_black |title=Black History Month at VCU aims to spark dialogue, celebrate black excellence |first=Brian|last= McNeill|website=news.vcu.edu|date=January 29, 2016}}</ref> and showed photos from the church's "Black Lives Matter" exhibition on its outdoor screen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wp.vcu.edu/cabellscreen/author/srobinson26/ |title=Sue Robinson|access-date=February 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228172455/http://wp.vcu.edu/cabellscreen/author/srobinson26/|archive-date=February 28, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[VCU]] schedule of events also included: the Real Life Film Series ''The Angry Heart: The Impact of Racism on Heart Disease among African-Americans''; [[Keith Knight (cartoonist)|Keith Knight]] presented the 14th Annual VCU Libraries Black History Month lecture; [[Lawrence Ross]], author of the book ''Blackballed: The Black and White Politics of Race on America's Campuses'' talked about how his book related to the "Black Lives Matter" movement; and [[Velma Scantlebury|Velma P. Scantlebury]], M.D., the first black female transplant surgeon in the United States, discussed "Health Equity in Kidney Transplantation: Experiences from a surgeon's perspective."
 
Black Lives Matter protested the [[shooting of Jocques Clemmons]] which occurred in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], Tennessee on February 10, 2017.<ref name="thetennesseanclemmonsfamily">{{cite news |last1=Sawyer |first1=Ariana |last2=Tamburin |first2=Adam |last3=Wadhwani |first3=Anita |title=Jocques Clemmons' family, community leaders call for officer's firing |url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2017/05/11/community-reaction-no-prosecution-nashville-officer-involved-shooting/318462001/ |access-date=May 14, 2017 |work=The Tennessean |date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> On May 12, 2017, a day after [[Glenn Funk]], the district attorney of [[Davidson County, Tennessee|Davidson County]] decided not to prosecute police officer Joshua Lippert, the Nashville chapter of BLM held a demonstration near the [[Vanderbilt University]] campus all the way to the residence of Nashville mayor [[Megan Barry]].<ref name="tennesseanjusticedemonstratesoutside">{{cite news |last1=Sawyer |first1=Ariana Maia |title=Justice for Jocques Coalition demonstrates outside Nashville mayor's home |url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/2017/05/12/justice-jocques-coalition-hold-silent-protest-after-no-charges-brought-against-officer/320433001/ |access-date=May 14, 2017 |work=The Tennessean |date=May 12, 2017}}</ref><ref name="wkrnsilentmarchforjocques">{{cite news |title=Silent march for Jocques Clemmons ends at Nashville mayor's home |url=http://wkrn.com/2017/05/12/silent-protest-for-jocques-clemmons-marches-to-nashville-mayors-house/ |access-date=May 14, 2017 |publisher=WKRN-TV |date=May 12, 2017}}</ref>
 
On September 27 at the [[College of William & Mary]], students associated with Black Lives Matter protested an [[ACLU]] event because the ACLU had fought for the right of [[Unite the Right rally]] to be held in Charlottesville, Virginia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vagazette.com/news/va-vg-aclu-protest-1007-story.html |title=William and Mary students protest ACLU speaker, white supremacy |first=Wesley |last=Wright |work=The Virginia Gazette |date=October 6, 2017 |access-date=October 21, 2017}}</ref> William & Mary's president [[W. Taylor Reveley III|Taylor Reveley]] responded with a statement defending the college's commitment to open debate.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2017/10/05/aclu-speaker-shouted-down-william-mary |title=ACLU Speaker Shouted Down at William & Mary |last=Bauer-Wolf |first=Jeremy |date=October 5, 2017 |work=Inside Higher Ed|access-date=October 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/10/06/william-mary-students-who-shut-down-aclu-event-broke-conduct-code |title=Free speech advocate silenced |first=Jeremy |last=Bauer-Wolf |work=Inside Higher Ed |date=October 6, 2017|access-date=October 21, 2017}}</ref>
 
=== 2018 ===
In February and March 2018, as part of its social justice focus, First [[Unitarian Universalist|Unitarian Church]] Church of Richmond, Virginia in Richmond, Virginia presented its ''Second Annual Black Lives Matter Art Exhibition''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=1000 Blanton Ave. |first1=Richmond Museum District Va |last2=location! |first2=Be the first to review this |title=Second Annual Black Lives Matter Art Show |url=https://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/second-annual-black-lives-matter-art-show/Event?oid=6768779 |website=Style Weekly |access-date=March 5, 2018}}</ref> Works of art in the exhibition were projected at scheduled hours on the large exterior screen (jumbotron) at [[Virginia Commonwealth University|Virginia Commonwealth University's]] Cabell Library. Artists with art in the exhibition were invited to discuss their work in the Black Lives Matter show as it was projected at an evening forum in a small amphitheater at VCU's Hibbs Hall. They were also invited to exhibit afterward at a local showing of the film ''[[A Raisin in the Sun]]''.
 
In April, CNN reported that the largest Facebook account claiming to be a part of the "Black Lives Matter" movement was a "scam" tied to a white man in Australia. The account, with 700,000 followers, linked to fundraisers that raised $100,000 or more, purportedly for U.S. Black Lives Matter causes; however, some of the money was instead transferred to Australian banks accounts, according to CNN. Facebook has suspended the offending page.<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Donie |title=The biggest Black Lives Matter page on Facebook is fake |url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/04/09/technology/fake-black-lives-matter-facebook-page/index.html |access-date=April 10, 2018 |work=CNNMoney |year=2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McGowan |first1=Michael |title=Fake Black Lives Matter Facebook page run by Australian union official – report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/apr/10/fake-black-lives-matter-facebook-page-run-by-australian-union-official-report |access-date=April 10, 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=April 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Australian union official linked to fake Black Lives Matter page suspended |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-10/fake-black-lives-matter-facebook-page-linked-to-australian-nuw/9636362 |access-date=April 10, 2018 |work=ABC News (Australia) |date=April 10, 2018}}</ref>
 
=== 2020 ===
{{Further|2020–2021 United States racial unrest}}
On February 23, 2020, Ahmaud Arbery, an unarmed 25-year-old African-American man, was [[Killing of Ahmaud Arbery|fatally shot]] while jogging in [[Glynn County, Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Crystal Bonvillian, Cox Media Group National Content |title=Ahmaud Arbery: Video emerges of black jogger killed by 2 white men; case heads to grand jury |url=https://www.fox23.com/news/trending/video-emerges-black-jogger-chased-shot-dead-by-2-white-men-case-will-go-grand-jury/EXGDU3DAIJEHXAXW6DAYVRW6EQ/|date=May 6, 2020|access-date=June 16, 2020 |website=KOKI |language=en-US}}</ref> Arbery had been pursued and confronted by three white residents driving two vehicles, including a father and son who were armed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fausset |first=Richard |date=June 4, 2020 |title=What We Know About the Shooting Death of Ahmaud Arbery |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/ahmaud-arbery-shooting-georgia.html|access-date=June 16, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> All three men have been indicted on nine counts, including felony murder.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fausset |first1=Richard |title=Suspects in Ahmaud Arbery's Killing Are Indicted on Murder Charges |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/us/ahmaud-arbery-shooting-murder-indictment.html?campaign_id=9&emc=edit_nn_20200625&instance_id=19699&nl=the-morning&regi_id=51451567&segment_id=31816&te=1&user_id=301854ff8b83cc461e0d5eb32981f9c7 |access-date=June 26, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=June 24, 2020}}</ref>
 
On March 13, Louisville police officers knocked down the apartment door of 26-year-old African American Breonna Taylor, serving a no-knock search warrant for drug suspicions. [[Shooting of Breonna Taylor|Police fired several shots during the encounter which led to her death]]. Her boyfriend who was present at the time had called 911 and said, "someone kicked in the door and shot my girlfriend".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Somebody shot my girlfriend': 911 call in police shooting |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/shot-girlfriend-911-call-police-shooting-70940401|first=Dylan|last=Lovan|date=May 29, 2020|access-date=June 16, 2020 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> Protests were held in Louisville with calls for police reform.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Josh |date=June 6, 2020 |title='She should be with us': Louisville protesters remember Breonna Taylor |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/06/breonna-taylor-louisville-protest-george-floyd|access-date=June 16, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
 
On May 25, [[Christian Cooper]], a black [[birdwatching|bird-watcher]] at New York's Central Park [[Central Park birdwatching incident|experienced a confrontation]] with a white woman after he asked her to put her dog on a leash in [[The Ramble and Lake|the Ramble]], a no-dogs-off-leash area. The interaction escalated when the white woman called the police to say that an African-American man was threatening her.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nir |first=Sarah Maslin |date=May 27, 2020 |title=The Bird Watcher, That Incident and His Feelings on the Woman's Fate |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/nyregion/amy-cooper-christian-central-park-video.html|access-date=June 6, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Amir Vera |author2=Laura Ly |title=White woman who called police on a black man bird-watching in Central Park has been fired |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/26/us/central-park-video-dog-video-african-american-trnd/index.html|date=May 26, 2020|access-date=June 6, 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref> On July 6, the Manhattan District Attorney's office announced that the woman would be charged with falsely reporting an incident in the third degree.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Melanie|last= Schuman |author2=Theresa Waldrop |title=Woman who called cops on Black man birdwatching in Central Park faces charges |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/06/us/amy-cooper-central-park-birdwatcher-charges/index.html|date=July 6, 2020|access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref>
 
==== George Floyd protests ====
{{main|Defund the police|George Floyd protests}}
[[File:George Floyd protests in Washington DC, Lafayette Square.jpg|thumb|George Floyd protests at Lafayette Square, Washington D.C., May 30, 2020]]
At the end of May, spurred on by a rash of racially charged events including those above, over 450 major protests<ref>{{Cite web |title=George Floyd Protests Rage in Cities Across the U.S. |url=https://time.com/5845584/george-floyd-protests-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531045039/https://time.com/5845584/george-floyd-protests-cities/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 31, 2020|access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Map: Protests and rallies for George Floyd spread across the country |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/map-protests-rallies-george-floyd-spread-across-country-n1220976|first=Jiachuan|last= Wu|author2= Nigel Chiwaya |author3= Savannah Smith|date=June 1, 2020|access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> were held in cities and towns across the United States and three continents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thousands Protest Across 3 Continents to Honor George Floyd and Support the Black Lives Matter Movement |url=https://time.com/5849493/black-lives-matter-george-floyd-protest-worldwide/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606172156/https://time.com/5849493/black-lives-matter-george-floyd-protest-worldwide/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 6, 2020|access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=Time |language=en}}</ref> The breaking point was due primarily to the [[murder of George Floyd]] by Minneapolis police officer [[Derek Chauvin]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=George Floyd protests spread nationwide: Live updates |url=https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/george-floyd-protest-updates-05-28-20/index.html |author1=Melissa Macaya |author2=Mike Hayes |author3=Fernando Alfonso III |author4=Daniella Diaz |author5=Jessie Yeung |author6=Steve George |author7=Ivana Kottasová |author8=Nick Thompson |date=May 28, 2020 |website=CNN |language=en|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref> eventually charged with second-degree murder after a video circulated showing Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck for nearly nine minutes while Floyd pleaded for his life, repeating: "[[I can't breathe]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charges against Derek Chauvin suggest George Floyd's death was unintended |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/charges-against-officer-suggest-george-floyd-s-death-unintended-n1224731|first=Danny|last= Cevallos|date=June 4, 2020|access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Evan |last2=Tiefenthäler |first2=Ainara |last3=Triebert |first3=Christiaan |last4=Jordan |first4=Drew |last5=Willis |first5=Haley |last6=Stein |first6=Robin |date=May 31, 2020 |title=8 Minutes and 46 Seconds: How George Floyd Was Killed in Police Custody |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html|access-date=June 7, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Following protesters' demands for additional prosecutions, three other officers were charged with aiding and abetting second-degree murder.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waldrop |first=Theresa |title=The charges against the four officers involved in George Floyd's death, explained |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/us/george-floyd-officers-charges-explained/index.html|date=June 5, 2020|access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref>
 
[[File:North_America_Protests_8_JUN_2020.jpg|thumb|Protests in May 2020 after George Floyd's death]]
[[File:Black Lives Matter, Washington National Cathedral, 10June2020.jpg|thumb|left|upright|"Black Lives Matter" on the facade of the Washington National Cathedral, June 10, 2020]]
Black Lives Matter organized rallies in the United States and worldwide<ref>{{Cite web |first=Benazir|last= Wehelie |author2=Amy Woodyatt |title='I can't breathe': Hundreds lie down in protest |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/03/world/gallery/george-floyd-lie-down-intl-scli/index.html|date=June 4, 2020|access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref> from May 30 onwards,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Lives Matter Rally & Protest Update Justice for George Floyd |first=DJ Kamal|last= Mustafa|url=https://emeatribune.uk/black-lives-matter-rally-protest-update-justice-for-george-floyd/ |date=May 30, 2020 |website=EMEA Tribune |language=en-US|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Lives Matter rally for George Floyd on Saturday at Marion Square |url=https://abcnews4.com/news/local/black-lives-matter-rally-for-george-floyd-saturday-at-marion-square |last=Fortier-Bensen |first=Tony |date=May 29, 2020 |website=WCIV|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref> with protesters enacting Floyd's final moments, many lying down in streets and on bridges, yelling "I can't breathe," while others marched by the thousands, some carrying signs that read, "Tell your brother in blue, don't shoot"—"Who do you call when the murderer wears a badge?" and "Justice for George Floyd."<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2020 |title=Photos: The signs and art of the George Floyd protests |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/photos-the-signs-and-art-of-the-george-floyd-protests|access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=The Mercury News |language=en-US}}</ref> While global in nature and supported by several unassociated organizations, the Black Lives Matter movement has been inextricably linked to these monumental protests.<ref>{{Cite web |author2=Christina Maxouris |first=Dakin|last= Andone |author3=Josh Campbell|title=Minneapolis City Council members intend to defund and dismantle the city's police department |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/07/us/george-floyd-protests-sunday/index.html|access-date=June 7, 2020 |date=June 8, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref> Black Lives Matter called to "[[defund the police]]", a slogan with varying interpretations from [[Police abolition movement|police abolition]] to divestment from police and prisons to reinvestment in social services in communities of color.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Scottie |last=Andrew |title=There's a growing call to defund the police. Here's what it means |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/06/us/what-is-defund-police-trnd/index.html|date=June 17, 2020|access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref> In 2020, [[NPR]] reported that the Washington D.C. Black Lives Matter chapter's demands were [[Defund the police|defunding the police]], halting the construction of new jails, [[decriminalizing sex work]], removing police from schools, exonerating protesters and abolishing [[cash bail]] in [[Maryland]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Austermuhle |first1=Martin |last2=Cardoza |first2=Kavitha |date=June 9, 2020 |title=Here's What Black Lives Matter D.C. Is Calling For, And Where The City Stands |url=https://www.npr.org/local/305/2020/06/09/872859084/here-s-what-black-lives-matter-d-c-is-calling-for-and-where-the-city-stands|access-date=August 9, 2020 |website=[[NPR]] |language=en}}</ref>
 
[[File:DSC 0008 (50283939071).jpg|thumb|right|[[Al Sharpton]] led the [[Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks]] in Washington D.C. on August 28, 2020]]
On June 5, Washington, D.C.'s Mayor [[Muriel Bowser]] announced that part of the street outside of the [[White House]] had been officially renamed to [[Black Lives Matter Plaza]] posted with a street sign.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wu |first=Nicholas |title=DC Renames Street near White House 'Black Lives Matter Plaza' to Honor George Floyd Protests |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/05/black-lives-matter-mural-painted-near-white-house-mayors-behest/3153364001/ |date=June 5, 2020 |website=[[USA Today]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605162259/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/05/black-lives-matter-mural-painted-near-white-house-mayors-behest/3153364001/ |archive-date = June 5, 2020 |url-status = live}}</ref>
 
On June 7, in the wake of global [[George Floyd protests]] and Black Lives Matter's call to "defund the police", the [[Minneapolis City Council]] voted to "disband its police department" to shift funding to social programs in communities of color. City Council President Lisa Bender said, "Our efforts at incremental reform have failed. Period." The council vote came after the Minneapolis Public Schools, the University of Minnesota and Minneapolis Parks and Recreation cut ties with the Minneapolis Police Department.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solender |first=Andrew |title=Minneapolis Votes To Disband Police Department |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/06/07/minneapolis-votes-to-disband-police-department/|date=June 7, 2020|access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> At the end of 2020, approximately $8 million of the city's $179 million police budget was reallocated for violence prevention pilot programs, and was considered the type of incremental reform that activists and politicians had earlier denounced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/10/us/minneapolis-police-funding.html|title=Minneapolis City Council Votes to Remove $8 Million From Police Budget|first1=Jenny|last1=Gross|first2=John|last2=Eligon|date=December 10, 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
 
On July 20, the [[Strike for Black Lives (Coalition)|Strike for Black Lives]], organized in part by Black Lives Matter, featured thousands of workers across the United States performing a [[walkout]] to raise awareness of systemic racism following Floyd's death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Don |date=July 20, 2020 |title=National 'Strike for Black Lives' to fight racism, low wages |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2020/07/20/National-Strike-for-Black-Lives-to-fight-racism-low-wages/7281595239459/|access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[United Press International]] |publisher=[[News World Communications]] |language=en}}</ref>
 
From May 22 to August 22, there were more than 10,600 BLM protest events in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 3, 2020|title=Demonstrations & Political Violence in America: New Data for Summer 2020|url=https://acleddata.com/2020/09/03/demonstrations-political-violence-in-america-new-data-for-summer-2020/|access-date=September 5, 2020|website=ACLED|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
== International movement ==
In 2015, after the [[death of Freddie Gray]] in Baltimore, Maryland, black activists around the world modeled efforts for reform on Black Lives Matter and the [[Arab Spring]].<ref name=herbert/><ref>{{cite web |last1=McKenzie |first1=Sheena |title=Black Lives Matter protests spread to Europe |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/11/europe/black-lives-matter-protests-europe/ |publisher=CNN |access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref> This international movement has been referred to as the "Black Spring".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled |title=Baltimore and the emergence of a Black Spring |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/05/baltimore-emergence-black-spring-150504123031263.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name=common>{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Janaya |title=Black Lives Matter Has Become a Global Movement |url=http://www.commondreams.org/views/2015/08/09/black-lives-matter-has-become-global-movement |publisher=Common Dreams |access-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref> Connections have also been forged with parallel international efforts such as the [[Dalit]] rights movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Black Lives Matter, activists for India's discriminated Dalits learn tactics to press for dignity |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-11-08/black-lives-matter-activists-indias-discriminated-dalit-learn-tactics-press |website=Public Radio International |access-date=November 18, 2015 |date=November 8, 2015 |last=Paul |first=Sonia}}</ref>
 
=== Australia ===
[[File:Brisbane Anti-Racism Protest - 6 June 2020 - AndrewMercer - DSC05521.jpg|thumb|Protest in [[Brisbane]], June 6, 2020]]
Following the [[death of Ms Dhu]] in police custody in August 2014, protests often made reference to the BLM movement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Klippmark |first1=Pauline |last2=Crawley |first2=Karen |title=Justice for Ms Dhu: Accounting for Indigenous Deaths in Custody in Australia |journal=[[Social & Legal Studies]] |date=October 16, 2017 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1177/0964663917734415 |s2cid=149347019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blue |first1=Ethan |title=Seeing Ms. Dhu: inquest, conquest, and (in)visibility in black women's deaths in custody |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |date=September 27, 2016 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=299–320 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2016.1229294 |s2cid=151897929}}</ref> In July 2016, a BLM rally was organized in [[Melbourne]], Australia, which 3,500 people attended. The protest also emphasized the issues of mistreatment of [[Aboriginal Australians]] by the Australian police and government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/black-lives-matter-australian-protests/7635708 |title=#BlackLivesMatter hits Australia |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=July 17, 2016}}</ref>
 
In May 2017, Black Lives Matter was awarded the [[Sydney Peace Prize]], which "honours a nominee who has promoted 'peace with justice', human rights and non-violence".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/may/23/black-lives-matter-awarded-2017-sydney-peace-prize |title=Black Lives Matter awarded 2017 Sydney peace prize |last=Wahlquist |first=Calla |date=May 22, 2017 |work=The Guardian|access-date=May 23, 2017 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
 
In early June 2020, soon after the George Floyd protests in the US, [[George Floyd protests in Australia|protests took place in Australia]], with many of them focusing on the local issue of [[Aboriginal deaths in custody]], [[racism in Australia]] and other injustices faced by [[Indigenous Australians]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/06/aboriginal-deaths-in-custody-434-have-died-since-1991-new-data-shows |title=Aboriginal deaths in custody: 434 have died since 1991, new data shows |first1=Lorena |last1=Allam |first2=Calla |last2=Wahlquist |first3=Nick |last3=Evershed |date=June 5, 2020 |website=The Guardian|access-date=June 18, 2020}}</ref> Cricketer [[Michael Holding]] criticized Australia, as well as England, for refusing to take a knee in support of Black Lives Matter during cricket matches.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 11, 2020|title=Michael Holding blasts England, Australia for not kneeling in support of Black Lives Matter|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-michael-holding-blasts-england-australia-for-not-kneeling-in-support-of-black-lives-matter-2842394|access-date=September 11, 2020|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Lives Matter: Michael Holding slams England, Australia for not taking a knee|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/cricket/black-lives-matter-michael-holding-slams-england-australia-for-not-taking-a-knee|access-date=September 11, 2020|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Brazil ===
Blacks in Brazil suffer from economic marginalization, state violence, discrimination, and lower life-expectancy.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Ashley|date=|title=Vidas Negras Importam: The Black Lives Matter Movement in Brazil|url=https://www.panoramas.pitt.edu/news-and-politics/vidas-negras-importam-black-lives-matter-movement-brazil|access-date=March 28, 2021|website=Panoramas|language=en}}</ref> In June 2020, two Black children, 5-year-old Miguel Otávio Santana da Silva and 14-year-old João Pedro Matos Pinto, died in Brazil.<ref name=":10" /> Miguel Otávio Santana da Silva was under the watch of the white boss of his mother when he fell off the balcony of a building.<ref name=":10" /> João Pedro Matos Pinto was shot in the back by police in [[Rio de Janeiro]] during a raid where the police discharged seventy shots.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=June 3, 2020|title=Black lives shattered: outrage as boy, 14, is Brazil police's latest victim|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/03/brazil-black-lives-police-teenager|access-date=March 28, 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> He was killed the same week as George Floyd.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Damase|first=Laura|date=December 31, 2020|title=Amid racial injustice, Black Lives Matter movement gains momentum in Brazil|url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/reporters/20201231-amid-racial-injustice-black-lives-matter-movement-gains-momentum-in-brazil|access-date=March 28, 2021|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> Their deaths prompted protests in cities across the country.<ref name=":10" /> The slogan "Black Lives Matter" was translated to "Vidas Negras Importam" in Portuguese.<ref name=":10" /> Protests continued throughout 2020 and were renewed at the end of the year after supermarket security guards [[Killing of João Alberto Silveira Freitas|beat 40-year-old welder João Alberto Silveira Freitas to death]] in [[Porto Alegre]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ogunkeye|first=Erin|date=November 21, 2020|title=Protests erupt in Brazil after supermarket security guards beat Black man to death|url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20201121-protests-erupt-in-brazil-after-supermarket-security-guards-beat-black-man-to-death|access-date=March 28, 2021|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Canada ===
[[File:Black Lives Matter, Anti-racism rally at Vancouver Art Gallery (49958359766).jpg|thumb|Protest in [[Vancouver]], May 31, 2020]]
In July 2015, BLM protesters shut down [[Allen Road]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], protesting the shooting deaths of two black men in the metropolitan area—Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby—at the hands of police.<ref name=adam>{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Adam |title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down section of Allen Expressway |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2134082/hundreds-protest-deaths-of-jermaine-carby-and-andrew-loku-in-toronto/ |website=globalnews.ca |publisher=Global News |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref> In September, BLM activists shut down streets in Toronto, citing police brutality and solidarity with "marginalized black lives" as reason for the shutdown. Black Lives Matter was a featured part of the [[Take Back the Night (protest)|Take Back the Night]] event in Toronto.<ref name=donato>{{cite web |last1=Donato |first1=Al |title=Black Lives Matter Takes Back The Night And Shuts Down Downtown Toronto |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/09/28/black-lives-matter-toronto_n_8209932.html |work=Huff Post |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref>
 
In June 2016, Black Lives Matter was selected by [[Pride Toronto]] as the honored group in that year's Pride parade, during which they staged a [[sit-in]] to block the parade from moving forward for approximately half an hour.<ref>[https://nowtoronto.com/news/black-lives-matter-versus-pride-toronto/ "Black Lives Matter versus Pride Toronto"]. ''[[Now (newspaper)|Now]]'', July 12, 2016.</ref> They issued several demands for Pride to adjust its relationship with [[LGBTQ]] people of color, including stable funding and a suitable venue for the established [[Pride Toronto#Blockorama|Blockorama]] event, improved diversity in the organization's staff and volunteer base, and that [[Toronto Police Service|Toronto Police]] officers be banned from marching in the parade in uniform.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/09/20/pride-toronto-apologizes-to-black-lives-matter-over-parade-protest.html |title=An Apologetic Pride Toronto gets rejected |last=Goffin |first=Peter |date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=September 20, 2016}}</ref> Pride executive director [[Mathieu Chantelois]] signed BLM's statement of demand, but later asserted that he had signed it only to end the sit-in and get the parade moving, and had not agreed to honor the demands.<ref name=cp24>[http://www.cp24.com/news/pride-organizer-says-he-has-not-agreed-to-exclude-police-floats-from-parade-1.2971974 "Pride organizer says he has not agreed to exclude police floats from parade"]. [[CP24]], July 4, 2016.</ref>
In late August 2016, the Toronto chapter protested outside the [[Special Investigations Unit]] in [[Mississauga]] in response to the [[death of Abdirahman Abdi]], who died during an arrest in [[Ottawa]].<ref>{{cite web |work=[[Toronto Star]] |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/08/24/black-lives-matter-protesters-picket-siu-headquarters.html |title=Black Lives Matter protesters hit SIU headquarters |date=August 24, 2016}}</ref>
 
In 2020, the [[death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet]] and the [[killing of D'Andre Campbell]] in Canada sparked BLM protests demanding the defunding of police services.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nasser|first=Shanifa|date=2020-06-11|title=Police officer who fatally shot D'Andre Campbell not providing interview, notes to police watchdog|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/d-andre-campbell-black-police-1.5607750|access-date=2021-05-14}}</ref>
 
As of December 2020, there are five Canadian BLM chapters in Toronto, [[Vancouver]], [[Waterloo Region]], [[Edmonton]], and [[New Brunswick]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Oyeniran|first=Channon|date=2020-12-16|title=Black Lives Matter-Canada|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/black-lives-matter-canada|access-date=2021-05-13|website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]}}</ref>
 
The other focal point of the Black Lives Matter movement in Canada is addressing issues, racism and other injustices faced by [[Indigenous Canadians]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/diversity-summit-promotes-anti-racism-1.5627085 |title=Black Lives Matter, racism against Indigenous Canadians backdrop for N.L. diversity summit |website=CBC |date=June 25, 2020 |access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://paherald.sk.ca/2020/06/08/black-lives-matter-protests-also-affect-indigenous-people/ |title=Black Lives Matter protests also affect Indigenous people |first=Julianna |last=Maggrah |website=Prince Albert Daily Herald |date=June 8, 2020 |access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/question-answer-sandy-hudson-black-lives-matter-defund-police-1.5613280 |title=Q&A: Founder of Black Lives Matter in Canada explains the call to defund police |first=Alicia |last=Bridges |website=CBC |date=June 16, 2020 |access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2020/06/10/opinion/indigenous-and-black-people-canada-share-social-exclusion-and-collective-outrage |title=Indigenous and Black people in Canada share social exclusion and collective outrage |first=Sarah |last=Adjekum |website=National Observer |date=June 10, 2020 |access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
 
=== Denmark ===
[[File:Black Lives Matter Denmark demonstration in Christiansborg Slotsplads.jpg|thumb|Demonstration at [[Christiansborg Slotsplads]], [[Copenhagen]], June 7, 2020]]
In Denmark, an organization named Black Lives Matter Denmark was founded in 2016 by {{Interlanguage link|Bwalya Sørensen|lt=|da||WD=}}, a woman from [[Zambia]] who came to Denmark when she was 19 years old. The organization is centered around Sørensen and mainly focuses on rejected asylum seekers and criminal foreigners, sentenced to expulsion from Denmark.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=Wang |first1=Laura Friis |last2=Drivsholm |first2=Louise Schou |date=June 11, 2020 |title=En ny shitstorm har skabt forvirring om, hvad Black Lives Matter Denmark står for – historien om bevægelsen begynder i 2016 |language=da|trans-title=A new shitstorm have created confusion about what Black Lives Matter Denmark stands for – the story of the movement starts in 2016 |work=Information |url=https://www.information.dk/indland/2020/06/ny-shitstorm-skabt-forvirring-black-lives-matter-denmark-staar-historien-bevaegelsen-begynder-2016|url-access=subscription|access-date=June 21, 2020}}</ref> The connection to the U.S. organization is unclear, but Sørensen has said she was encouraged by someone in the U.S. to start a Danish chapter, and that she, in 2017, was visited by the U.S. co-founder, [[Opal Tometi]].<ref name=":5" />
 
In June 2020, following the death of George Floyd, Black Lives Matter Denmark held a demonstration in [[Copenhagen]] that attracted 15,000 participants. Following the demonstration, the organization and Sørensen, in particular, received much criticism because rules separated people by ethnicity: at the demonstration, only black people could be in front, and white people were disallowed to participate in some chants.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hagemann-Nielsen |first=Frederik |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Kritikken hagler ned over Black Lives Matter-talskvinde: Bevægelsen bliver forplumret med hendes budskaber |language=da|trans-title=Criticism raining down on Black Lives Matter spokeswoman: The movement is muddled by her messages |work=DR |url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/kritikken-hagler-ned-over-black-lives-matter-talskvinde-bevaegelsen-bliver|access-date=June 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Macaraig |first=Ayee |date=June 15, 2020 |title=Criticism raining down on BLM Denmark spokesperson |work=The Copenhagen Post |url=http://cphpost.dk/?p=114821|access-date=June 21, 2020}}</ref> Other controversies included Sørensen refusing to co-host a demonstration with [[Amnesty International]] because their employees were white,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bostrup |first=Jens |date=June 9, 2020 |title=Black Lives Matter i Danmark i voldsomt angreb: Amnesty International er en helt, helt hvid organisation |language=da|trans-title=Black Lives Matter in Denmark attacks: Amnesty International is a completely white organization |work=Politiken |url=https://politiken.dk/indland/art7817175/Amnesty-International-er-en-helt-helt-hvid-organisation|url-access=subscription|access-date=June 21, 2020}}</ref> and illegally raising money, while calling the missing fundraising permit peaceful "[[civil disobedience]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinnbeck |first=Peter |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Black Lives Matter Denmark indsamler penge ulovligt: "Det er sådan, civil ulydighed ser ud!" |language=da |trans-title=Black Lives Matter Denmark raises money illegally: "This is how civil disobedience looks!" |work=Radio4 |url=https://www.radio4.dk/black-lives-matter-denmark-indsamler-penge-ulovligt-det-er-saadan-civil-ulydighed-ser-ud/ |access-date=June 21, 2020 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030074544/https://www.radio4.dk/black-lives-matter-denmark-indsamler-penge-ulovligt-det-er-saadan-civil-ulydighed-ser-ud/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sørensen herself has been criticized for splitting the movement with her confrontational style.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bostrup |first=Jens |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Bwalya Sørensen frastøder mange, men har også en anden side |language=da|trans-title=Bwalya Sørensen repel many, but also have another side |work=Politiken |url=https://politiken.dk/indland/samfund/art7819066/Bwalya-S%C3%B8rensen-frast%C3%B8der-mange-men-har-ogs%C3%A5-en-anden-side|url-access=subscription|access-date=June 21, 2020}}</ref>
 
A new organization, named Afro Danish Collective, was announced in June 2020, with {{Interlanguage link|Roger Matthisen|lt=|da||WD=}}, former member of the [[Folketing]] for [[The Alternative (Denmark)|The Alternative]], as spokesperson. The organization has similar goals as Black Lives Matter Denmark, but will take a more moderate approach, including not distinguishing between people at demonstrations based on their skin color.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last1=Broberg |first1=Mads Bonde |last2=Jensen |first2=Kaare Kronberg |date=June 17, 2020 |title=Black Lives Matter får en midtsøgende konkurrent |language=da|trans-title=Black Lives Matter gets a moderate competitor |work=Jyllands-Posten |url=https://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE12225751/black-lives-matter-faar-en-midtsoegende-konkurrent/|url-access=subscription|access-date=June 21, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Dam |first=Philip Sune |date=June 17, 2020 |title=Ny organisation om Black Lives Matter Denmark: Lederskabet er ikke professionelt nok |language=da|trans-title=New organization on Black Lives Matter Denmark: The leadership is not professional enough. |work=Berlingske |url=https://www.berlingske.dk/samfund/ny-organisation-om-black-lives-matter-denmark-lederskabet-er-ikke|access-date=June 21, 2020}}</ref> Matthisen said Afro Danish Collective was in part established because the leadership of Black Lives Matter Denmark had not been professional enough.<ref name=":4" />
 
[[File:BlackLivesMatter protest Berlin 2020-05-30 65.jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protest in [[Berlin]], Germany, May 30, 2020]]
 
=== France ===
On July 18, 2020, thousands of protesters marched near [[Paris]] to commemorate the fourth anniversary of the [[death of Adama Traoré]]. Traoré, a black man, was arrested in July 2016 and fainted after being pinned to the ground by police officers. He later died at a police station; the circumstances of his death are unclear.<ref name="DW-2020-07-18">{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/protesters-take-to-streets-of-france-germany-over-police-brutality/a-54229367|title=Protesters take to streets of France, Germany over police brutality|date=July 18, 2020|access-date=July 18, 2020|website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref>
 
=== Germany ===
On June 6, 2020, tens of thousands of people gathered across Germany to support the Black Lives Matter movement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2020 |title=George Floyd killing spurs fresh protests across Europe |url=https://www.dw.com/en/george-floyd-killing-spurs-fresh-protests-across-europe/a-53706536|access-date=June 6, 2020 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}}</ref> On July 18, 2020, more than 1,500 protesters participated in an anti-racism march in [[Berlin]] to condemn police brutality.<ref name="DW-2020-07-18"/>
 
[[File:DSC0223 (50045090466).jpg|thumb|Protest in [[Fukuoka]], June 21, 2020]]
 
=== Japan ===
In the wake of the murder of George Floyd, several demonstrations took place in Japan, including a 1,000-person demonstration in [[Osaka]] on June 7, 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Takahashi |first1=Ryusei |last2=Johnston |first2=Eric |date=June 7, 2020 |title=Protesters hit Tokyo and Osaka streets with rallies against racism and police brutality |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/06/07/national/protests-rallies-race-police-brutality-tokyo-japan/|access-date=June 15, 2020 |website=The Japan Times |language=en-US}}</ref> and a 3,500-person march through the streets of [[Shibuya]] and [[Harajuku]] areas of [[Tokyo]] on June 14, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Takahashi |first=Ryusei |date=June 14, 2020 |title=Black Lives Matter spreads to Tokyo as 3,500 people march to protest racism |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/06/14/national/black-lives-matter-spreads-tokyo-2000-people-march-protest-racism/|access-date=June 15, 2020 |website=The Japan Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The movement has been met with some backlash in the country, notably on the internet,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bianca Hillier|date=September 2020|title=BLM Tokyo tackles Japan's own issues with anti-Black racism|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-09-16/blm-tokyo-tackles-japan-s-own-issues-anti-black-racism|access-date=November 4, 2020|website=[[Public Radio International]]|language=en}}</ref> where some users criticized tennis player [[Naomi Osaka]] after she encouraged people to join a Black Lives Matter march in the city of Osaka.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Simon Denyer|date=June 2020|title=Naomi Osaka supports Black Lives Matter, faces Japan backlash|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/japanese-tennis-player-naomi-osaka-speaks-out-for-black-lives-matter-faces-backlash/2020/06/08/f8432ca0-a92f-11ea-a43b-be9f6494a87d_story.html}}</ref>
 
=== New Zealand ===
[[File:June 14 Auckland Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Black Lives Matter protest in Auckland, June 14, 2020]]
On June 1, 2020, several BLM [[George Floyd protests in New Zealand|solidarity protests]] in response to the death of George Floyd were held in several New Zealand cities including [[Auckland]], [[Wellington]], [[Christchurch]], [[Dunedin]], [[Tauranga]], [[Palmerston North]] and [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New Zealand protests live: Protester ties himself to US Embassy in Wellington |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?objectid=12336288 |access-date=June 1, 2020 |work=[[New Zealand Herald]] |date=June 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601074459/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?objectid=12336288 |archive-date=June 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Block |first1=George |last2=Kenny |first2=Lee |last3=Flahive |first3=Brad |last4=Piper |first4=Denise |title=Black Lives Matter marches: Thousands of Kiwis peacefully protest against racism |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/300025024/black-lives-matter-marches-thousands-of-kiwis-protests-stand-up-against-racism |access-date=June 1, 2020 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=June 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601074643/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/300025024/black-lives-matter-marches-thousands-of-kiwis-peacefully-protest-against-racism |archive-date=June 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Grant |title=Dunedin crowd joins global protest |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/dunedin-crowd-joins-global-protest |access-date=June 1, 2020 |work=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=June 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601080000/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/dunedin-crowd-joins-global-protest |archive-date=June 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Black Lives Matter protest in downtown Tauranga |url=https://www.sunlive.co.nz/news/243932-black-lives-matter-protest-downtown-tauranga.html |access-date=June 1, 2020 |work=SunLive |date=June 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602113739/https://www.sunlive.co.nz/news/243932-black-lives-matter-protest-downtown-tauranga.html |archive-date=June 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Auckland event, which attracted between 2,000 and 4,000 participants, was organized by several members of New Zealand's African community. Auckland organizer Mahlete Tekeste, African-American expatriate Kainee Simone, and sportsperson [[Israel Adesanya]] compared racism, mass incarceration, and police violence against African Americans to the over-representation of [[Māori people|Māori]] and [[Pacific Islander]]s in New Zealand prisons, the controversial armed police response squad trials, and existing racism against minorities in New Zealand including the 2019 [[Christchurch mosque shootings]]. Hip hop artist and music producer Mazbou Q also called on [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]] [[Jacinda Ardern]] to condemn violence against black Americans.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Junn |first1=Jihee |title=In pictures: The Black Lives Matter solidarity march, Auckland |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/02-06-2020/in-pictures-the-black-lives-matter-solidarity-march-auckland/ |access-date=June 2, 2020 |work=[[The Spinoff]] |date=June 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602122549/https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/02-06-2020/in-pictures-the-black-lives-matter-solidarity-march-auckland/ |archive-date=June 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The left-wing [[Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand|Green Party]], a member of the [[Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand|Labour-led coalition government]], has also expressed support for the Black Lives Matter movement, linking the plight of African Americans to the racism, inequality, and higher incarceration rate experienced by the Māori and Pasifika communities. The BLM protests in New Zealand attracted criticism from [[Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Winston Peters]] for violating the country's [[COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand|COVID-19 pandemic]] social distancing regulations banning mass gatherings of over 100 people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Eleanor |title=Thousands in New Zealand protest against George Floyd killing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/01/thousands-in-new-zealand-protest-against-george-floyd-killing#maincontent |access-date=June 2, 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602103643/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/01/thousands-in-new-zealand-protest-against-george-floyd-killing#maincontent |archive-date=June 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== United Kingdom ===
[[File:George Floyd Protest Brighton, England, UK - 49968982403.jpg|thumb|right|Protest at [[St Nicholas Church, Brighton|St. Nicholas Church]] in [[Brighton]], June 3, 2020]]
 
Black Lives Matter emerged as a movement in the UK in the summer of 2016. Thousands attended protests against police racism in [[Manchester]] on July 11, and a group called Black Lives Matter UK (UKBLM) was set up in the wake of the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|June 26 Brexit referendum]] at a meeting addressed by US BLM activist Patrisse Cullors.<ref name="Dray 2020">{{cite web | last=Dray | first=Sally | title=Black Liberation Movements: Then and Now | website=House of Lords Library | date=October 1, 2020 | url=https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/black-liberation-movements-then-and-now/ | access-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Pidd 2016">{{cite web | last=Pidd | first=Helen | title=Thousands attend Black Lives Matter solidarity march in Manchester | website=The Guardian | date=July 11, 2016 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/11/black-lives-matter-solidarity-march-protest-manchester | access-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Grazia">{{cite web | title=2016: A Year Of Black Lives Matter In Britain | website=Grazia | url=https://graziadaily.co.uk/life/real-life/2016-year-black-lives-matter-britain/ | access-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref><ref name="gal-dem 2020">{{cite web | title=Everything you need to know about Black Lives Matter UK | website=gal-dem | date=September 25, 2020 | url=http://gal-dem.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-black-lives-matter-uk/ | access-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref> On August 4, 2016, BLM protesters blocked [[London City Airport]] in [[London]], England. Several demonstrators chained themselves together on the airport's runway.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-37283869 |title=Black Lives Matter protesters close London City Airport runway |date=September 6, 2016 |work=BBC News|access-date=January 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/sep/06/black-lives-matter-protesters-occupy-london-city-airport-runway |title=Black Lives Matter protest stops flights at London City airport |last1=Weaver |first1=Matthew |date=September 6, 2016 |last2=Grierson |first2=Jamie |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077|access-date=January 28, 2017}}</ref> Nine people were arrested in connection with the incident. There were also BLM-themed protests in other English cities including  [[Birmingham]] and [[Nottingham]]. The UK-held protests marked the fifth anniversary of the shooting [[death of Mark Duggan]].<ref>{{cite web |author=McKenzie, Sheena |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/05/europe/black-lives-matter-uk-heathrow-shutdown/ |title=Black Lives Matter blocks London's Heathrow Airport |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=August 5, 2016}}</ref>
 
In 2016, tabloid newspapers ran several stories seeking to expose and discredit BLM activists, leading the movement to adopt anonymity.<ref name="gal-dem 2020"/> On June 25, 2017, BLM supporters protested in [[Stratford, London]] over the [[death of Edson Da Costa]], who died in police custody. There were no arrests made at the protest.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/06/25/riot-police-deployed-to-justice-for-edson-protest-6734009/ |title=Riot police deployed to 'Justice for Edson' protest as fires started |last=Parker |first=Fiona |publisher=[[Metro (website)|Metro]] |date=June 25, 2017|access-date=June 29, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jun/25/demonstrators-confront-police-in-east-london-over-da-costa-death |title=Demonstrators confront police in east London over Da Costa death |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 26, 2017|access-date=June 29, 2017}}</ref> According to [[Patrick Vernon]], BLM's start in the UK in 2016 was not met with respect. From 2018 onwards, after events like the [[Grenfell Tower fire]] and the [[Windrush scandal]], the movement was viewed more favorably by black Britons, in particular senior black Britions.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Joseph|date=June 13, 2020|title=Five factors behind the UK George Floyd protests|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52997848|access-date=September 1, 2020}}</ref> In December 2019, Black Lives Matter UK worked with the coalition [[Wretched of the Earth]] to represent the voices of global [[indigenous peoples]] and people of color in the [[climate justice]] movement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.redpepper.org.uk/an-open-letter-to-extinction-rebellion/ |title=An open letter to Extinction Rebellion |language=en-US|access-date=December 1, 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest at US Embassy, London 03.jpg|thumb|left|Protest outside the U.S. Embassy in London, June 7, 2020]]
 
In 2020, protests were held in support of the Black Lives Matter protests in the US. Following the murder of George Floyd, London protests took place in [[Trafalgar Square]] on May 31, [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] on June 3, [[Parliament Square]] on June 6, and outside the [[Embassy of the United States, London|US Embassy]] on June 7. Similar protests took place in [[Manchester]], Bristol, and [[Cardiff]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 31, 2020 |title=Thousands join UK protests over George Floyd death |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-52868465|access-date=June 5, 2020}}</ref> The UK protests not only showed solidarity with U.S. protesters, but also commemorated black people who have died in the UK, with protesters chanting, carrying signs, and sharing social media posts with names of victims including Julian Cole,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gayle |first=Damien |date=October 22, 2018 |title=Police officers sacked for lying about arrest where man's neck was broken |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/22/julian-cole-police-officers-face-dismissal-over-incident-in-which-student-was-paralysed|access-date=June 5, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[Belly Mujinga]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 29, 2020 |title=Station worker's death 'not linked to spit attack' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-52853859|access-date=June 5, 2020}}</ref> Nuno Cardoso,<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Student 'struck by police baton' before death |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-48907116|access-date=June 5, 2020}}</ref> and [[Sarah Reed (prisoner)|Sarah Reed]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jury concludes unnecessary delays and failures in care contributed to death of Sarah Reed at Holloway prison |url=https://www.inquest.org.uk/sarah-reed-inquest-conclusions|access-date=June 5, 2020 |website=Inquest |language=en}}</ref>
 
[[File:Edward Colston - empty pedestal.jpg|thumb|upright|The empty pedestal of the [[statue of Edward Colston]] in [[Bristol]]. Subject to increasing controversy since the 1990s, when his prior reputation as a philanthropist came under scrutiny due to a growing awareness of his slave trading, in June 2020 the statue was toppled, defaced and pushed into [[Bristol Harbour]].]]
On June 7, protests continued in many towns and cities.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-06-08/twelve-arrested-in-black-lives-matter-protest-in-central-london/ |title=Some 135 arrests made across around 200 UK Black Lives Matter protests |website=ITV News}}</ref> During a Black Lives Matter protest in [[Bristol]], the city center [[statue of Edward Colston]], a late 17th early 18th-century philanthropist, politician and slave trader, was pulled down by protesters, rolled along the road and pushed into [[Bristol Harbour]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/watch-toppled-edward-colston-statue-4202068 |title=WATCH: Toppled Edward Colston statue dumped in harbour |work=Bristol Post |date=June 7, 2020 |access-date=June 7, 2020}}</ref> The act was later condemned by [[Home Secretary]] [[Priti Patel]] who said "This hooliganism is utterly indefensible."<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-52973338 |title=Johnson urges peaceful struggle against racism |date=June 9, 2020 |via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In London, after it was defaced a few days earlier,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/06/08/cowed-cowardly-ministers-must-stop-appeasing-far-left-extremists/ |title=Cowed and cowardly ministers must stop appeasing far-Left extremists |first=Patrick |last=O'Flynn |date=June 8, 2020 |via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> protesters defaced the [[statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square]], [[Westminster]] with graffiti for a second time. Black spray paint was sprayed over his name and the words "[[Racial views of Winston Churchill|was a racist]]" were sprayed underneath.<ref name="auto1"/> A protester also attempted to burn the [[Union Jack]] flag flying at the [[Cenotaph]], a memorial to Britain's war dead.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/churchill-statue-racism-british-black-lives-matter-protests/2020/06/08/33f68146-a991-11ea-9063-e69bd6520940_story.html |title=Britons cheer toppling of slave trader statue but are divided over tagging of Winston Churchill as racist |first=Karla |last=Adam |website=The Washington Post}}</ref> Later in the evening violence broke out between protesters and police. A total of 49 police officers were injured after demonstrators threw bottles and fireworks at them.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/story/police-call-for-apology-from-bosses-after-49-officers-injured-during-anti-racism-protests-12002875 |title=Police call for apology from bosses after 49 officers injured during anti-racism protests |website=Sky News}}</ref> Over the weekend, a total of 135 arrests were made by police.<ref name="auto2"/> British Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] commented on the events, saying "those who attack public property or the police – who injure the police officers who are trying to keep us all safe – those people will face the full force of the law; not just because of the hurt and damage they are causing, but because of the damage they are doing to the cause they claim to represent."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-06-08/johnson-protesters-must-work-peacefully-to-defeat-racism/ |title=Boris Johnson urges peaceful struggle against racism but says violent demonstrators will 'face full force of the law' |website=ITV News}}</ref>
 
Peaceful protests took place in [[Leeds]]' [[Millennium Square, Leeds|Millennium Square]] on June 14, 2020<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 14, 2020 |title=Protest to 'voice our pain, not damage property' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-53042664|access-date=June 22, 2020}}</ref> organized by a coalition of organizations: Black Voices Matter', which included Black Lives Matter Leeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Powerful pictures from the Black Lives Matter protest in Leeds |url=https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/politics/15-powerful-pictures-black-lives-matter-protest-millennium-square-leeds-2884093|access-date=June 22, 2020 |website=www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> A second protest was held on [[Woodhouse Moor]] on June 21, organized by Black Lives Matter Leeds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 21, 2020 |title=Park protest calls for end to 'systemic racism' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-53127688|access-date=June 22, 2020}}</ref>
 
On June 28, Black Lives Matter UK faced criticism for making a series of tweets from their verified Twitter account regarding Israel, including one that claims "mainstream British politics is gagged of the right to critique Zionism".<ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish groups speak out after Black Lives Matter claims politicians are 'gagged' from criticising Israel |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/06/28/jewish-groups-speak-black-lives-matter-claims-politicians-gagged/|url-access=subscription |first=Gabriella |last=Swerling |access-date=June 29, 2020 |date=June 28, 2020}}</ref> The [[Premier League]], who were carrying the Black Lives Matter logo on their football shirts for the rest of the [[2019–20 Premier League|2019–20 season]], subsequently said that attempts by groups to hijack the cause to suit their own political ends are entirely unwelcome.<ref>{{cite news |title=Premier League: Black Lives Matter campaign 'not endorsement of political movement' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53242328 |access-date=June 30, 2020 |date=June 30, 2020}}</ref>
After receiving considerable donations in summer 2020, Black Lives Matter UK formalised its organisation.<ref name="gal-dem 2020"/> In September 2020, the group changed its official name to Black Liberation Movement UK and became legally registered as a community benefit society.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gayle |first1=Damien |title=BLM UK gains legal status and renames as Black Liberation Movement UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/23/blm-uk-gains-legal-status-with-renaming-as-black-liberation-movement-uk |work=The Guardian |date=October 23, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> However, the group still uses the Black Lives Matter name in its global cooperative efforts.<ref name="JonesTele">{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Amy |title='Black Lives Matter' registers as political party and could stand in local elections next year |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/10/26/black-lives-matter-registers-political-party-could-stand-local/ |access-date=October 27, 2020 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=October 26, 2020}}</ref> In January 2021, the Black Liberation Movement began to distribute its funds to grassroots black-led and anti-racist organisations across the UK.<ref name="Mohdin 2021">{{cite web | last=Mohdin | first=Aamna | title=Black Lives Matter UK to start funding groups from £1.2m donations | website=The Guardian | date=January 11, 2021 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/11/black-lives-matter-uk-to-start-funding-groups-from-12m-donations | access-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref>
Activists from a different BLM group, Charles Gordon<ref>{{cite web |title=Devon Daley - Taking the Initiative Party - BBC Sounds |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p08v0n86 |website=BBC Sounds |access-date=October 27, 2020}}</ref> and [[Sasha Johnson]], founded the [[Taking The Initiative Party]] (TTIP) in the summer of 2020 had applied to register as a political party through the [[Electoral Commission]]; however, BLM UK said "BLM UK has no intention to set up a political party. This person or group is not affiliated with us."<ref name="JonesTele" />
 
[[File:WeBel!eve.jpg|thumb|right|We Believe sign in Arlington, Virginia, October 2020]]
 
== 2016 United States presidential election ==
{{main|2016 United States presidential election}}
[[File:Bern Machine.jpg|thumb|Bern Machine with a BLM sticker, September 18, 2015]]
 
=== Primaries ===
==== Democrats ====
At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in July 2015, dozens of Black Lives Matter activists took over the stage at an event featuring [[Martin O'Malley]] and Bernie Sanders. Activists, including Black Lives Matter co-founder Patrisse Cullors, asked both candidates for specific policy proposals to address deaths in police custody.<ref name="aljazeera_netroots">{{cite news |last1=Resnikoff |first1=Ned |title=Black Lives Matter disrupts Martin O'Malley, Bernie Sanders event |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/18/black-lives-matter-disrupts-martin-omalley-bernie-sanders-event.html |access-date=July 2, 2016 |date=July 8, 2015}}</ref> The protesters chanted several slogans, including "if I die in police custody, burn everything down" and "Shut this crap down".<ref name="clayton" /><ref name="cnn.omalley" /> The expression "Shut it down" would go on to become a popular phrase in Black Lives Matter protests and on social media.<ref name="clayton" />
 
After conference organizers pleaded with the protesters for several minutes, O'Malley responded by pledging to release a wide-ranging plan for criminal justice reform. Protesters later booed O'Malley when he stated "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."<ref name="cnn.omalley">{{cite news |last1=Moody |first1=Chris |title=Democrats lose control of presidential event |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/ |access-date=August 12, 2015 |publisher=CNN |date=July 19, 2015}}</ref> O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he did not mean to disrespect the black community.<ref name="cnn.omalley" />
 
[[File:Bernie Sanders and Black Lives Matter activists (20439394705).jpg|thumb|[[Bernie Sanders]] and Black Lives Matter activists in [[Westlake Park (Seattle)|Westlake Park]], Seattle, August 8, 2015]]
On August 8, 2015, a speech by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate and civil rights activist [[Bernie Sanders]] was disrupted by a group who would go on to found the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder [[Marissa Johnson]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-leaves-seattle-stage-after-event-disrupted-by-black-lives-matter-protesters/ |title=Protesters drove Bernie Sanders from one Seattle stage. At his next stop, 15,000 people showed |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html |title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter? |work=The Daily Beast}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnbwUT7lBg |title=Bernie Sanders Interrupted at Seattle Rally by Black Lives Matter Protesters |date=August 8, 2015 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunner |first1=Jim |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down-bernie-sanders-rally |title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 |newspaper=The Seattle Times|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Sanders issued a platform in response.<ref>{{cite web |first=Alice Miranda |last=Ollstein |title=Bernie Sanders' New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists |url=https://thinkprogress.org/bernie-sanders-new-racial-justice-platform-wins-praise-from-black-lives-matter-activists-dca15103af0f#.fus1kuq1y |access-date=October 26, 2016 |website=Think Progress |date=August 10, 2015}}</ref> Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to Sanders' supporters, claiming these actions did not represent her understanding of BLM. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Renee |title=Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/11/black-lives-matter-dismisses-criticism-disruption.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=August 12, 2015}}</ref> In August 2015, the [[Democratic National Committee]] passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter.<ref name=seitz>{{cite web |last1=Seitz-Wald |first1=Alex |title=DNC passes resolution supporting Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/dnc-passes-resolution-supporting-black-lives-matter |publisher=MSNBC |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref>
 
In the first Democratic primary debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter.<ref name=reena>{{cite web |last1=Flores |first1=Reena |title=Democratic debate: Do black lives matter? |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/democratic-debate-do-black-lives-matter/ |work=CBS News |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> In reply, Bernie Sanders stated, "Black lives matter."<ref name=reena/> Martin O'Malley said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of color."<ref name=carimah>{{cite web |last1=Townes |first1=Carimah |title=How The Democratic Presidential Candidates Responded To The Black Lives Matter Question |url=http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2015/10/14/3712146/black-lives-matter-debate |website=Think Progress |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> In response, Hillary Clinton pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color."<ref name="vega">{{cite web |last1=Vega |first1=Tanzina |title=Did Hillary and Bernie connect with black voters? |url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/14/news/economy/hillary-bernie-black-lives-matter |publisher=CNN |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> [[Jim Webb]], on the other hand, replied: "As the president of the United States, every life in this country matters."<ref name=reena/> [[Hillary Clinton]] was not directly asked the same question, but was instead asked: "What would you do for African Americans in this country that President Obama couldn't?"<ref name=res>{{cite web |last1=Resnick |first1=Gideon |title=Everyone but Jim Webb Says Black Lives Matter |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/14/every-dem-but-webb-black-lives-matter.html |work=The Daily Beast |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives, and emphasized what she described as a more pragmatic approach to enacting change, stating "Look, I don't believe you change hearts. I believe you change laws". Without policy change, she felt "we'll be back here in 10 years having the same conversation."<ref>{{cite web |title=Hillary Clinton's brutal frankness to Black Lives Matter reveals her approach to politics |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/19/9174077/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter |website=Vox |access-date=October 2, 2015}}</ref> In June 2015, Clinton used the phrase "all lives matter" in a speech about the opportunities of young people of color, prompting backlash that she may misunderstand the message of "Black Lives Matter."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hillary Clinton's 3-Word Misstep: 'All Lives Matter' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/24/417112956/hillary-clintons-three-word-gaffe-all-lives-matter |publisher=NPR |access-date=February 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/06/24/hillary-clintons-all-lives-matter-remark-stirs-backlash/ |title=Hillary Clinton's 'All Lives Matter' Remark Stirs Backlash |first=Alan |last=Rappeport |work=The New York Times |date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=October 25, 2016}}</ref>
 
A week after the first Democratic primary debate was held in Las Vegas, BLM launched a petition targeted at the DNC and its chairwoman [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]] demanding more debates, and "specifically for a #BlackLivesMatter themed Presidential debate."<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The #BlackLivesMatter Network Urges the Democratic National Committee to host a #BlackLivesMatter Themed Presidential Debate |date=October 20, 2015 |url=https://m.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/503942139777036 |publisher=#BlackLivesMatter Organization |access-date=December 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=We Demand a Black Lives Matter Presidential Debate |url=http://salsa4.salsalabs.com/o/51386/c/284/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=16223 |website=salsa4.salsalabs.com |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> The petition received over 10,000 signatures within 24 hours of being launched,<ref name="lkk">{{Cite press release |title=Press statement on DNC response |website=facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter |publisher=Black Lives Matter network |url=https://m.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/504518409719409 |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> and had over 33,000 signatures as of October 27, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mobile Uploads – Black Lives Matter {{!}} Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/photos/a.294807204023865.1073741829.180212755483311/505639689607281/?type=3&permPage=1|website = www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter|access-date = October 31, 2015}}</ref> The DNC said that it would permit presidential candidates to attend a presidential town hall organized by activists, but that it would not add another debate to its official schedule.<ref name=jk>{{Cite news |title=DNC and RNC won't add a debate, but give their blessings to Black Lives Matter presidential town hall |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/10/21/dnc-gives-blessing-to-black-lives-matter-presidential-town-hall-but-wont-add-debate/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 21, 2015|access-date = October 31, 2015 |issn=0190-8286 |first=Wesley |last=Lowery}}</ref> In response, the organization released a press statement on its Facebook page stating that "[i]n consultation with our chapters, our communities, allies, and supporters, we remain unequivocal that a Presidential Town Hall with support from the DNC does not sufficiently respond to the concerns raised by our members", continuing to demand a full additional debate.<ref name="lkk" />
 
After the first debate, in October 2015, a speech by Hillary Clinton on criminal justice reform and race at [[Atlanta University Center]] was interrupted by BLM activists.<ref name=merica>{{cite news |last1=Merica |first1=Dan |title=Hillary Clinton protested by Black Lives Matter |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/30/politics/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter/ |publisher=CNN |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref>
 
In February 2016, two Black Lives Matter activists protested at a private fundraiser for Clinton about statements she made in 1996 in which she referred to young people as "super-predators". One of the activists wanted Clinton to apologize for "mass incarceration" in connection with her support for her husband, then-President Bill Clinton's [[Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act|1994 criminal reform law]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/25/politics/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter-whichhillary/index.html |title=Black Lives Matter protesters confront Clinton at a fundraiser |access-date=October 21, 2016 |publisher=[[CNN]] |first=Eugene |last=Scott |date=February 25, 2016}}</ref>
 
==== Republicans ====
Republican candidates have been mostly critical of BLM. In August 2015, [[Ben Carson]], the only African American vying for the Republican nomination for the presidency, called the movement "silly".<ref name=lerner>{{cite web |last1=Lerner |first1=Kira |title=Ben Carson Says The 'Black Lives Matter' Movement Is 'Silly' |url=https://thinkprogress.org/ben-carson-says-the-black-lives-matter-movement-is-silly-c0e3f4602796#.69spml438 |date=August 1, 2015 |website=Think Progress |access-date=October 26, 2016}}</ref> Carson also said that BLM should care for all black lives, not just a few.<ref name=vanessa>{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Vanessa |title=Carson: Activists should advocate for 'all black lives, not just a few' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/11/21/carson-activists-should-advocates-for-all-black-lives-not-just-a-few |work=The Washington Post |access-date=November 26, 2015}}</ref> In the first Republican presidential debate, which took place in Cleveland, one question referenced Black Lives Matter.<ref name=alice>{{cite web |last1=Ollstein |first1=Alice |title=GOP Debate Spends Less Than A Minute On Police Violence And Black Lives Matter |url=http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2015/08/06/3689058/gop-debate-spends-less-than-a-minute-on-police-violence-and-black-lives-matter/ |website=Think Progress |access-date=October 31, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021054715/http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2015/08/06/3689058/gop-debate-spends-less-than-a-minute-on-police-violence-and-black-lives-matter/|archive-date=October 21, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In response to the question, [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]] advocated for the proper training of law enforcement<ref name=alice/> and blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,<ref>{{cite web |title=Scott Walker suggested it's more dangerous to be a cop today. It's actually much safer. |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/9/3/9254991/scott-walker-police |website=Vox |access-date=October 2, 2015}}</ref> while [[Marco Rubio]] was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marco Rubio shows other Republicans how to respond to Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/9/30/9427919/marco-rubio-black-lives-matter |website=Vox |access-date=October 2, 2015}}</ref>
 
In August 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frasier |first1=Jordan |title='Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/black-lives-matter-activists-interrupt-jeb-bush-rally-n409066 |access-date=August 13, 2015 |work=NBC News}}</ref> As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protesters by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Keefe |first1=Ed |title='Black Lives Matter' activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/13/black-lives-matter-activists-jeb-bush-meet-face-to-face |access-date=August 13, 2015 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref>
 
Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".<ref>{{cite web |title=Here Are The Conservative Pundits Branding Black Lives Matter A 'Hate Group' |url=http://mediamatters.org/research/2015/09/02/here-are-the-conservative-pundits-branding-blac/205337 |access-date=September 16, 2015}}</ref> Candidate [[Chris Christie]], the New Jersey Governor, criticized [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] for supporting BLM, stating that the movement calls for the murder of police officers.<ref name=cbs>{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Jake |title=Why did Chris Christie go after Black Lives Matter? |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-did-chris-christie-go-after-black-lives-matter-election-2016 |work=CBS News |access-date=October 30, 2015}}</ref> Christie's statement was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU.<ref name=akner>{{cite web |last1=Brodesser-Akner |first1=Claude |title=Christie's Black Lives 'murder' comments bashed by NAACP, ACLU |url=http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/10/christies_murder_comments_bashed_by_naacp_aclu.html |website=The Star-Ledger |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref>
 
BLM activists also called on the [[Republican National Committee]] to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice.<ref name=geraghty>{{cite web |last1=Geraghty |first1=Jim |title=Black Lives Matter Makes a Good Case for Hosting a Democratic Debate |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/426114/black-lives-matter-makes-good-case-hosting-democratic-debate-jim-geraghty |work=National Review |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> The RNC, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead also supported a townhall or forum.<ref name=jk/>
 
In November 2015, a BLM protester was physically assaulted at a [[Donald Trump]] rally in Birmingham, Alabama. In response, Trump said, "maybe he should have been roughed up because it was absolutely disgusting what he was doing."<ref name=diamond>{{cite web |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |title=Trump on protester: 'Maybe he should have been roughed up' |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/22/politics/donald-trump-black-lives-matter-protester-confrontation |publisher=CNN |access-date=November 26, 2015}}</ref> Trump had previously threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Legum |first1=Judd |title=Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events |url=https://thinkprogress.org/trump-vows-to-beat-up-black-lives-matter-protesters-if-they-try-to-speak-at-his-campaign-events-deaac9b8d006#.uhavypwa4 |date=August 11, 2015 |website=ThinkProgress |access-date=October 26, 2016}}</ref>
 
[[File:Anti-Trump protest in NYC, beginning of day, March 19, 2016, part 3 of 3.webm|thumb|Anti-Trump protest in New York City, March 19, 2016]]
In March 2016, Black Lives Matter helped organize the [[2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest]] that forced Trump to cancel the event.<ref name="Participan">{{cite news |last1=Linthicum |first1=Kate |title=How black, Latino and Muslim college students organized to stop Trump's rally in Chicago |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-trump-protesters-20160312-story.html |access-date=March 13, 2016 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 12, 2016}}</ref><ref name="CassidyProtestMovement">{{cite news |last1=Cassidy |first1=John |title=The Chicago Anti-Trump Protest Was Only the Beginning |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/the-chicago-anti-trump-protest-was-only-the-beginning |work=The New Yorker |date=March 13, 2016}}</ref> Four individuals were arrested and charged in the incident; two were "charged with felony aggravated battery to a police officer and resisting arrest", one was "charged with two misdemeanor counts of resisting and obstructing a peace officer", and the fourth "was charged with one misdemeanor count of resisting and obstructing a peace officer".<ref name="RhodesArrests">{{cite news |last1=Rhodes |first1=Wawn |title=4 charged in clashes after canceled Trump rally at UIC |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-4-charged-in-clashes-after-canceled-trump-rally-at-uic-20160312-story.html |access-date=March 14, 2016 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=March 13, 2016}}</ref> A [[CBS]] reporter was one of those arrested outside the rally. He was charged with resisting arrest.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Calderon |first1=Michael |title=CBS News Reporter Sopan Deb Arrested While Covering Donald Trump Rally |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/sopan-deb-detained-trump-rally_us_56e3fb1de4b0860f99d931a2 |date=March 13, 2016 |work=HuffPost |access-date=March 14, 2016}}</ref>
 
=== General election ===
A group called [[Mothers of the Movement]], which includes the mothers of Michael Brown, Sandra Bland, Eric Garner, and other mothers whose "unarmed African-American children have been killed by law enforcement or due to gun violence,"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/26/politics/mothers-movement-dnc-hillary-clinton/index.html |title='Mothers of the Movement' makes case for Hillary Clinton |first=Eric|last= Bradner |author2=Eugene Scott |publisher=CNN |date= July 27, 2016|access-date=July 29, 2016}}</ref> addressed the [[2016 Democratic National Convention]] on July 26.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/mothers-movement-speak-democratic-national-convention-speech/story?id=40882052 |title=Mothers of the Movement to Speak at Democratic National Convention |date=July 27, 2016 |first=Katie|last=Kindelan|work=ABC News |access-date=July 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/7/26/12291274/democratic-convention-police-violence-mothers-of-the-movement |title=This moment at the DNC shows Democrats have embraced Black Lives Matter |first=German |last=Lopez |date=July 27, 2016 |publisher=Vox |access-date=July 29, 2016}}</ref>
 
Commenting on the first of [[2016 presidential debates]] between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, some media outlets characterized Clinton's references to implicit bias and systemic racism<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stockman |first1=Farah |title=The Subtle Phrases Hillary Clinton Uses to Sway Black Voters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/us/politics/hillary-clinton-black-voters.html |access-date=October 2, 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=September 29, 2016}}</ref> as speaking "the language of the Black Lives Matter movement,"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |title=Hillary's high stakes mission to Charlotte |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/in-charlotte-clinton-claims-obamas-mission-229009 |access-date=October 2, 2016 |work=Politico |date=October 1, 2016}}</ref> while others pointed out neither Clinton nor Trump used the words "Black Lives Matter."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Racine |first1=Hope |title=The #BlackLivesMatter Discussion At The First Debate Omitted 3 Crucial Words |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/186273-the-blacklivesmatter-discussion-at-the-first-debate-omitted-3-crucial-words |access-date=October 2, 2016 |work=Bustle |date=September 2016}}</ref>
 
In a ''The Washington Post'' op-ed, DeRay Mckesson endorsed Hillary Clinton, because her "platform on racial justice is strong". He articulated that voting alone is not the only way to bring about "transformational change". He said that "I voted my entire life, and I was still tear-gassed in the streets of St. Louis and Baltimore. I voted my entire life, and those votes did not convict the killers of Sandra Bland, Freddie Gray or Michael Brown".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/10/26/deray-mckesson-why-im-voting-for-hillary-clinton/ |title=DeRay Mckesson: Why I'm voting for Hillary Clinton |first=DeRay |last=Mckesson |website=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-lives-matter-leader-deray-mckesson-endorses-hillary-clinton/ |title=Black Lives Matter activist DeRay Mckesson endorses Hillary Clinton |first=Emily Tess|last=Katz|date=October 26, 2016|website=www.cbsnews.com}}</ref>
 
== Reactions ==
The United States population's perception of Black Lives Matter has varied consistently and considerably by race.<ref name="PBS-Marist"/> A majority of Americans disapproved of the movement through 2018, after which it started gaining wider support. Black Lives Matter's popularity surged and reached its highest levels yet in the summer of 2020, when a [[Pew Research Center]] poll found that 60% of white, 77% of Hispanic, 75% of Asian and 86% of African-Americans either strongly supported or somewhat supported BLM.<ref name=pew/> However, its popularity had declined considerably in September of the same year, when another Pew Research Center poll showed that its overall approval ratings among all American adults had gone down by 12 percentage points to 55%, and that 45% of whites, 66% of Hispanics and 69% of Asians now approved of it.<ref name="Pew 2020"/> Support remained widespread among black-American adults (up 1% to 87%).<ref name="Pew 2020"/>
 
The phrase "[[All Lives Matter]]" sprang up as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, but has been criticized for dismissing or misunderstanding the message of "Black Lives Matter".<ref name="USAToday2016-07-13" /><ref name="sing"/> Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson, the hashtag Blue Lives Matter was created by supporters of the police.<ref name="police"/> A few civil rights leaders have disagreed with tactics used by Black Lives Matter activists.<ref name=angel2 /><ref name=Reynolds /> Public and academic debate at large has arisen over the structure and tactics used.<ref name="Cambridge">{{Cite journal |last=Tillery |first=Alvin B. |date=September 2019 |title=What Kind of Movement is Black Lives Matter? The View from Twitter |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-race-ethnicity-and-politics/article/what-kind-of-movement-is-black-lives-matter-the-view-from-twitter/375801268123BCA397284EFBE36C9F4E/core-reader |journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Politics |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=297–323 |doi=10.1017/rep.2019.17 |issn=2056-6085 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
In the weeks following the death of George Floyd, many corporations came out in support of the movement, donating and enacting policy changes in accordance with the group's ethos.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Kari |date=July 12, 2020 |title=Real change or symbolism? What Silicon Valley is – and isn't – doing to support Black Lives Matter |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jul/11/tech-companies-black-lives-matter-activism-facebook-google|access-date=July 14, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
 
=== "All Lives Matter" ===
{{main|All Lives Matter}}
[[File:Rally Against the Immigration Ban (31797745824).jpg|thumb|"What happened to 'All Lives Matter'?" sign at a [[Protests against Donald Trump|protest against Donald Trump]], January 29, 2017]]
The phrase "All Lives Matter" sprang up as response to the Black Lives Matter movement, shortly after the movement gained national attention.<ref name="sing">{{cite web |last1=Townes |first1=Carimah |title=Obama Explains The Problem With 'All Lives Matter' |url=http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2015/10/22/3715332/obama-explains-the-problem-with-all-lives-matter/ |publisher=think progress |access-date=August 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805033903/http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2015/10/22/3715332/obama-explains-the-problem-with-all-lives-matter/|archive-date=August 5, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thewrap.com/what-is-all-lives-matter-a-short-explainer/ |title=What Is 'All Lives Matter'? A Short Explainer |first=J. Clara |last=Chan |date=July 13, 2016 |website=TheWrap|access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Several notable individuals have supported All Lives Matter. Its proponents include Senator [[Tim Scott]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Scott |first1=Eugene |title=Tim Scott defends use of 'all lives matter' |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/tim-scott-all-lives-matter/ |publisher=CNN |date=September 3, 2015 |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> [[NFL]] cornerback [[Richard Sherman (American football)|Richard Sherman]] supports the All Lives Matter message, saying "I stand by what I said that All Lives Matter and that we are human beings."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Samuel |first1=Ebenezer |title=Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman explains why he stands by that All Lives Matter |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/richard-sherman-explains-stands-lives-matter-article-1.2728272 |work=[[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |location=New York |access-date=August 6, 2016}}</ref> According to an August 2015 telephone poll, 78% of likely American voters said that the statement "all lives matter" was closest to their own personal views when compared to "black lives matter" or neither. Only 11% said that the statement "black lives matter" was closest. Nine percent said that neither statement reflected their own personal point of view.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_politics/august_2015/black_lives_matter_or_all_lives_matter |title=Black Lives Matter Or All Lives Matter? |date=August 20, 2015 |publisher=[[Rasmussen Reports]] |access-date=July 14, 2016}}</ref>
 
According to professor [[David Theo Goldberg]], "All Lives Matter" reflects a view of "racial dismissal, ignoring, and denial".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why 'Black Lives Matter' Because All Lives Don't Matter in America |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-theo-goldberg/why-black-lives-matter_b_8191424.html |website=HuffPost |access-date=November 18, 2015 |date=September 25, 2015 |last=Goldberg |first=David Theo |author-link=David Theo Goldberg}}</ref> Professor Charles "Chip" Linscott said that "All Lives Matter" promotes the "erasure of structural anti-black racism and black social death in the name of formal and ideological equality and post-racial colorblindness".<ref name="ALDM">{{Cite journal |last=Linscott |first=Charles "Chip" P. |date=2017 |title=All Lives (Don't) Matter: The Internet Meets Afro-Pessimism and Black Optimism |journal=Black Camera |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=104–119 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.8.2.06 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.8.2.06 |s2cid=148586329 |issn=1536-3155}}</ref>
 
{{external media|float=right|width=23em|image1=[http://chainsawsuit.com/comic/2016/07/07/all-houses-matter-the-extended-cut/ "All Houses Matter"], ''Chainsawsuit'', [[Kris Straub]], July 7, 2016. Cartoonist uses a house fire to illustrate why critics see "All Lives Matter" as problematic.<ref name="USAToday2016-07-13">{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2016/07/13/why-saying-all-lives-matter-opposite-black-lives-matter/87025190/ |title=#AllLivesMatter hashtag is racist, critics say |first=Ashley |last=May |date=July 13, 2016 |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=July 14, 2016}}</ref>}}
Founders have responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, saying, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within [[White supremacy]], are important to your liberation."<ref>{{cite web |title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza – The Feminist Wire |url=http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/ |website=thefeministwire.com |access-date=October 2, 2015}}</ref> President Barack Obama spoke to the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.<ref name="CBS">{{cite web |title=President Obama defends Black Lives Matter movement |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-barack-obama-defends-black-lives-matter-movement |work=CBS News |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> Obama said, "I think that the reason that the organizers used the phrase Black Lives Matter was not because they were suggesting that no one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there is a specific problem that is happening in the African American community that's not happening in other communities." He also said "that is a legitimate issue that we've got to address."<ref name="tactics" />
 
=== "Blue Lives Matter" ===
{{main|Blue Lives Matter}}
Blue Lives Matter is a countermovement in the United States advocating that those who are prosecuted and convicted of [[List of American police officers killed in the line of duty|killing law enforcement officers]] should be sentenced under [[hate crime]] statutes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/r-us-police-deaths-on-duty-spiked-in-2016-fbi-2017-10 |title=FBI says US police deaths spiked 61% in 2016 |publisher=Business Insider |agency=Reuters |date=October 16, 2017 |first=Sarah N. |last=Lynch}}</ref> It was started in response to Black Lives Matter after [[2014 killings of NYPD officers|the homicides of NYPD officers Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu]] in [[Brooklyn, New York]] on December 20, 2014.<ref name="DempseyForst2018">{{cite book |author1=John S. Dempsey |author2=Linda S. Forst |author3=Steven B. Carter |title=An Introduction to Policing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K69EDwAAQBAJ |date=January 1, 2018 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-337-55875-4 |page=34 |quote="A pro-police movement called Blue Lives Matter was established in response to Black Lives matter and to the increasing attacks on law enforcement, which resulted in 63 officer line-of-duty deaths by gunfire in 2016."}}</ref>
Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson and in response to BLM, the hashtag [[Blue Lives Matter|#BlueLivesMatter]] was created by supporters of the police.<ref name="police">{{cite news |title='Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31853299 |access-date=July 27, 2015 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Following this, Blue Lives Matter became a pro-police officer movement in the United States. It expanded after the killings of American police officers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lennard |first1=Natasha |title=After Dallas, We Don't Need to Say 'Blue Lives Matter' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/after-dallas-we-dont-need-to-say-blue-lives-matter-20160708 |work=Rolling Stone |date=July 8, 2016}}</ref>
 
Criticized by the ACLU and others, the movement inspired a state law in Louisiana that made it a hate crime to target police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical service personnel.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="huffPoLou">{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/blue-lives-matter-law-lousiana_us_588653dde4b0e3a7356ae3ae |title=Louisiana Police Chief Shows Why The State's 'Blue Lives Matter' Law Is So Dangerous |first=Julia |last=Craven |date=January 23, 2017 |via=Huff Post}}</ref>
 
=== "White Lives Matter" ===
{{main|White Lives Matter}}
White Lives Matter is an activist group created in response to Black Lives Matter. In August 2016, the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] added "White Lives Matter" to [[List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups|its list of hate groups]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/31/us/white-lives-matter-has-been-declared-a-hate-group.html |title=White Lives Matter Has Been Declared a Hate Group |first=Liam |last=Stack |date=August 30, 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=September 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/08/31/splc-the-much-cited-designator-of-hate-groups-explains-why-white-lives-matter-is-one/ |title=Why SPLC says White Lives Matter is a hate group but Black Lives Matter is not |first=Katie |last=Mettler |date=August 31, 2016 |work=The Washington Post |access-date=September 1, 2016}}</ref> The group has also been active in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite news |title=First UK 'White Lives Matter' Margate March Sees Tiny Turnout #WLM |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/white-lives-matter-margate_uk_580b8ccae4b0fce107d0dd1c |access-date=October 23, 2016 |work=HuffPost |date=October 22, 2016}}</ref> The "White Lives Matter" slogan was chanted by torch-wielding alt-right protesters during the [[2017 Unite the Right rally]] in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]]. On October 28, 2017, numerous "White Lives Matter" rallies broke out in [[Tennessee]]. Dominated in [[Shelbyville, Tennessee|Shelbyville]] particularly, protesters justified their movement in response to the increasing number of immigrants and refugees to [[Middle Tennessee]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/10/28/2-tennessee-towns-brace-white-nationalist-rallies-counter-protests/809645001/ |title='White Lives Matter' rallies: Opponents outnumber white nationalists at Tennessee shout fests |last=Stanglin and Ingersoll |first=Doug and Stephanie |date=October 28, 2017 |website=USA Today|access-date=March 10, 2018}}</ref> "White Lives Matter" movements have also been present in European football, with instances of corresponding banners being raised at stadiums in the [[Czech Republic]], [[Ukraine]], [[Hungary]], [[the Netherlands]], and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2020|title=White Lives Matter banners 'take racism to a new level' after Burnley plane stunt|url=https://www.dw.com/en/white-lives-matter-banners-take-racism-to-a-new-level-after-burnley-plane-stunt/a-53916597|access-date=November 3, 2020|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 22, 2020|title=White Lives Matter banner should not be ignored – football must continue to reject racism|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/man-city-burnley-banner-plane-white-lives-matter-racism-epl-a9580266.html|access-date=November 3, 2020|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Disinformation ===
The [[Anti-Defamation League]] reports numerous attempts to spread disinformation about BLM, citing as examples mid-June 2020 posts "featuring a sticker instructing people to 'kill a white on sight' spread on Facebook and Twitter. The sticker included the hashtags #BlackLivesMatter and #Antifa." On [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]], a "white supremacist channel encouraged members to distribute the propaganda."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Disinformation: Propaganda advocating for violence against white people using hashtags associated with Black Lives Matter and antifa|url=https://www.adl.org/disinformation-propaganda-advocating-for-violence-against-white-people-using-hashtags-associated|access-date=October 29, 2020|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en}}</ref> Another disinformation campaign, originating in June 2020 on [[4chan]], had the "goal of getting the hashtags #AllWhitesAreNazis (#AWAN) trending on [[Twitter]]. Organizers hoped to commandeer hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter and #BLM with a high volume of tweets—purportedly from Black activist accounts—containing the #AWAN hashtag." According to the ADL, the campaign's supporters hoped to sow tension and promote white supremacist [[accelerationism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Disinformation: #AllWhitesAreNazis and #AWAN|url=https://www.adl.org/disinformation-allwhitesarenazis-and-awan|access-date=October 29, 2020|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=White Supremacists Embrace "Accelerationism"|url=https://www.adl.org/blog/white-supremacists-embrace-accelerationism|access-date=October 29, 2020|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en}}</ref>
 
Conservative pundits such as [[Ryan Fournier]] and [[Candace Owens]] have falsely claimed that [[ActBlue]] funnels donations intended for Black Lives Matter to Democratic candidates, with some going so far as to allege the organization is a [[money laundering]] scam.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Loiaconi |first1=Stephen |title=As Black Lives Matter donations surge, some want to know where the money goes |url=https://abc6onyourside.com/news/nation-world/as-black-lives-matter-donations-surge-some-want-to-know-where-the-money-goes |website=WSYX |access-date=June 17, 2020 |date=June 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goforth |first1=Claire |title=No, Black Lives Matter is not funneling donations to Democrats |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/conservatives-spread-rumors-black-lives-matter/ |access-date=January 12, 2021 |work=The Daily Dot |date=June 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Funke |first1=Daniel |title= Conservative pundits share false claim about Black Lives Matter, ActBlue |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/jun/12/ryan-fournier/conservative-pundits-share-false-claim-about-black/ |website=PolitiFact |publisher=[[Poynter Institute]] |access-date=January 12, 2021 |date=June 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaplan |first1=Alex |title=A debunked conspiracy theory about Black Lives Matter, ActBlue, and Democrats can be traced to far-right message boards |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/fake-news/debunked-conspiracy-theory-about-black-lives-matter-actblue-and-democrats-can-be-traced |website=Media Matters for America |access-date=January 12, 2021 |language=en |date=June 11, 2020}}</ref>
 
According to scholars, Russian operatives associated with the [[Internet Research Agency]] have engaged in a sustained campaign to simultaneously promote the Black Lives Matter movement as well as to oppose it. In some cases, Russian operatives encouraged antagonism and violence toward BLM members (see [[Russia and Black Lives Matter]]).<ref name=acev>Aceves, W. J. (2018). Virtual Hatred: How Russia Tried to Start a Race War in the United States. Mich. J. Race & L., 24, 177.</ref>
 
==== Fake manifesto ====
In June 2020, an unknown party created a website at BLMManifesto.com purporting to be the manifesto of the BLM movement. The text mimics a 1919 Italian [[Fascist Manifesto]], modified to relate to racial injustice. According to [[Snopes]], the website appears intended to discredit the BLM movement.<ref>MacGuill, Dan (September 17, 2020). [https://www.snopes.com/news/2020/09/17/fake-blm-manifesto-fascist/ "Fake 'BLM Manifesto' Is Taken From Italian Fascism Document"]. Snopes. Retrieved September 25, 2020.</ref>
 
=== Statistics ===
The United States population's perception of Black Lives Matter varies considerably by race. According to a September 2015 poll on race relations, nearly two-thirds of African Americans mostly agree with Black Lives Matter, while 30% of black Americans and 37% of white Americans do not have an opinion about Black Lives Matter.<ref name="PBS-Marist">{{cite web |url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/j64c02ub48aipja/PBS-NEWSHOUR-MARIST-POLL-SEP2015.pdf |title=PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll Summary of National Findings |date=September 2015 |publisher=[[Marist Poll|Marist College Institute for Public Opinion]] |access-date=December 28, 2020 | pages = 7–8, tables 11–14}}</ref> Of white people surveyed, 41% thought that Black Lives Matter advocated violence, and 59% of whites thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. By comparison, 82% of black people polled thought that Black Lives Matter was a nonviolent movement, and 26% of blacks thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. On the question of whether "Black Lives Matter" was mostly a movement or mostly a slogan, 46% of whites and 67% of blacks thought that it is mostly a movement.<ref name="PBS-Marist"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colorlines.com/articles/poll-reveals-white-america-views-black-lives-matter-movement-distraction |title=Poll Reveals that White America Views Black Lives Matter Movement as a Distraction |first=Kenrya |last=Rankin |date=September 22, 2015 |work=[[ColorLines]] |access-date=July 14, 2016}}</ref> A nationally representative internet survey conducted by the Center for the Study of Diversity and
Democracy at Northwestern University found that 82 percent of African Americans believe that the movement is at least moderately effective
at achieving its stated goals, although 64 percent of the respondents believed that the movement would be more effective if it had a more centralized leadership structure.<ref name="Cambridge"/>
 
A poll in June 2016 found that 65% of black American adults supported Black Lives Matter and 40% of white American adults support it. Fifty-nine percent of black Americans thought that Black Lives Matter would "be effective, in the long run, in helping blacks achieve equality" and 34% of white Americans thought so.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colorlines.com/articles/report-youll-never-guess-how-many-white-people-say-they-support-blacklivesmatter |title=You'll Never Guess How Many White People Say They Support #BlackLivesMatter |first=Kenrya |last=Rankin |date=June 28, 2016 |work=[[ColorLines]] |access-date=July 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/06/27/on-views-of-race-and-inequality-blacks-and-whites-are-worlds-apart/ |title=On Views of Race and Inequality, Blacks and Whites Are Worlds Apart |date=June 27, 2016 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=July 14, 2016}}</ref> A 2017 Harvard-Harris survey found that 35% of whites and 83% of blacks have a favorable view of the movement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Easley |first1=Jonathan |title=Poll: 57 percent have negative view of Black Lives Matter movement |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/344985-poll-57-percent-have-negative-view-of-black-lives-matter-movement |newspaper=The Hill |access-date=August 18, 2017 |date=August 2, 2017}}</ref>
 
According to an analysis by ''[[The Guardian]]'' of statistics collected by the [https://acleddata.com/special-projects/us-crisis-monitor/ US Crisis Monitor], during most of 2020 "US law enforcement agencies have used teargas, pepper spray, rubber bullets, and beatings at a much higher percentage at Black Lives Matter demonstrations than at pro-Trump or other rightwing protests",<ref name="USCM 2020">{{Cite news |last=Beckett |first=Lois |date=January 14, 2021 |title=US police three times as likely to use force against leftwing protesters, data finds |language=en |work=Guardian |url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/13/us-police-use-of-force-protests-black-lives-matter-far-right |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> regardless of whether the protest was violent or peaceful. The analysis also notes that "the vast majority of the thousands of protests across the United States in the past year have been peaceful, and [...] most protests by both the left and the right were not met with any violent response by law enforcement."<ref name="USCM 2020" />
 
==== 2020 ====
[[File:BLM IMG 7663 (50095618132).jpg|thumb|A BLM protest in [[Ohio]], July 2020]]
With the resurgence of Black Lives Matter in national headlines amid global protests, the movement saw an increase in support in 2020.<ref>Druke, Galen, Clare Malone, Perry Bacon Jr., and Nate Silver. June 15, 2020. "[https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/politics-podcast-views-of-black-lives-matter-have-shifted-what-happens-next/ Public Opinion Of The Black Lives Matter Movement Has Shifted. What Happens Next?]" (podcast). ''[[FiveThirtyEight|FiveThirtyEight Politics]]''. Retrieved June 19, 2020.</ref><ref name=":2">[[Nate Cohn|Cohn, Nate]], and Kevin Quealy. June 10, 2020. "[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/06/10/upshot/black-lives-matter-attitudes.html How Public Opinion Has Moved on Black Lives Matter]." ''[[The Upshot]]''. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved June 19, 2020.</ref> Although they began from different perspectives, as per the ''New York Times' [[The Upshot]]'', "all kinds of voters moved sharply in the direction of supporting the movement" just within the two weeks between late May and early June "as much as [they] had in the preceding two years."<ref name=":2" /> The [[Pew Research Center]] reported that "[m]ost Americans express[ed] support for the Black Lives Matter movement" during this period.<ref>Parker, Kim, Juliana Menasce Horowitz, and Monica Anderson. June 12, 2020. "[https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/06/12/amid-protests-majorities-across-racial-and-ethnic-groups-express-support-for-the-black-lives-matter-movement/psdt_06-12-20_protests-00-1/ Most Americans express support for the Black Lives Matter movement]" (report). [[Pew Research Center]].[https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/PSDT_06.12.20_protest_fullreport.pdf#page=6 Full report (p. 5)].</ref>
 
According to Terrance Woodbury, a researcher of attitudes among young adults, "[the] movement has evolved from Black people vs. the police to young people vs. racism."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brownstein |first=Ronald |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The BLM protests preview the politics of a diversifying America |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/23/politics/black-lives-matter-support-impact/index.html|access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> An online survey of people aged from 18 to 34 by the ''[[Global Strategy Group]]'' found broad support from the participants, except by those who identified as pro-[[Donald Trump|Trump]] Republicans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research |url=https://nextgenamerica.org/research/|access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=NextGen America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brownstein |first=Ronald |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The BLM protests preview the politics of a diversifying America |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/23/politics/black-lives-matter-support-impact/index.html|access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref>
 
Opal Tometi theorizes that increased support was the result of economic anxiety and contempt for the American government's handling of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Chotiner |first=Isaac |date=June 3, 2020 |title=A Black Lives Matter Co-Founder Explains Why This Time Is Different |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/a-black-lives-matter-co-founder-explains-why-this-time-is-different|access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=[[The New Yorker]] |language=en-us}}</ref> Protests led by Black Lives Matter throughout the summer eventually developed into one of the larger movements in U.S. history.<ref name="Hart">{{cite news |last1=Hart |first1=Gabby |title=Black Lives Matter protests mark historic civil rights movement, UNLV professor says |url=https://news3lv.com/news/local/black-lives-matter-protests-mark-historic-civil-rights-movement-unlv-professor-says |access-date=June 20, 2020 |publisher=NBC News Las Vegas |date=June 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Buchanan |first1=Larry |last2=Bui |first2=Quoctrung |last3=Patel |first3=Jugal K. |date=July 3, 2020 |title=Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html|access-date=July 14, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
 
However, the movement's momentum and popularity began to decline, with a Pew Research Center poll showing that support for Black Lives Matter had fallen by 12 percentage points to 55% of all American adults by September, and had returned to a net negative approval rating among white Americans as well as significantly declining in popularity among Hispanic Americans.<ref name="Pew 2020"/> Support remained widespread among black American adults (up 1% from June to 87%).<ref name="Pew 2020"/>


== Criticism ==
== Criticism ==
The movement has also been criticized. In the [[New York Times]], Deroy Murdock asked about the true number of black people killed by police, and about the way the BLM movement reported these killings. He wrote: "But the notion that America’s cops simply are gunning down innocent black people is one of today's biggest and deadliest lies".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Murdock|first=Deroy|date=2015-11-07|title=Black Lives Matter’s numbers are bogus|url=https://nypost.com/2015/11/06/black-lives-matters-numbers-are-bogus/|access-date=2021-05-02|website=New York Post|language=en-US}}</ref> Some of the black leaders of the American [[civil rights movement]] criticized the tactics of the BLM movement.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-30|title=Longtime L.A. civil rights leaders dismayed by in-your-face tactics of new crop of activists|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-black-lives-matter-20151030-story.html|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Glenn Loury, a professor for economics, warned about focusing on police violence against black people; the other side would only use this to compile statistics; in these statistics black people will be overrepresented. According to Loury, it would be better to reform social structures, so that people could benefit, irrespective of skin color. One of the examples he gave was early-age education.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Loury|first=Glenn|date=2015-11-06|title=Loury: The political inefficacy of saying, ‘Black lives matter’|url=https://www.browndailyherald.com/2015/11/06/loury-the-political-inefficacy-of-saying-black-lives-matter/|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Brown Daily Herald|language=en-US}}</ref>


=== Tactics ===
==References==
Some black civil rights leaders such as Cecil "Chip" Murray, Najee Ali, and [[Earl Ofari Hutchinson]] have criticized the tactics of BLM as disrespectful and ineffective, with Ali claiming "all they can do is disrupt and make noise."<ref name=angel2>{{cite web |last1=Jennings |first1=Angel |title=Longtime L.A. civil rights leaders dismayed by in-your-face tactics of new crop of activists |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-black-lives-matter-20151030-story.html |date=October 30, 2015 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Author and minister [[Barbara Ann Reynolds]] has also criticized the confrontational tactics of BLM.<ref name=Reynolds>{{Cite news |title=I was a civil rights activist in the 1960s. But it's hard for me to get behind Black Lives Matter. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/24/i-was-a-civil-rights-activist-in-the-1960s-but-its-hard-for-me-to-get-behind-black-lives-matter |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=August 24, 2015 |access-date=September 17, 2015 |issn=0190-8286 |first=Barbara |last=Reynolds}}</ref> Economist [[Glenn Loury]], while supportive of the fundamentals of the movement, has criticized public retribution against "White politicians who state All Lives Matter" and the apparent polarizing effects of the movement.<ref name=clayton/>
 
In his 2018 book ''[[The Once and Future Liberal]]'', [[Mark Lilla]] criticizes Black Lives Matter as part of his broader left-wing critique of [[identity politics]]. Though he agreed with their aims, he called their rhetoric "a textbook example in how to not build solidarity", arguing that  the campaign alienates people with their negative attitude toward American society and law enforcement and with their overbearing tactics. He also compared them unfavorably to the civil rights movement leaders, who were "consciously appealing to what we share" instead of emphasizing differences of race and other identities.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lilla, Mark |author-mask=1|title=[[The Once and Future Liberal|The Once and Future Liberal: After Identity Politics]] |year=2017 |isbn= 978-0-06269743-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Conroy |first=J. Oliver |date=February 10, 2021 |title=Mark Lilla: The Liberal Who Counts More Enemies on the Left Than the Right |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/dec/21/mark-lilla-identity-politics-liberals |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref>
 
According to [[Inside Higher Ed]], Black Lives Matter protests at the College of William & Mary resulted in an invited speaker being shut down.<ref name="Inside Higher Ed 2017">{{cite web | title=ACLU Speaker Shouted Down at William & Mary | website=Inside Higher Ed | date=October 5, 2017 | url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2017/10/05/aclu-speaker-shouted-down-william-mary | access-date=December 30, 2020}}</ref>
 
=== Academic freedom ===
 
Many academics, including [[John McWhorter]],<ref name="McWhorter 2020">{{cite web | last=McWhorter | first=John | title=Academics Are Really, Really Worried About Their Freedom | website=The Atlantic | date=September 1, 2020 | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/09/academics-are-really-really-worried-about-their-freedom/615724/ | access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref>
[[Eric Kaufmann]],<ref name="Kaufmann Eric 2020">{{cite web | last=Kaufmann | first=Eric | title=Academic Freedom and Cancel Culture | website=City Journal | date=November 10, 2020 | url=https://www.city-journal.org/academic-freedom-cancel-culture | access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref>
[[John Ellis (physicist)|John Ellis]],<ref name="Ellis 2020 p. ">{{cite book | last=Ellis | first=John | title=The breakdown of higher education : how it happened, the damage it does, and what can be done | publisher=Encounter Books | publication-place=New York, New York | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-64177-088-0 | oclc=1137194406 }}</ref>
[[Marybeth Gasman]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://academeblog.org/2020/09/01/academic-freedom-free-speech-and-the-syllabus/|title=Academic Freedom, Free Speech, and the Syllabus|date=September 1, 2020}}</ref>
[[Glenn Loury]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-challenger-of-the-woke-company-policy-11594405846|title=Opinion &#124; A Challenger of the Woke 'Company Policy'|first=Tunku|last=Varadarajan|date=July 10, 2020|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref>
and at least 153 other scholars<ref name="Harper's Magazine 2020">{{cite web | title=A Letter on Justice and Open Debate | website=Harper's Magazine | date=July 7, 2020 | url=https://harpers.org/a-letter-on-justice-and-open-debate/ | access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref> have criticized tactics used by some Black Lives Matter activists as silencing speech and repressing academic freedom.<ref name="Harris 2020">{{cite web | last=Harris | first=Samantha | title=Princeton faculty petition threatens free speech, academic freedom | website=FIRE | date=July 8, 2020 | url=https://www.thefire.org/princeton-faculty-petition-threatens-free-speech-academic-freedom/ | access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref> They claim that the result is self-censorship, reduced academic inquiry, and research bias.<ref name="Harris 2020"/><ref name="Scholars at Harvard">{{cite web | title="Student Protests and Academic Freedom in an Age of #blacklivesmatter" | website=Scholars at Harvard | url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/philip_lee/publications/student-protests-and-academic-freedom-age-blacklivesmatter | access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chotiner">{{cite web | last=Chotiner | first=Isaac | title=Thomas Chatterton Williams on Race, Identity, and "Cancel Culture" | website=The New Yorker | url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/thomas-chatterton-williams-on-race-identity-and-cancel-culture | access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref>
Critics claim academics have been hesitant to speak out against repression for fear of retribution.<ref name="McWhorter 2020"/><ref name="Zimmerman 2020">{{cite web | last=Zimmerman | first=Jonathan | title=Faculty should support the academic freedom of colleagues who buck conventional wisdom (opinion) | website=Inside Higher Ed | date=June 22, 2020 | url=https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2020/06/22/faculty-should-support-academic-freedom-colleagues-who-buck-conventional-wisdom | access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref><ref name="McGowan p. ">{{cite book | last=McGowan | first=Mary Kate | title=Oxford Scholarship Online | chapter=On Political Correctness, Microaggressions, and Silencing in the Academy | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=November 22, 2018 | doi=10.1093/oso/9780198791508.003.0008 }}</ref>
 
In particular, high-profile academics have spoken out against the use of "diversity statements" in admission, hiring, and tenure decisions, including [[Jeffrey Flier]], Dean of the [[Harvard Medical School]],<ref name="CHE 2019">{{cite web | title=Against Diversity Statements | website=Chronicle of Higher Education | date=January 3, 2019 | url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/against-diversity-statements/ | access-date=December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Inside Higher Ed 2018">{{cite web | title=Former Harvard dean's tweet against required faculty diversity statements sets off debate | website=Inside Higher Ed | date=November 12, 2018 | url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/11/12/former-harvard-deans-tweet-against-required-faculty-diversity-statements-sets-debate | access-date=December 29, 2020}}</ref> and [[Abigail Thompson]], Vice President of the [[American Mathematical Society]].  Thompson drew comparisons to McCarthy-era loyalty oaths.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201911/rnoti-p1778.pdf |title=A Word from... |last=Thompson |first= Abigail|date=2019 |website=www.ams.org |access-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Zimmerman 2020 academic freedom">{{cite web | last=Zimmerman | first=Jonathan | title=Faculty should support the academic freedom of colleagues who buck conventional wisdom (opinion) | website=insidehighered.com | date=June 22, 2020 | url=https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2020/06/22/faculty-should-support-academic-freedom-colleagues-who-buck-conventional-wisdom | access-date=January 2, 2021}}</ref> When schools receive state funding, scholars have criticized Black Lives Matter pledges as unconstitutional.<ref name="Blackman 2020">{{cite web | last=Blackman | first=Josh | title=University of Southern Maine Asks Students and Faculty to Sign "Black Lives Matter Statement and Antiracism Pledge" | website=Reason.com | date=August 7, 2020 | url=https://reason.com/volokh/2020/08/07/university-of-southern-maine-asks-students-and-faculty-to-sign-black-lives-matter-statement-and-antiracism-pledge/ | access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref>
 
=== Views on law enforcement ===
 
Some critics accuse Black Lives Matter of being anti-police.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Can Black Lives Matter and Police Lives Matter coexist? (+video) |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0913/Can-Black-Lives-Matter-and-Police-Lives-Matter-coexist-video |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=September 17, 2015 |issn=0882-7729 |first=Jessica |last=Mendoza}}</ref> Sgt. Demetrick Pennie of the Dallas Police Department filed an unsuccessful lawsuit against Black Lives Matter in September 2016, which accused the group of inciting a "race war."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/09/21/black-dallas-police-officer-sues-black-lives-matter-on-behalf-of-christians-jews-and-caucasians-others/ |title=Black Dallas police officer sues Black Lives Matter on behalf of 'Christians, Jews and Caucasians,' others |work=The Washington Post |date=September 21, 2016 |first=Travis M. |last=Andrews}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/9d879c426ce845b9958c11e81846fe65 |title=Can Black Lives Matter be sued? Activist's attorney says no |date=June 14, 2017 |first=Michael |last=Kunzelman |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Marchers using a BLM banner were recorded in a video chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups claim the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation, saying "What we are promoting is that if black people who kill police officers are going to fry, then we want police officers to face the same treatment that we face as civilians for killing officers."<ref>{{cite web |title=Black Lives Matter chant threatening to officers, police say |author=Gottfried, Mara H. |url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28733664/black-lives-matter-chant-disgusting-st-paul-police |website=TwinCities.com, [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]] |date=August 31, 2015 |access-date=September 22, 2015}}</ref>[[File:Ferguson Day 6, Picture 45.png|thumb|Ferguson, Missouri, August 17, 2014]]
 
=== Disconnect from underprivileged communities ===
 
Some black community leaders have come out against the movement as disconnected from the people it claims to represent.<ref name="The New York Times 2020">{{cite web | title=Who Opposes Defunding the N.Y.P.D.? These Black Lawmakers | website=The New York Times | date=August 10, 2020 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/10/nyregion/defund-police-nyc-council.html | access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref> In opposing August 2020 budget cuts, New York City Councilman [[I. Daneek Miller]], co-chairman of the council's Black, Latino and Asian Caucus opposed reducing police funding and stated, "Black folks want to be safe like everyone else...we can't allow folks from outside our community to lecture us about Black lives."<ref>{{cite web | title=$1 Billion Is Shifted From NYPD in a Budget That Pleases No One | website=The New York Times | date=June 30, 2020 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/nyregion/nypd-budget.html | access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref> [[Vanessa Gibson]] of the Bronx's 16th Council District stated that, "My working-class people, my homeowners, my tenants, my neighbors—they are not out there screaming and yelling, because they have to work."<ref name="Cuza 2020">{{cite web | last=Cuza | first=Bobby | title=Black Council Members Push Back Against Protester Budget Criticism | website=Spectrum News NY1 &#124; New York City | date=July 1, 2020 | url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/07/02/council-members-allege-outside-agitation | access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref> Mayor [[Ras Baraka]] of Newark, New Jersey, called "defund the police" a "bourgeois liberal" solution to racism.<ref name="The New York Times 2020"/>
 
=== Insufficient focus on women ===
Women from within the Black Lives Matter movement, including professor and civil rights advocate Treva B. Lindsey, have argued that BLM has sidelined black women's experiences in favor of black men's experiences. For example, more demonstrations have been organized to protest the killings of Michael Brown and [[Trayvon Martin]] than the killings of Kayla Moore or [[Shooting of Rekia Boyd|Rekia Boyd]].<ref name="Lindsey">Lindsey, Treva B. (2015). "Post-Ferguson: A 'Herstorical' Approach to Black Violability". ''Feminist Studies''. '''41''' (1): 232–237. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.15767/feministstudies.41.1.232|10.15767/feministstudies.41.1.232]].</ref>
 
In response, [[Say Her Name]] was founded to focus specifically on the killing of black women by police and to bring their names into the Black Lives Matter protest. Their stated goal is to offer a more complete, but not competing, narrative with the overall Black Lives Matter movement.<ref>Editor, Lilly Workneh Black Voices; Post, The Huffington (May 21, 2015). [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/21/black-women-matter_n_7363064.html "#SayHerName: Black Women And Girls Matter, Too"]. ''HuffPost''. Retrieved November 24, 2016.</ref><ref name=Crenshaw>{{Cite web |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53f20d90e4b0b80451158d8c/t/555e2412e4b0bd5f4da5d3a4/1432232978932/SAYHERNAME+Social+Media+Guide.compressed.pdf |title=Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality against Black Women |publisher=African American Policy Forum (AAPF)}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
{{cols|colwidth=22em}}
* {{intitle}}
* [[2020 American athlete boycotts]]
* [[Black Panther Party]]
* {{section link|De-escalation|United States}}
* ''The Hate U Give'' ([[The Hate U Give|novel]] and [[The Hate U Give (film)|film]])
* [[H.R. 40 - Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act]]
* [[Identity politics]]
* [[Rodney King]]
* [[Racism in the United States]]
* ''[[Taking a Stand in Baton Rouge]]''
* [[Woke]]
{{colend}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


== Further reading ==
{{African American topics}}
{{Library resources box}}
* Bonilla, T., & Tillery, A. (2020). "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/which-identity-frames-boost-support-for-and-mobilization-in-the-blacklivesmatter-movement-an-experimental-test/AD0E73AF21C32FE03F1C0897456CC5C5 Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test.]" ''American Political Science Review''
* {{cite web |title=The Matter of Black Lives |last1=Cobb |first1=Jelani |author-link=Jelani Cobb |work=The New Yorker |date=March 14, 2016 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/where-is-black-lives-matter-headed |ref=none}}
* {{cite news |last1=Cole |first1=Teju |title=The Superhero Photographs of the Black Lives Matter Movement |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/31/magazine/the-superhero-photographs-of-the-black-lives-matter-movement.html |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=July 26, 2016 |ref=none}}
*Hayward, Clarissa Rile. 2020. "[https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/706766 Disruption: What Is It Good For?]" ''The Journal of Politics''.
*Hooker, J. (2016). [[doi:10.1177/0090591716640314|Black Lives Matter and the Paradoxes of U.S. Black Politics: From Democratic Sacrifice to Democratic Repair.]] ''Political Theory'', ''44''(4), 448–469.
* [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-making-of-black-lives-matter-9780190601348?cc=is&lang=en& Lebron, Christopher J. 2017. ''The Making of Black Lives Matter: A Brief History of An Idea''. Oxford University Press.]
* {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/06/opinion/black-activists-dont-ignore-crime.html |title=Black Activists Don't Ignore Crime |first=Lisa L. |last=Miller |date=August 5, 2016 |work=The New York Times |ref=none}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/10/how-black-lives-matter-uses-social-media-to-fight-the-power/ |title=Social Media Helps Black Lives Matter Fight the Power |first=Bijan |last=Stephen |date=November 2015 |work=Wired |ref=none}}
* {{cite web |url=http://time.com/4429351/republican-black-lives-matter/ |title=I'm a GOP Delegate and I Wore a 'Black Lives Matter' Shirt to the RNC |first=Melissa |last=Stevens |date=July 28, 2016 |work=Time |ref=none}}
* [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-race-ethnicity-and-politics/article/what-kind-of-movement-is-black-lives-matter-the-view-from-twitter/375801268123BCA397284EFBE36C9F4E Tillery, Alvin. 2019. "What Kind of Movement is Black Lives Matter? The View from Twitter." ''Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics'']
* Towler, C., Crawford, N., & Bennett, R. (2020). [[doi:10.1017/S1537592719002597|Shut Up and Play: Black Athletes, Protest Politics, and Black Political Action]]. ''Perspectives on Politics,'' ''18''(1), 111–127.
 
=== Bibliographies ===
* {{cite web |title=#BlackLivesMatter: A Longform Reading List |year=2014 |url=http://www.autostraddle.com/blacklivesmatter-the-longform-reading-list-265454/ |first=Marie Lyn |last=Bernard |work=[[Autostraddle]] |location=USA |ref=none}}
* {{cite web |title=The complete summer reading syllabus on Black Lives Matter |first=Selina |last=Cheng |date=July 2016 |url=http://qz.com/728658/heres-what-librarians-recommend-reading-on-blm/ |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |ref=none}}
* {{cite web |title=Listen, Learn, Participate: A #BlackLivesMatter Resource Series |year=2014 |url=http://oaklandlibrary.org/blogs/from-main-library/listen-learn-participate-blacklivesmatter-resource-series |author=Oakland Public Library |location=California |author-link=Oakland Public Library |ref=none}} (Bibliography)
* {{cite web |title=Black Lives Matter Reference Guide |date=July 2016 |first=Malcolm |last=Teller |url=https://medium.com/malcolm-teller/black-lives-matter-a-collection-of-syllabi-6497460b9668#.aklhnuw46 |via=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |ref=none}}
 
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Black Lives Matter}}
{{wikiquote}}
 
* {{Official website|https://blacklivesmatter.com/|name=Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation, Inc.}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141226205743/https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]
* [http://www.joincampaignzero.org/ Campaign Zero to end police violence]
* {{cite web |title=Read This: #BlackLivesMatter Reads for Teens |url=https://hclib.bibliocommons.com/list/share/642401647_hcl_social_media/669879377_read_this_blacklivesmatter_reads_for_teens |publisher=[[Hennepin County Library]] |location=Minnesota |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921203253/https://hclib.bibliocommons.com/list/share/642401647_hcl_social_media/669879377_read_this_blacklivesmatter_reads_for_teens |archive-date=September 21, 2016}} (Bibliography)
* {{cite web |title=#blacklivesmatter |url=http://www.yalsa.ala.org/thehub/tag/blacklivesmatter/ |publisher=American Library Association, [[Young Adult Library Services Association]]}} (Bibliography)
* [https://mms.newberry.org/xml/xml_files/ChicagoBLM.xml Chicago Black Lives Matter Protest Collection] at [https://www.newberry.org the Newberry Library]
 
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}<!--cat sort position only-->
{{George Floyd protests}}
{{killing of Trayvon Martin}}<!--cat sort position only-->
{{Sydney Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Portalbar|2010s|Civil rights movement|Current events|Modern history|Politics|Society|United States}}
{{authority control}}


[[Category:2013 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Black Lives Matter| ]]
[[Category:Black Lives Matter| ]]
[[Category:21st-century social movements]]
[[Category:American civil rights]]
[[Category:2010s controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:2020s controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:African Americans' rights organizations]]
[[Category:American political catchphrases]]
[[Category:Anti-black racism in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal justice reform in the United States]]
[[Category:Criticism of police brutality]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:History of African-American civil rights]]
[[Category:LGBT political advocacy groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Mass media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2013]]
[[Category:Post–civil rights era in African-American history]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Social justice organizations]]
[[Category:Slogans]]
[[Category:Black Power]]

Latest revision as of 06:06, 10 October 2022

Black Lives Matter
Official logo depicting name in black capital letters on yellow background with "LIVES" color inverted
FormationJuly 13, 2013; 13 years ago (2013-07-13)
Founders
TypeActivist organization
PurposeAnti-racist advocacy and protest
Location
  • International
    (mostly in the United States)
Key people
Websiteblacklivesmatter.com
Black Lives Matter die-in protest at Metro Green Line against allegations of police brutality in Saint Paul, Minnesota

Black Lives Matter (BLM) is an international[1] activist group. They originated in the African-American community. They are against violence and systemic racism by white police officers towards black people.

History[edit | edit source]

The movement began in 2013 with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media. It started after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the death of Trayvon Martin. It became famous for street demonstrations following the deaths of Michael Brown and Eric Garner. The former sparked riots and unrest in Ferguson, Missouri. The latter led to protests all over the United States.[2]

After the Ferguson protests, participants in Black Lives Matter demonstrated against other African-Americans' deaths, such as Freddie Gray, Sandra Bland, Laquan McDonald, Philando Castile and Alton Sterling.

In 2020, during the George Floyd Protests, Black Lives Matter became much more widely accepted. Black Lives Matter filed a lawsuit against the police department of Seattle, Washington for violence against protesters.[3]

"It's now something where the Mitt Romneys of the world can join in, and that was something unimaginable back in 2014," said Justin Hansford, executive director of Howard University's Thurgood Marshall Civil Rights Center. "That is the result of six years of hard work by people who are in the movement and have put forward so many discussions that really changed people’s hearts and minds." Hansford was also an activist in Ferguson.[4]

Criticism[edit | edit source]

The movement has also been criticized. In the New York Times, Deroy Murdock asked about the true number of black people killed by police, and about the way the BLM movement reported these killings. He wrote: "But the notion that America’s cops simply are gunning down innocent black people is one of today's biggest and deadliest lies".[5] Some of the black leaders of the American civil rights movement criticized the tactics of the BLM movement.[6] Glenn Loury, a professor for economics, warned about focusing on police violence against black people; the other side would only use this to compile statistics; in these statistics black people will be overrepresented. According to Loury, it would be better to reform social structures, so that people could benefit, irrespective of skin color. One of the examples he gave was early-age education.[7]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Black Lives Matter Movement". CNN. Retrieved Sep 24, 2016.
  2. ↑ "Black Lives Matter Movement Changes America". CBS News. Retrieved Sep 24, 2016.
  3. ↑ Jack Brewster (June 10, 2020). "Seattle Protesters Take Over City Hall, Demand Mayor's Resignation". Forbes. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  4. ↑ Jose A. Del Real; Robert Samuels; Tim Craig (June 9, 2020). "How the Black Lives Matter movement went mainstream". Washington Post. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  5. ↑ Murdock, Deroy (2015-11-07). "Black Lives Matter's numbers are bogus". New York Post. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
  6. ↑ "Longtime L.A. civil rights leaders dismayed by in-your-face tactics of new crop of activists". Los Angeles Times. 2015-10-30. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
  7. ↑ Loury, Glenn (2015-11-06). "Loury: The political inefficacy of saying, 'Black lives matter'". Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved 2021-05-02.

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