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{{redirect|DACA|other uses|DACA (disambiguation)}} | {{redirect|DACA|other uses|DACA (disambiguation)}} | ||
{{short description|Immigration policy for unlawfully present immigrants within the U.S. who entered as minors}} | {{short description|Immigration policy for unlawfully present immigrants within the U.S. who entered as minors}} | ||
{{use mdy dates|date=August 2019}} | {{use mdy dates|date=August 2019}} | ||
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The policy was created after acknowledgment that "Dreamer" young people had been largely raised in the United States, and this was seen as a way to remove immigration enforcement attention from "low priority" individuals with good behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stottlemyre|first=Scott|year=2015|title=Strict Scrutiny for Undocumented Childhood Arrivals|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jgrj18&div=13&id=&page=|journal=The Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice|volume=18|issue=1|pages=289+}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/news/2017-09-05/trump-ends-daca-program/print/|title=Trump Ends DACA Program|last=Tuma|first=Mary|date=September 5, 2017|work=Austin Chronicle|access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref> "Dreamers" get their name from the [[DREAM Act]], a bill that aimed to grant legal status to young immigrants residing in the U.S. unlawfully after being brought in by their parents. The undocumented immigrant young population was rapidly increasing; approximately 65,000 undocumented immigrant students graduate from U.S. high schools on a yearly basis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Angela |last2=Boyne |first2=Kerry S. |title=Access to Higher Education for Undocumented and 'Dacamented' Students: The Current State of Affairs |journal=Indiana International & Comparative Law Review |date=25 April 2015 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=47 |doi=10.18060/7909.0004 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The vast majority of Dreamers are from Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Haltiwanger|first1=John|title=Who are the Dreamers? White, Black and Asian DACA Youth Explain Why Immigration Reform Matters |url=http://www.newsweek.com/daca-recipients-arent-just-mexico-4-non-latino-dreamers-speak-out-665180|website=Newsweek|access-date=February 3, 2018|date=September 17, 2017}}</ref> | The policy was created after acknowledgment that "Dreamer" young people had been largely raised in the United States, and this was seen as a way to remove immigration enforcement attention from "low priority" individuals with good behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stottlemyre|first=Scott|year=2015|title=Strict Scrutiny for Undocumented Childhood Arrivals|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jgrj18&div=13&id=&page=|journal=The Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice|volume=18|issue=1|pages=289+}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/news/2017-09-05/trump-ends-daca-program/print/|title=Trump Ends DACA Program|last=Tuma|first=Mary|date=September 5, 2017|work=Austin Chronicle|access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref> "Dreamers" get their name from the [[DREAM Act]], a bill that aimed to grant legal status to young immigrants residing in the U.S. unlawfully after being brought in by their parents. The undocumented immigrant young population was rapidly increasing; approximately 65,000 undocumented immigrant students graduate from U.S. high schools on a yearly basis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Angela |last2=Boyne |first2=Kerry S. |title=Access to Higher Education for Undocumented and 'Dacamented' Students: The Current State of Affairs |journal=Indiana International & Comparative Law Review |date=25 April 2015 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=47 |doi=10.18060/7909.0004 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The vast majority of Dreamers are from Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Haltiwanger|first1=John|title=Who are the Dreamers? White, Black and Asian DACA Youth Explain Why Immigration Reform Matters |url=http://www.newsweek.com/daca-recipients-arent-just-mexico-4-non-latino-dreamers-speak-out-665180|website=Newsweek|access-date=February 3, 2018|date=September 17, 2017}}</ref> | ||
The DREAM Act bill, which would have provided a pathway to permanent residency for undocumented immigrants brought to the United States upon meeting certain qualifications, was considered by Congress in 2007. It failed to overcome a bipartisan filibuster in the Senate.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/us/politics/dream-act-daca-trump-congress-dreamers.html|title=After 16 Futile Years, Congress Will Try Again to Legalize 'Dreamers'|last1=Alcindor|first1=Yamiche|date=September 5, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 6, 2017|last2=Stolberg|first2=Sheryl Gay|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It was considered again in 2011. The bill passed the House, but did not get the 60 votes needed to overcome a Republican filibuster in the Senate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nbcchicago.com/blogs/ward-room/trump-ends-daca-dreamers-immigration-442789653.html|title=Your Questions About DACA, Answered|work=NBC Chicago|access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref | The DREAM Act bill, which would have provided a pathway to permanent residency for undocumented immigrants brought to the United States upon meeting certain qualifications, was considered by Congress in 2007. It failed to overcome a bipartisan filibuster in the Senate.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/us/politics/dream-act-daca-trump-congress-dreamers.html|title=After 16 Futile Years, Congress Will Try Again to Legalize 'Dreamers'|last1=Alcindor|first1=Yamiche|date=September 5, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 6, 2017|last2=Stolberg|first2=Sheryl Gay|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It was considered again in 2011. The bill passed the House, but did not get the 60 votes needed to overcome a Republican filibuster in the Senate.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nbcchicago.com/blogs/ward-room/trump-ends-daca-dreamers-immigration-442789653.html|title=Your Questions About DACA, Answered|work=NBC Chicago|access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> In 2013, legislation had comprehensively reformed the immigration system, including allowing Dreamers permission to stay in the country, work and attend school; this passed the Senate but was not brought up for a vote in the House.<ref name=":10" /> ''The New York Times'' credits the failure of Congress to pass the DREAM Act bill as the driver behind Obama's decision to sign DACA.<ref name=":10" /> | ||
== Establishment == | == Establishment == | ||
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To apply for DACA, eligible individuals must pay a $495 application fee, submit several forms, and produce documents showing they meet the requirements. They do not need [[legal representation]]. | To apply for DACA, eligible individuals must pay a $495 application fee, submit several forms, and produce documents showing they meet the requirements. They do not need [[legal representation]]. | ||
The program does not currently provide permanent lawful status or a path to [[Citizenship of the United States|citizenship]], nor does it provide eligibility for federal welfare or student aid.<ref name=" | The program does not currently provide permanent lawful status or a path to [[Citizenship of the United States|citizenship]], nor does it provide eligibility for federal welfare or student aid.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="uscis" /> | ||
===Eligibility=== | ===Eligibility=== | ||
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To show proof of qualification (verify these requirements), applicants must submit three forms; I-821D, Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals; I-765, Application for Employment Authorization; and I-765WS Worksheet, as well as supporting documentation.<ref name="uscis"/> | To show proof of qualification (verify these requirements), applicants must submit three forms; I-821D, Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals; I-765, Application for Employment Authorization; and I-765WS Worksheet, as well as supporting documentation.<ref name="uscis"/> | ||
In August 2012, the [[Migration Policy Institute]] estimated that as many as 1.76 million people could be eligible for DACA. Of those, 28% were under 15 and would have to wait until reaching that age to apply. In addition, roughly 20% did not meet any of the education criteria, but could become eligible by enrolling in a program before submitting their application. 74% of the eligible population was born in [[Mexico]] or [[Central America]]. Smaller proportions came from [[Caribbean]] and [[South America]] (11%), [[Asia]] (9%), and the rest of the world (6%).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www. | In August 2012, the [[Migration Policy Institute]] estimated that as many as 1.76 million people could be eligible for DACA. Of those, 28% were under 15 and would have to wait until reaching that age to apply. In addition, roughly 20% did not meet any of the education criteria, but could become eligible by enrolling in a program before submitting their application. 74% of the eligible population was born in [[Mexico]] or [[Central America]]. Smaller proportions came from [[Caribbean]] and [[South America]] (11%), [[Asia]] (9%), and the rest of the world (6%).<ref name="uscis">{{cite web|url=http://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca|title=Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)|publisher=[[U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services]]|access-date=December 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/DACA-deferred-action-DREAMers | title=Relief from Deportation: Demographic Profile of the DREAMers Potentially Eligible under the Deferred Action Policy | publisher=[[Migration Policy Institute]] | date=August 2012 | access-date=November 21, 2014 | author=Jeanne Batalova and Michelle Mittelstadt}}</ref> | ||
=== Travel eligibility === | === Travel eligibility === | ||
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=== Economy === | === Economy === | ||
Fact-checkers note that, on a large scale or in the long run, there is no reason to believe that DACA recipients have a major deleterious effect on American workers' employment chances; to the contrary, some economists say that DACA benefits the overall U.S. economy.<ref name=":11 | Fact-checkers note that, on a large scale or in the long run, there is no reason to believe that DACA recipients have a major deleterious effect on American workers' employment chances; to the contrary, some economists say that DACA benefits the overall U.S. economy.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":24">{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/new-york/statements/2017/sep/10/louise-slaughter/would-trumps-decision-daca-hurt-new-yorks-economy/|title=What's the economic impact of ending DACA?|work=@politifact|access-date=September 17, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":9"/><ref name=":15">{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/09/08/dacas-end-would-hurt-economy-hiring/638835001/|title=DACA's end would hurt economy, hiring|work=USA Today|access-date=September 17, 2017}}</ref> Economists have warned that ending DACA could adversely affect the U.S. economy, and that "most economists see immigration generally as an ''economic boon''."<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":15" /> Almost all economists reject [[Jeff Sessions]]' claim that DACA "denied jobs to hundreds of thousands of Americans by allowing those same jobs to go to illegal aliens."<ref name=":12" /> Sessions' claim is rooted in what economists call the "[[lump of labour fallacy|lump of labor fallacy]]" (i.e., the idea that there is a limit to amount of work force available in any economy).<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Tracy Jan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/09/06/white-house-claims-dreamers-take-jobs-away-from-blacks-and-hispanics-heres-the-truth/|title=Analysis: White House claims 'dreamers' take jobs away from blacks and Hispanics. Here's the truth.|work=The Washington Post|date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> | ||
A 2016 study in the ''[[Journal of Public Economics]]'' found that DACA increased [[labor force participation]] and decreased the unemployment rate for DACA-eligible immigrants. DACA also increased the income of undocumented immigrants in the bottom of the income distribution.<ref name=":3" /> The study estimates that DACA moved 50,000 to 75,000 unauthorized immigrants into employment.<ref name=":3" /> According to [[University of California, Davis]] economist [[Giovanni Peri]], DACA consequently "increases consumption and overall demand for U.S. services, products, and jobs where the DACA recipients live and spend. Economists have shown that highly skilled workers increase local productivity and create opportunities for the other workers too".<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=http://econofact.org/the-economic-cost-of-repealing-daca|title=The Economic Cost of Repealing DACA {{!}} Econofact|date=September 11, 2017 |work=Econofact|access-date=September 13, 2017}}</ref> A 2016 study in ''[[Economics Letters]]'' found that DACA-eligible households were 38% less likely than non-eligible unauthorized immigrant households to live in poverty.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Amuedo-Dorantes|first1=Catalina|author-link1=Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes |last2=Antman|first2=Francisca|title=Can authorization reduce poverty among undocumented immigrants? Evidence from the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program|journal=Economics Letters|volume=147|pages=1–4|doi=10.1016/j.econlet.2016.08.001|year=2016|hdl=10419/145279|s2cid=157258420|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Furthermore, DACA-eligible workers tend to have higher-skilled, higher-paying jobs than undocumented immigrants.<ref name="gould-and-garfield-2017">{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-daca-and-how-much-will-it-cost-the-us-2017-9 |title=How much money a DACA repeal could cost every state |first1=Skye |last1=Gould |first2=Leanna |last2=Garfield |newspaper=[[Business Insider]] |date=September 6, 2017 }}</ref> | A 2016 study in the ''[[Journal of Public Economics]]'' found that DACA increased [[labor force participation]] and decreased the unemployment rate for DACA-eligible immigrants. DACA also increased the income of undocumented immigrants in the bottom of the income distribution.<ref name=":3" /> The study estimates that DACA moved 50,000 to 75,000 unauthorized immigrants into employment.<ref name=":3" /> According to [[University of California, Davis]] economist [[Giovanni Peri]], DACA consequently "increases consumption and overall demand for U.S. services, products, and jobs where the DACA recipients live and spend. Economists have shown that highly skilled workers increase local productivity and create opportunities for the other workers too".<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=http://econofact.org/the-economic-cost-of-repealing-daca|title=The Economic Cost of Repealing DACA {{!}} Econofact|date=September 11, 2017 |work=Econofact|access-date=September 13, 2017}}</ref> A 2016 study in ''[[Economics Letters]]'' found that DACA-eligible households were 38% less likely than non-eligible unauthorized immigrant households to live in poverty.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Amuedo-Dorantes|first1=Catalina|author-link1=Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes |last2=Antman|first2=Francisca|title=Can authorization reduce poverty among undocumented immigrants? Evidence from the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program|journal=Economics Letters|volume=147|pages=1–4|doi=10.1016/j.econlet.2016.08.001|year=2016|hdl=10419/145279|s2cid=157258420|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Furthermore, DACA-eligible workers tend to have higher-skilled, higher-paying jobs than undocumented immigrants.<ref name="gould-and-garfield-2017">{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-daca-and-how-much-will-it-cost-the-us-2017-9 |title=How much money a DACA repeal could cost every state |first1=Skye |last1=Gould |first2=Leanna |last2=Garfield |newspaper=[[Business Insider]] |date=September 6, 2017 }}</ref> | ||
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===Proposed legislative responses to the DACA repeal=== | ===Proposed legislative responses to the DACA repeal=== | ||
In announcing the rescission, the Trump Administration delayed implementation for six months to allow Congress to pass the DREAM Act or otherwise settle the status of Dreamers legislatively.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/09/10/549745978/democrats-look-to-trump-on-dream-act-after-he-puts-expiration-date-on-daca-progr|title=Democrats Look To Trump On DREAM Act After He Puts Expiration Date On DACA Program|last=Bennett|first=Geoff|date=September 10, 2017|work=NPR|access-date=August 26, 2018}}</ref><ref name="NYTDREAM">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/us/politics/dream-act-daca-trump-congress-dreamers.html|title=After 16 Futile Years, Congress Will Try Again to Legalize 'Dreamers'|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 13, 2018 | In announcing the rescission, the Trump Administration delayed implementation for six months to allow Congress to pass the DREAM Act or otherwise settle the status of Dreamers legislatively.<ref name="Kopan">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/05/politics/daca-trump-congress/index.html|title=Trump ends DACA, but gives Congress window to save it|last=Kopan|first=Tal|publisher=CNN|date=September 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/09/10/549745978/democrats-look-to-trump-on-dream-act-after-he-puts-expiration-date-on-daca-progr|title=Democrats Look To Trump On DREAM Act After He Puts Expiration Date On DACA Program|last=Bennett|first=Geoff|date=September 10, 2017|work=NPR|access-date=August 26, 2018}}</ref><ref name="NYTDREAM">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/us/politics/dream-act-daca-trump-congress-dreamers.html|title=After 16 Futile Years, Congress Will Try Again to Legalize 'Dreamers'|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 13, 2018|date=September 5, 2017}}</ref> Multiple proposals were introduced in Congress but none passed. Proposals included: | ||
* ''[[DREAM Act]]:'' Proposed by [[Lindsey Graham|Sens. Graham]] and [[Dick Durbin|Durbin]], the DREAM Act offers protections to illegal immigrants similar to DACA, as well as offering a path to citizenship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dream Act of 2017 Bill Summary {{!}} National Immigration Forum|url=http://immigrationforum.org/blog/dream-act-of-2017-bill-summary/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAus_QBRDgARIsAIRGNGjZUat-Y4QPd1jBq3qyphyi4Q6DxKGh9PdRqNY70w0qqRhJ72LJVuQaApt5EALw_wcB|website=National Immigration Forum|date=July 21, 2017}}</ref> | * ''[[DREAM Act]]:'' Proposed by [[Lindsey Graham|Sens. Graham]] and [[Dick Durbin|Durbin]], the DREAM Act offers protections to illegal immigrants similar to DACA, as well as offering a path to citizenship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dream Act of 2017 Bill Summary {{!}} National Immigration Forum|url=http://immigrationforum.org/blog/dream-act-of-2017-bill-summary/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAus_QBRDgARIsAIRGNGjZUat-Y4QPd1jBq3qyphyi4Q6DxKGh9PdRqNY70w0qqRhJ72LJVuQaApt5EALw_wcB|website=National Immigration Forum|date=July 21, 2017}}</ref> | ||
* ''Recognizing America's Children Act:'' Proposed by [[Carlos Curbelo|Rep. Curbelo]], RAC offers a pathway to legalization through education, military service, or work authorization. After 10 years in this program, immigrants could apply for citizenship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recognizing America's Children Act|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1468|date=March 22, 2017}}</ref> | * ''Recognizing America's Children Act:'' Proposed by [[Carlos Curbelo|Rep. Curbelo]], RAC offers a pathway to legalization through education, military service, or work authorization. After 10 years in this program, immigrants could apply for citizenship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recognizing America's Children Act|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1468|date=March 22, 2017}}</ref> | ||