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| {{Short description|Private university in Stanford, California}}
| | {{Infobox University |
| {{redirect|Stanford}}
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| {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
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| {{Infobox university | |
| | name = Stanford University | | | name = Stanford University |
| | native_name =
| | |image = Stanford University campus from above.jpg |
| | native_name_lang = [[English language|en]]
| | | caption = Campus from above |
| | image = Stanford University seal 2003.svg | | | motto = {{lang|de|Die Luft der Freiheit weht}} |
| | image_upright = .7 | | | motto_lang = [[German language|German]] |
| | motto = {{lang-de|Die Luft der Freiheit weht}}<ref name="casper">{{cite speech|title=Die Luft der Freiheit weht—On and Off|first=Gerhard|last=Casper |author-link=Gerhard Casper|url=https://web.stanford.edu/dept/pres-provost/president/speeches/951005dieluft.html|date=October 5, 1995|access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> | | | established = 1891<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/history/begin.html | title=Stanford University History | publisher=Stanford University | accessdate=2007-04-26 | archive-date=2008-01-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129093210/http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/history/begin.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> |
| | mottoeng = "The wind of freedom blows"<ref name="casper" />
| | | type = Private |
| | type = [[Private university|Private]] [[research university]] | | | endowment = $17.2 billion<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/10/01/BACADIGEST3.DTL | title=Well-funded: Stanford's endowment purse grows fatter | publisher = San Francisco Chronicle | date=October 1, 2006 | first=Carrie | last=Sturrock | accessdate = 2007-04-26}}</ref> |
| | academic_affiliations = [[Association of American Universities|AAU]]<br />[[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]
| | | president = John L. Hennessy |
| | established = {{start date and age|1891}}<ref name="StanfordAboutHistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.stanford.edu/about/history/ |title=History: Stanford University |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=June 3, 2020}}</ref><ref name="facultyguidehistory">{{cite web |title=Chapter 1: The University and the Faculty |work=Faculty Handbook |publisher=Stanford University |date=September 7, 2016 |url=https://facultyhandbook.stanford.edu/ch1.html |access-date=April 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525015143/https://facultyhandbook.stanford.edu/ch1.html |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | | | staff = 1,771<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/facts/faculty.html | title = Stanford Facts 2007 (The Stanford Faculty) | publisher = Stanford University | accessdate = 2007-04-26 | archive-date = 2009-01-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090108034025/http://www.stanford.edu./home/stanford/facts/faculty.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> |
| | founder = [[Leland Stanford|Leland]] and [[Jane Stanford]] | | | students = 14,945 |
| | endowment = $28.9 billion (2020)<ref name="2019FinRep">{{cite web |url=https://facts.stanford.edu/administration/finances/|title=Finances – In 2020–21, Stanford is a $6.6 billion enterprise|publisher=Stanford University |access-date=June 8, 2020}} As of August 31, 2020.</ref> | | | undergrad = 6,759<ref name="stanford_facts">{{cite web | url = http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/facts/chron.html#faculty | title = Stanford Facts 2007 | publisher = Stanford University | accessdate = 2007-04-26 | archive-date = 2008-07-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725095156/http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/facts/chron.html#faculty | url-status = dead }}</ref> |
| | budget = $6.6 billion (2020–21)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://facts.stanford.edu/administration/finances/|title=Finances – Facts 2019|date=May 6, 2019 |access-date=June 2, 2019}}</ref> | | | postgrad = 8,186<ref name="stanford_facts" /> |
| | president = [[Marc Tessier-Lavigne]] | |
| | provost = [[Persis Drell]]
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| | academic_staff = 2,240<ref name="stanford_facts_glance">{{cite web |last1=Communications|first1=Stanford Office of University |title=Introduction: Stanford University Facts |url=http://facts.stanford.edu |website=Stanford Facts at a Glance |access-date=June 13, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
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| | administrative_staff = 12,508<ref name="stanford_facts_admin">{{cite web|title=Stanford Facts: Administration & Finances|url=http://facts.stanford.edu/administration |publisher=Stanford University|date=May 2, 2018 |access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref> excluding [[Stanford Health Care|SHC]] | |
| | students = 17,249 (Fall 2019)<ref name="CDS">{{cite web |title=Stanford Common Data Set 2019–2020 |url=https://ucomm.stanford.edu/cds/ |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=May 10, 2020}}</ref>
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| | undergrad = 6,996 (Fall 2019)<ref name="CDS" />
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| | postgrad = 10,253 (Fall 2019)<ref name="CDS" /> | |
| | city = [[Stanford, California|Stanford]] | | | city = [[Stanford, California|Stanford]] |
| | state = [[California]] | | | state = [[California]] |
| | country = United States | | | country = [[United States]] |
| | coordinates = {{coord|37.4282293|-122.1688576|region:US-CA_type:edu_scale:40000_source:GNIS|format=dms|notes=<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis |id=235365 |name=Stanford University|access-date=April 26, 2017|entrydate=January 19, 1981}}</ref>|display=title,inline}}
| | | campus = [[Suburb]]an |
| | campus = [[Suburb]]an, {{convert|8180|acre|sqmi km2|1}}<ref name="stanford_facts_glance" /> | | | athletics = [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] Division I FBS |
| | free_label = Academic term | | | nickname = Cardinal |
| | free = [[Academic quarter (year division)|Quarter]] | | | mascot = [[Cardinal (bird)|Cardinal]] |
| | colors = Cardinal and white<ref>{{cite web |title=Color |url=http://identity.stanford.edu/overview/color|publisher=Stanford University|work=Stanford Identity Toolkit |access-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref><br />{{college color boxes|Stanford Cardinal}} | | | website = [http://www.stanford.edu/ www.stanford.edu] |
| | athletics_nickname = [[Stanford Cardinal|Cardinal]]
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| | sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|NCAA Division I FBS]]<br />{{bulleted list|
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| |[[Pac-12 Conference|Pac-12]] (primary)
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| |[[Intercollegiate Rowing Association|IRA]]
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| |[[Pacific Coast Collegiate Sailing Conference|PCCSC]]
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| |[[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation|MPSF]]
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| }} | | }} |
| | mascot = None<ref>The [[Stanford Tree]] is the mascot of the [[Stanford Band|band]] but not the university.</ref>
| | {{distinguish|Samford University}} |
| | website = {{url|https://www.stanford.edu/}}
| | The '''Leland Stanford Junior University''', often called '''Stanford University''' (or simply '''Stanford'''), is a [[Private school|private]] [[university]] next to [[Palo Alto]] in [[California]], in the middle of [[Silicon Valley]], |
| | logo = Stanford wordmark (2012).svg
| | about 37 miles (60 kilometers) southeast of [[San Francisco]] and about 20 miles northwest of [[San Jose, California|San José]], in [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]]. [[Leland Stanford|Leland]] and [[Jane Stanford]] opened the university on [[1 October]] [[1891]]. They named the university after their son, Leland Stanford Junior, who died at young age. |
| | logo_upright = .8
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| }}
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| '''Stanford University''', officially '''Leland Stanford Junior University''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://990s.foundationcenter.org/990_pdf_archive/941/941156365/941156365_201408_990.pdf|title='Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax – 2013' (IRS Form 990) |publisher=990s.foundationcenter.org |access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=University|first1=© Stanford|last2=Stanford|last3=California 94305|title=The founding grant : with amendments, legislation, and court decrees|url=https://purl.stanford.edu/bz978md4965|access-date=2020-12-29|website=purl.stanford.edu|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Private university|private]] [[research university]] in [[Stanford, California]]. The campus occupies 8,180 acres, among the largest in the United States, and enrolls over 17,000 students.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Jennifer|date=2019-11-21|title=10 Largest College Campuses in the United States|url=https://largest.org/structures/college-campus-usa/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Largest.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Stanford is ranked among the best universities in the world by academic publications.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-03|title=The top 50 universities by reputation|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/top-50-universities-reputation|access-date=2021-02-10|website=Student}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-28|title=QS World University Rankings 2021|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2021|access-date=2021-02-10|website=Top Universities|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World University Rankings 2020-21 {{!}} CWUR|url=https://cwur.org/2020-21.php|access-date=2021-02-10|website=cwur.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-20|title=World University Rankings|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking|access-date=2021-02-10|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2020.html|access-date=|website=}}</ref> | |
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| Stanford was founded in 1885 by [[Leland Stanford|Leland]] and [[Jane Stanford]] in memory of their only child, [[Leland Stanford Jr.]], who had died of [[typhoid fever]] at age 15 the previous year.<ref name="StanfordAboutHistory" /> Leland Stanford was a [[List of United States senators from California|U.S. senator]] and former [[List of governors of California|governor of California]] who made his fortune as a [[Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad)|railroad tycoon]]. The school admitted its first students on October 1, 1891,<ref name="StanfordAboutHistory" /><ref name="facultyguidehistory" /> as a [[Mixed-sex education|coeducational]] and [[non-denominational]] institution. Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/about/history/history_ch2.html |title=History – Part 2 (The New Century) : Stanford University |publisher=Stanford.edu |access-date=December 20, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220134855/http://www.stanford.edu/about/history/history_ch2.html |archive-date=December 20, 2013 }}</ref> Following [[World War II]], [[Provost (education)|provost]] [[Frederick Terman]] supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as [[Silicon Valley]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/about/history/history_ch3.html |title=History – Part 3 (The Rise of Silicon Valley) : Stanford University |publisher=Stanford.edu |access-date=December 20, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220134016/http://www.stanford.edu/about/history/history_ch3.html |archive-date=December 20, 2013 }}</ref>
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| The university is organized around seven schools: three schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate level as well as four professional schools that focus on [[Graduate school|graduate programs]] in law, medicine, education, and business. All schools are on the same campus. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two private institutions in the [[Football Bowl Subdivision|Division I FBS]] [[Pac-12 Conference]]. It has gained 128 [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] team championships,<ref name="gostanford.com">{{cite web |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/2017/5/22/home-of-champions.aspx |title=Stanford Athletics – Home of Champions |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=December 23, 2019}}</ref> and Stanford has won the [[NACDA Directors' Cup]] for 25 consecutive years, beginning in 1994–1995.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pac-12.com/article/2018/07/02/stanford-wins-24th-directors-cup-pac-12-members-finish-1-2-4|title=Stanford wins 24th-consecutive Directors' Cup|date=July 2, 2018|work=Pac-12 News|access-date=June 1, 2019}}</ref> In addition, Stanford students and alumni have won [[List of American universities with Olympic medals|270 Olympic medals including 139 gold medals]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gostanford.com/news/2016/7/7/athletics-bound-for-rio.aspx|title=Wrapping Up Rio|work=Stanford University|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| | With one of the largest university campuses in the United States, the university includes the Schools of Engineering, Law, Medicine, Education, Business, Earth Sciences, and Humanities and Sciences. Stanford also hosts [[volunteer]] programs and a teaching hospital. |
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| As of April 2021, [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation#Stanford University|84 Nobel laureates]], [[List of Turing Award laureates by university affiliation|29 Turing Award laureates]],{{refn|group=note|Undergraduate school alumni who received the Turing Award:
| | ==History== |
| # [[Vint Cerf]]: BS Math Stanford 1965; MS CS UCLA 1970; PhD CS UCLA 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/cerf_1083211.cfm|title=Vinton Cerf – A.M. Turing Award Winner|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Allen Newell]]: BS Physics Stanford 1949; PhD Carnegie Institute of Technology 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/newell_3167755.cfm|title=Allen Newell |work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| Graduate school alumni who received the Turing Award:
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| # [[Martin Hellman]]: BE New York University 1966, MS Stanford University 1967, PhD Stanford University 1969, all in electrical engineering. Professor at Stanford 1971–1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hellman_4055781.cfm|title=Martin Hellman|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[John Hopcroft]]: BS Seattle University; MS EE Stanford 1962, Phd EE Stanford 1964.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hopcroft_1053917.cfm|title=John E Hopcroft|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Barbara Liskov]]: BSc Berkeley 1961; PhD Stanford.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/liskov_1108679.cfm|title=Barbara Liskov|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Raj Reddy]]: BS from Guindy College of Engineering (Madras, India) 1958; M Tech, University of New South Wales 1960; PhD Stanford 1966.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/reddy_9634208.cfm|title=Raj Reddy – A.M. Turing Award Winner|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Ronald Rivest]]: BA Yale 1969; PhD Stanford 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/rivest_1403005.cfm|title=Ronald L Rivest – A.M. Turing Award Winner |work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Robert Tarjan]]: BS Caltech 1969; MS Stanford 1971, PhD 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/tarjan_1092048.cfm|title=Robert E Tarjan – A.M. Turing Award Winner|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| Non-alumni former and current faculty, staff, and researchers who received the Turing Award:
| | Leland Stanford Junior died in Europe in 1884. His parents, [[Leland Stanford|Leland]] and [[Jane Stanford]], were rich and influential Californians. They chose to turn a farm they already owned into a large university, as a memorial to their curious son.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stanford.edu/about/history/|title=A History of Stanford|last1=Stanford|first1=©Copyright Stanford University|last2=California 94305|website=Stanford University|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-22}}</ref> Stanford had early trouble, as the school ran low on money, and was hurt by the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|1906 San Francisco Earthquake]]. |
| # [[Whitfield Diffie]]: BS mathematics Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1965. Visiting scholar at Stanford 2009–2010 and an affiliate from 2010–2012; currently a consulting professor at CISAC (The Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/diffie_8371646.cfm|title=Whitfield Diffie|publisher=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Doug Engelbart]]: BS EE Oregon State University 1948; MS EE Berkeley 1953; PhD Berkeley 1955. Researcher/Director at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) 1957–1977; Director (Bootstrap Project) at Stanford University 1989–1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/engelbart_5078811.cfm|title=Douglas Engelbart|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Edward Feigenbaum]]: BS Carnegie Institute of Technology 1956, PhD Carnegie Institute of Technology 1960. Associate Professor at Stanford 1965–1968; Professor at Stanford 1969–2000; Professor Emeritus at Stanford (2000–present).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/feigenbaum_4167235.cfm|title=Edward A Feigenbaum – A.M. Turing Award Winner |work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Robert W. Floyd]]: BA 1953, BSc Physics, both from University of Chicago. Professor at Stanford (1968–1994).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/floyd_3720707.cfm|title=Robert W. Floyd – A.M. Turing Award Winner|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Tony Hoare|Sir Antony Hoare]]: Undergraduate at Oxford University. Visiting Professor at Stanford 1973.<ref name="hoare">{{cite web|last1=Lee|first1=J.A.N.|title=Charles Antony Richard (Tony) Hoare|url=http://computer.org/computer-pioneers/hoare.html|website=IEEE Computer Society|access-date=February 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912115705/http://computer.org/computer-pioneers/hoare.html|archive-date=September 12, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| # [[Alan Kay]]: BA/BS from University of Colorado at Boulder, PhD 1969 from University of Utah. Researcher at Stanford 1969–1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/kay_3972189.cfm |title=Alan Kay|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]]: BS Math, Caltech; PhD Princeton. Assistant Professor at Stanford 1953–1955; Professor at Stanford 1962–2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/mccarthy_0239596.cfm|title=John McCarthy|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Robin Milner]]: BSc 1956 from Cambridge University. Researcher at Stanford University 1971–1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/milner_1569367.cfm|title=A J Milner – A.M. Turing Award Winner|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Amir Pnueli]]: BSc Math from Technion 1962, PhD Weizmann Institute of Science 1967. Instructor at Stanford 1967; Visitor at Stanford 1970<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/pnueli_4725172.cfm|title=Amir Pnueli|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Dana Scott]]: BA Berkeley 1954, PhD Princeton 1958. Associate Professor at Stanford 1963–1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/scott_1193622.cfm|title=Dana S Scott – A.M. Turing Award Winner|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Niklaus Wirth]]: BS Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 1959, MSC Universite Laval, Canada, 1960; PhD Berkeley 1963. Assistant Professor at Stanford University 1963–1967.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/wirth_1025774.cfm|title=Niklaus E. Wirth|work=acm.org}}</ref>
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| # [[Andrew Yao]]: BS physics National University of Taiwan 1967; AM Physics Harvard 1969; PhD Physics, Harvard 1972; PhD CS University of Illinois Urbana–Champagin 1975 Assistant Professor at Stanford University 1976–1981; Professor at Stanford University 1982–1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/yao_1611524.cfm|title=Andrew C Yao – A.M. Turing Award Winner|work=acm.org}}</ref>|name="noteStudAward"}} and [[List of Fields Medal winners by university affiliation|eight Fields Medalists]] have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, faculty, or staff.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/august/fields-medal-mirzakhani-081214.html|title=Stanford's Maryam Mirzakhani wins Fields Medal|last1=Carey|first1=Bjorn|date=August 12, 2014|work=Stanford Report|access-date=September 17, 2015|publisher=Stanford University}}</ref> In addition, Stanford is particularly noted for its entrepreneurship and is one of the most successful universities in attracting funding for [[Startup company|start-ups]].<ref name="Page" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://readwrite.com/2012/12/03/one-university-to-rule-them-all-stanford-tops-startup-list/|title=One University To Rule Them All: Stanford Tops Startup List – ReadWrite|date=December 3, 2012|work=ReadWrite|access-date=April 6, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbinsights.com/research/university-entrepreneurship-report/|title=The University Entrepreneurship Report – Alumni of Top Universities Rake in $12.6 Billion Across 559 Deals|date=October 29, 2012|work=CB Insights Research|access-date=April 6, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Stanford alumni have founded [[List of companies founded by Stanford University alumni|numerous companies]], which combined produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue and have created 5.4 million jobs as of 2011, roughly equivalent to the 7th largest economy in the world ({{as of|2020||lc=yes}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stanford.app.box.com/s/55estv4w8qi5vgd8n7i8q6jlo7cmdy6f|title=Box|website=stanford.app.box.com|access-date=April 15, 2018}}</ref><ref name="EcImpact">{{cite news|last1=Silver|first1=Caleb|url=https://www.investopedia.com/insights/worlds-top-economies/|title=The Top 20 Economies in the World|date=March 18, 2020|work=Investopedia|access-date=March 18, 2020|publisher=Investopedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/10/24/stanford-alumnis-companies-combined-equal-10th-largest-economy-on-the-planet/|title=Stanford alumni's companies combined equal 10th largest economy on the planet|date=October 24, 2012|work=The Mercury News|access-date=April 6, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Stanford is the [[alma mater]] of one [[president of the United States]] ([[Herbert Hoover]]), 74 living billionaires, and 17 astronauts.<ref>{{cite news |title=More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford, MIT and Yale combined
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| |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/the-universities-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html#:~:text=Leading%20the%20way%20is%20Harvard,While%20No. |work=cnbc| first=Kathleen|last=Elkins}}</ref> It is also one of the leading producers of [[Fulbright Scholars]], [[Marshall Scholars]], [[Rhodes Scholars]], and members of the [[United States Congress]].<ref>
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| *{{Cite web|url=https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/|title=Top Producers|website=us.fulbrightonline.org|access-date=November 4, 2020}}
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| *{{Cite web|url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics|title=Statistics|website=www.marshallscholarship.org|access-date=November 2, 2020}}
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| *{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/|title=US Rhodes Scholars Over Time|website=www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk|access-date=November 2, 2020}}
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| *{{cite web|title=Harvard, Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress}}
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| == History ==
| | [[Herbert Hoover]], who later became the [[President of the United States|US President]], helped the school improve its operations, and later university leaders pushed students and alumni to develop the surrounding area. By the 1950s, cities around Stanford University were filling with technology companies, starting what became [[Silicon Valley]]. |
| [[File:1891 Stanford.jpg|thumb|left|Center of the campus in 1891.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis|first1=Margo|last2=Nilan|first2=Roxanne|date=November 1, 1989|title=The Stanford Album: A Photographic History, 1885–1945|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-1639-0}}</ref>]] | |
| [[File:Portrait of David Starr Jordan.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ichthyologist and founding president of Stanford, [[David Starr Jordan]].]] | |
| {{Main|History of Stanford University}}
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| Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to the memory of Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanford's previous Palo Alto farm.
| | ==Campus== |
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| Jane and Leland Stanford modeled their university after the great eastern universities, most specifically [[Cornell University]]. Stanford was referred to as the "Cornell of the West" in 1891 due to a majority of its faculty being former Cornell affiliates (professors, alumni, or both), including its first president, [[David Starr Jordan]], and second president, [[John Casper Branner]]. Both Cornell and Stanford were among the first to have higher education be accessible, nonsectarian, and open to women as well as to men. Cornell is credited as one of the first American universities to adopt this radical departure from traditional education, and Stanford became an early adopter as well.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Margo Baumgartner |last2=Nilan |first2=Roxanne |title=The Stanford Album: A Photographic History, 1885–1945 |date=1989 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1639-0 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oe0qpzomMwkC&pg=PA14 |language=en}}</ref>
| | Stanford has many special areas. In honor of Stanford graduate and US president Herbert Hoover, Stanford hosts a large [[think tank]] and archive called the [[Hoover Institution]]. Many former students, like the founders of [[Hewlett-Packard|HP,]] donate lots of money and have buildings named after them. A large [[radio telescope]] called "The Dish" sits on the hills above Stanford. |
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| From an architectural point of view, the Lelands, particularly Jane, wished to see their university look different from the eastern universities, which had often sought to emulate the style of English university buildings. They specified in the founding grant<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 Nov 1885|title=Founding Grant with Amendments|url=https://wasc.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj10311/f/foundinggrant.pdf}}</ref> that the buildings should "be like the old adobe houses of the early Spanish days; they will be one-storied; they will have deep window seats and open fireplaces, and the roofs will be covered with the familiar dark red tiles". This guides the campus buildings to this day. The Lelands also hired renowned landscape architect [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] to design the campus.
| | ==Student Body== |
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| When Leland Stanford died in 1893, the continued existence of the university was in jeopardy due to a federal lawsuit against his estate, but Jane Stanford insisted the university remain in operation throughout the financial crisis.<ref>{{cite book | title=Stanford: The Story of a University | author=Mirrielees, Edith R. | year=1959 | publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons | lccn=59013788 | pages=82–91 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nilan | first1 = Roxanne | year = 1979 | title = Jane Lathrop Stanford and the Domestication of Stanford University, 1893–1905 | journal = San Jose Studies | volume = 5 | issue = 1| pages = 7–30 }}</ref> The university suffered major damage from the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]]; most of the damage was repaired, but a new library and gymnasium were demolished, and some original features of [[Stanford Memorial Church|Memorial Church]] and the [[Main Quad (Stanford University)|Quad]] were never restored.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quake06.stanford.edu/centennial/tour/stop2.html|title=Post-destruction decisions|work=Stanford University and the 1906 Earthquake|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>
| | Stanford has about 7,000 undergraduate students, and a larger number of students working on advanced degrees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucomm.stanford.edu/cds/|title=Stanford Common Data Set {{!}} University Communications|last1=University|first1=© Stanford|last2=Stanford|website=ucomm.stanford.edu|language=en|access-date=2020-07-22|last3=California 94305}}</ref> Few high school students who apply to Stanford are accepted - over the last several years, only four out of every hundred students who applied were offered a spot.{{cn|date=July 2020}} |
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| During the early 20th century the university added four professional graduate schools. [[Stanford University School of Medicine]] was established in 1908 when the university acquired [[Cooper Medical College]] in San Francisco;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lane.stanford.edu/med-history/wilson/chap30.html|title=Stanford University School of Medicine and the Predecessor Schools: An Historical Perspective. Part IV: Cooper Medical college 1883-1912. Chapter 30. Consolidation with Stanford University 1906 - 1912|work=Stanford Medical History Center|access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> it moved to the Stanford campus in 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lane.stanford.edu/med-history/wilson/chap37.html|title=Stanford University School of Medicine and the Predecessor Schools: An Historical Perspective Part V. The Stanford Era 1909- Chapter 37. The New Stanford Medical Center Planning and Building 1953 - 1959|work=Stanford Medical History Center|access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> The university's law department, established as an undergraduate curriculum in 1893, was transitioned into a professional [[Stanford Law School|law school]] starting in 1908, and received accreditation from the [[American Bar Association]] in 1923.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_education/resources/aba_approved_law_schools/by_year_approved.html |title=ABA-Approved Law Schools by Year |work=ABA website |access-date=April 20, 2011}}</ref> The [[Stanford Graduate School of Education]] grew out of the Department of the History and Art of Education, one of the original 21 departments at Stanford, and became a professional graduate school in 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ed.stanford.edu/about/history|title=History|work=Stanford Graduate School of Education|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> The [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]] was founded in 1925 at the urging of then-trustee [[Herbert Hoover]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/experience/news-history/history#|title=Our History|work=Stanford Graduate School of Business|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by [[Herbert Hoover]] to preserve artifacts related to [[World War I]]. The [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory]] (originally named the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center), established in 1962, performs research in particle physics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Stanford-University|title=Stanford University – Location, Enrollment, & Notable Alumni|publisher=britannica.com|date=December 12, 2016}}</ref>
| | ==People who worked at or graduated from Stanford University== |
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| [[File:William Shockley, Stanford University.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[William Shockley]], Stanford professor, Nobel laureate in physics, "Father of Silicon Valley"]]
| | People who graduated from Stanford University are: |
| In the 1940s and 1950s, engineering professor and later provost [[Frederick Terman]] encouraged Stanford engineering graduates to invent products and start their own companies.<ref name=MSV49,50>{{cite book|author1=Christophe Lécuyer|title=Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930-1970|date=August 24, 2007|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=978-0262622110|pages=49–50}}</ref> During the 1950s he established [[Stanford Industrial Park]], a high-tech commercial campus on university land.<ref name="wipo">{{cite web|last1=Sandelin|first1=Jon|title= Co-Evolution of Stanford University & the Silicon Valley: 1950 to Today|url = http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/arab/en/wipo_idb_ip_ryd_07/wipo_idb_ip_ryd_07_1.pdf |website=WIPO|publisher =Stanford University Office of Technology Licensing|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref> Also in the 1950s [[William Shockley]], co-inventor of the silicon transistor, recipient of the 1956 [[Nobel Prize for Physics]], and later professor of physics at Stanford, moved to the Palo Alto area and founded a company, [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]]. The next year [[Traitorous eight|eight of his employees]] resigned and formed a competing company, [[Fairchild Semiconductor]]. The presence of so many high-tech and semiconductor firms helped to establish Stanford and the mid-[[San Francisco Peninsula|Peninsula]] as a hotbed of innovation, eventually named [[Silicon Valley]] after the key ingredient in transistors.<ref>Gillmor, C. Stewart. Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a Discipline, a University, and Silicon Valley. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2004. Print.</ref> Shockley and Terman are often described, separately or jointly, as the "fathers of Silicon Valley".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forum.stanford.edu/carolyn/terman|title=Fred Terman, the Father of Silicon Valley|last=Tajnai|first=Carolyn|date=May 1985|website=Stanford Computer Forum|publisher=Carolyn Terman|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211020643/http://forum.stanford.edu/carolyn/terman|archive-date=December 11, 2014|access-date=December 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/silicon-valleys-first-founder-was-its-worst/|title=Silicon Valley's First Founder Was Its Worst {{!}} Backchannel|work=Wired|access-date=January 8, 2020|language=en|issn=1059-1028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901020558/https://www.wired.com/story/silicon-valleys-first-founder-was-its-worst/|archive-date=September 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| | * [[Nicolas Sadirac]] (1989), founder and current head of the ''[[École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies]]''<ref>[http://pro.01net.com/editorial/558344/nicolas-sadirac-epitech-un-diplome-d-informatique-chinois-aura-une-tres-grande-valeur/ Nicolas Sadirac (Epitech) : «Un diplôme d’informatique chinois aura une très grande valeur»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017170817/http://pro.01net.com/editorial/558344/nicolas-sadirac-epitech-un-diplome-d-informatique-chinois-aura-une-tres-grande-valeur/ |date=2013-10-17 }} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> |
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| == Land ==
| | People who have worked at Stanford are: |
| [[File:View Stanford.jpg|thumb|An [[aerial photography|aerial photograph]] of the center of the Stanford University campus in 2008.]] | | * [[Mary Sheldon Barnes]]<ref name="Findingaid">{{cite web | author= | year=2001 | title=Mary Sheldon Barnes Papers | work=Sophia Smith Collection | publisher=Smith College | url=http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss2_bioghist.html | accessdate=13 Aug 2011 | archive-date=15 March 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315223936/http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss2_bioghist.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> |
| | | ==Related pages== |
| Most of Stanford is on an {{convert|8180|acre|sqmi km2|1|adj=on}}<ref name="stanford_facts_glance" /> campus, one of the largest in the [[United States]].{{#tag:ref|It is often stated that Stanford has the largest contiguous campus in the world (or the United States)<ref name="virtualtour">{{cite web
| | * [[Volunteers in Asia]] - American [[non-profit organization]] closely related to Stanford |
| |url=http://web.stanford.edu/dept/visitorinfo/tours/virtual/index.html | title=Virtual Tours | publisher=Stanford University | access-date=April 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Keck|first=Gayle |title=Stanford: A Haven in Silicon Valley|url=http://www.gaylekeck.com/wp-content/uploads/Silicon-Valley-Story.pdf|publisher=Executive Travel Magazine}}</ref> but that depends on definitions. [[Berry College]] with over {{convert|26000|acre|sqmi km2|1}}, [[Paul Smith's College]] with {{convert|14200|acre|sqmi km2|1}}, and the [[United States Air Force Academy]] with {{convert|18500|acre|ha}} are larger but are not usually classified as [[university|universities]]. [[Duke University]] at {{convert|8610|acre|sqmi km2|1}} does have more land, but it is not contiguous. However the [[Sewanee: The University of the South|University of the South]] has over {{convert|13000|acre|sqmi km2|1}}.|name="noteLargest"|group=note}} It is on the [[San Francisco Peninsula]], in the northwest part of the [[Santa Clara Valley]] ([[Silicon Valley]]) approximately {{convert|37|mi|round=5}} southeast of [[San Francisco]] and approximately {{convert|20|mi|round=5}} northwest of [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]. In 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped.<ref>{{cite web|title=University spent $2.1 billion locally in 2006, study shows|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2008/october15/economic-101508.html|access-date=May 11, 2014}}</ref> | |
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| Stanford's main campus includes a [[Stanford, California|census-designated place]] within [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]], although some of the university land (such as the [[Stanford Shopping Center]] and the [[Stanford Research Park]]) is within the city limits of [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]]. The campus also includes much land in unincorporated [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo County]] (including the [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory]] and the [[Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve]]), as well as in the city limits of [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]] (Stanford Hills neighborhood), [[Woodside, California|Woodside]], and [[Portola Valley, California|Portola Valley]].<ref name="stanford_facts_lands">{{cite web
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| |url=http://facts.stanford.edu/about/lands |title=Stanford Facts: The Stanford Lands| date=2013| publisher = Stanford University|access-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref>
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| === Central campus ===
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| The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by [[El Camino Real (California)|El Camino Real]], Stanford Avenue, Jane Stanford Way, and [[Sand Hill Road]]. The [[United States Postal Service]] has assigned it two [[ZIP Codes]]: 94305 for campus mail and 94309 for [[Post-office box|P.O. box]] mail. It lies within [[area code 650]].
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| {{clear}}
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| {{wide image|Stanford Oval May 2011 panorama.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|View of the main quadrangle of Stanford with Memorial Church in the center background from across the grass-covered Oval.}}
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| === Non-central campus ===
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| Stanford currently operates in various locations outside of its central campus.
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| On the founding grant:
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| * [[Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve]] is a {{convert|1200|acre|ha|adj=on}} natural reserve south of the central campus owned by the university and used by wildlife biologists for research.
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| * [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory]] is a facility west of the central campus operated by the university for the Department of Energy. It contains the longest [[linear particle accelerator]] in the world, {{convert|2|mi|km}} on {{convert|426|acre|ha}} of land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/AboutSLAC.aspx | title=About SLAC |access-date= April 4, 2011}}</ref>
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| * Golf course and a seasonal lake: The university also has its own golf course and a seasonal lake ([[Lake Lagunita]], actually an irrigation reservoir), both home to the vulnerable [[California tiger salamander]]. As of 2012 [[Lake Lagunita]] was often dry and the university had no plans to artificially fill it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2012/12/05/lake-lag-feels-brunt-of-adverse-weather/ |title=University monitors Lake Lagunita after fall storms |access-date=December 20, 2013 |date=December 5, 2012 |author=Julia Enthoven |publisher=[[The Stanford Daily]]}}</ref>
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| Off the founding grant:
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| * [[Hopkins Marine Station]], in [[Pacific Grove, California|Pacific Grove]], California, is a [[marine biology]] research center owned by the university since 1892.
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| * Study abroad locations: unlike typical [[Student exchange program|study abroad]] programs, Stanford itself operates in several locations around the world; thus, each location has Stanford faculty-in-residence and staff in addition to students, creating a "mini-Stanford."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://undergrad.stanford.edu/programs/bosp/teach/faculty-residence | title =Faculty-in-Residence : Bing Overseas Study Program | access-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref>
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| * Redwood City campus for many of the university's administrative offices in [[Redwood City, California]], a few miles north of the main campus. In 2005, the university purchased a small, {{convert|35|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in Midpoint Technology Park intended for staff offices; development was delayed by [[The Great Recession]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2010/07/29/redwood-city-campus-remains-undeveloped/ |title=Redwood City campus remains undeveloped |publisher=The Stanford Daily |date=July 29, 2010 |access-date=April 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chesley|first1=Kate|title=Redwood City approves Stanford office building proposals |url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/september/redwood-city-development-091013.html|access-date=July 27, 2014|work=Stanford Report|publisher=Stanford University|date=September 10, 2013}}</ref> In 2015 the university announced a development plan<ref name=redwood-dec2015>{{cite news|last1=Kadvany|first1=Elena|title=Stanford's Redwood City campus moves closer to reality|url=http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2015/12/10/stanfords-redwood-city-campus-moves-closer-to-reality|access-date=December 19, 2015|agency=Palo Alto Weekly|date=December 10, 2015}}</ref> and the Redwood City campus opened in March 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=University |first1=Stanford |title=Stanford Redwood City campus evokes warmth of university |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2020/01/31/visited-stanford-redwood-city/ |access-date=19 September 2020 |work=Stanford News |date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
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| * The Bass Center in [[Washington, D.C.]] provides a base, including housing, for the Stanford in Washington program for undergraduates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bass Center Overview {{!}} Stanford in Washington |url=https://siw.stanford.edu/bass-center/overview |website=siw.stanford.edu |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> It includes a small art gallery open to the public.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Art Gallery at Stanford in Washington {{!}} Stanford in Washington |url=https://siw.stanford.edu/art-gallery/about-gallery |website=siw.stanford.edu |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>
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| * China: Stanford Center at Peking University, housed in the Lee Jung Sen Building, is a small center for researchers and students in collaboration with [[Peking University]].<ref name=pekingcenter>{{cite web|title=About the Center |url=http://scpku.stanford.edu/about/ |website=Stanford Center at Peking |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=July 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707043657/http://scpku.stanford.edu/about/ |archive-date=July 7, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=LeeJung>{{cite web|title=The Lee Jung Sen Building |url=http://scpku.stanford.edu/building/ |website=Stanford Center at Peking University |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=July 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702083007/http://scpku.stanford.edu/building/ |archive-date=July 2, 2013 }}</ref>
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| {{wide image|Lake Lagunita Stanford January 2013 panorama 5.jpg|880px|align-cap=center|Lake Lagunita in winter; the Dish, a large radio telescope, and local landmark, is visible in the Stanford-owned foothills behind the lake and is the high point of a popular campus jogging and walking trail.}}
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| {{clear}}
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| === Faculty residences ===
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| Many Stanford faculty members live in the "Faculty Ghetto," within walking or biking distance of campus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stanford Faculty Staff Housing|url=http://fsh.stanford.edu/index.shtml|access-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref> The Faculty Ghetto is composed of land owned by Stanford. Similar to a [[condominium]], the houses can be bought and sold but the land under the houses is rented on a 99-year lease. Houses in the "Ghetto" appreciate and depreciate, but not as rapidly as overall [[Silicon Valley]] values.
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| === Other uses ===
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| Some of the land is managed to provide revenue for the university such as the [[Stanford Shopping Center]] and the [[Stanford Research Park]]. Stanford land is also leased for a token rent by the [[Palo Alto Unified School District]] for several schools including [[Palo Alto High School]] and [[Gunn High School]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Breitrose|first1=Charlie|title=SCHOOLS: District wants Stanford land for school|url=http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/news/1998_Dec_2.LAND.html|access-date=January 24, 2016|newspaper=Palo Alto Weekly|date=December 2, 1998}}</ref> El Camino Park, the oldest Palo Alto city park (established 1914), is also on Stanford land.<ref>{{cite web|title=El Camino Park|url=http://www.cityofpaloalto.org/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=105&TargetID=14|publisher=City of Palo Alto|access-date=January 24, 2016}}</ref>
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| === Landmarks ===
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| Contemporary campus landmarks include the [[Main Quad (Stanford University)|Main Quad]] and [[Stanford Memorial Church|Memorial Church]], the [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts|Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] and the [[Bing Concert Hall]], the [[Stanford Mausoleum]] with the nearby [[Angel of Grief]], [[Hoover Tower]], the [[Auguste Rodin|Rodin]] sculpture garden, the [[Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden]], the [[Arizona Cactus Garden]], the [[Stanford University Arboretum]], [[Green Library]] and [[the Dish (landmark)|the Dish]]. [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]'s 1937 [[Hanna–Honeycomb House]] and the 1919 [[Lou Henry Hoover House]] are both listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. [[White Memorial Fountain]] (also known as "The Claw") between the Stanford Bookstore and the Old Union is a popular place to meet and to engage in the Stanford custom of "fountain hopping"; it was installed in 1964 and designed by [[Aristides Demetrios]] after a national competition as a memorial for two brothers in the class of 1949, William N. White and John B. White II, one of whom died before graduating and one shortly after in 1952.<ref name="clawrestore">{{cite news|last1=Sullivan|first1=Kathleen J.|title=Machinists restoring White Memorial Fountain, aka The Claw, develop an affinity for the campus icon|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/august/restoring-the-claw-080510.html|access-date=December 11, 2016|agency=Stanford News|date=August 5, 2010}}</ref><ref name="clawrestore2">{{cite news|last1=Sullivan|first1=Kathleen J.|title=Sculptor returns for update on White Plaza fountain makeover|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/june/claw-makeover-update-061011.html|access-date=December 11, 2016|agency=Stanford News|date=June 10, 2011}}</ref><ref name="dailyfountain">{{cite news|last1=Kofman|first1=Nicole|title=Frolicking in fountains|url=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2012/05/22/frolicking-in-fountains/|access-date=December 11, 2016|work=Stanford Daily|date=May 22, 2012}}</ref><ref name="dailywhites">{{cite news|last1=Steffen|first1=Nancy L.|title=The Claw: White Plaza Dedication|url=http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19640520-01.2.12#|access-date=December 11, 2016|work=Stanford Daily|date=May 20, 1964}} Has information on the White brothers that slightly corrects some of the facts in other articles.</ref>
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| <gallery mode="packed">
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| File:Stanford Memorial Church Interior 2.jpg|Interior of the [[Stanford Memorial Church]] at the center of the Main Quad
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| File:Stanford University Hoover Tower.JPG|[[Hoover Tower]], at {{convert|285|ft|m}}, the tallest building on campus
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| File:Stanstadium view.jpg|thumb|The new (2006) [[Stanford Stadium]], site of home football games
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| File:Stanford University Arches with Memorial Church in the background.jpg|Stanford Quad with Memorial Church in the background
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| File:The Dish, Stanford University.jpg|[[The Dish (landmark)|The Dish]], a {{convert|150|ft|m}} diameter radio telescope on the Stanford foothills overlooking the main campus
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| File:Claw Fountain at Stanford Univerisity.JPG|[[White Memorial Fountain]] (The Claw)
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| </gallery>
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| == Administration and organization ==
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| [[File:Marc Tessier-Lavigne at Rally for Medical Research.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Marc Tessier-Lavigne]] is the president of Stanford University.]]
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| Stanford is a private, non-profit university administered as a [[corporate trust]] governed by a privately appointed [[board of trustees]] with a maximum membership of 38.<ref name="stanford_facts_admin" />{{refn|group=note|The rules governing the board have changed over time. The original 24 trustees were appointed for life in 1885 by the Stanfords as were some of the subsequent replacements. In 1899 Jane Stanford changed the maximum number of trustees from 24 to 15 and set the term of office to 10 years. On June 1, 1903, she resigned her powers as founder and the board took on its full powers. In the 1950s the board decided that 15 members was not sufficient to do all the work needed and in March 1954 petitioned the courts to raise the maximum number to 23, of whom 20 would be regular trustees serving 10-year terms and 3 would be alumni trustees serving 5-year terms. In 1970 another petition was successfully made to have the number raised to a maximum of 35 (with a minimum of 25), that all trustees would be regular trustees, and that the university president would be a trustee ''ex officio''.<ref name="FoundingGrant" /> The last original trustee, [[Timothy Hopkins]], died in 1936; the last life trustee, Joseph D. Grant (appointed in 1891), died in 1942.<ref name="jdgrant">{{cite web |title=Joseph D. Grant House – Parks and Recreation – County of Santa Clara |url=https://www.sccgov.org/sites/parks/Activities/Cultural-Venues/Pages/JDGrantHouse.aspx |website=www.sccgov.org |access-date=October 30, 2019}} Joseph D. Grant County park (Santa Clara) is named for him.</ref>|name=noteTrustees}} Trustees serve five-year terms (not more than two consecutive terms) and meet five times annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://exploredegrees.stanford.edu/universitygovernanceandorganization/#boardoftrusteestext |title=University Governance and Organization |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref> A new trustee is chosen by the current trustees by ballot.<ref name="FoundingGrant">{{cite web|url=https://wasc.stanford.edu/system/files/FoundingGrant_1.pdf|title=Stanford University – The Founding Grant with Amendments, Legislation, and Court Decrees|publisher=Stanford University|year=1987|access-date=December 30, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120104455/https://wasc.stanford.edu/system/files/FoundingGrant_1.pdf|archive-date=January 20, 2013}}</ref> The Stanford trustees also oversee the [[Stanford Research Park]], the [[Stanford Shopping Center]], the [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts|Cantor Center for Visual Arts]], [[Stanford University Medical Center]], and many associated medical facilities (including the [[Lucile Packard Children's Hospital]]).<ref name="FG facts">{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/about/facts/finances.html |title=Stanford University Facts—Finances and Governance |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=November 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115042016/http://www.stanford.edu/about/facts/finances.html |archive-date=November 15, 2008 }}</ref>
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| The board appoints a president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university, to prescribe the duties of professors and course of study, to manage financial and business affairs, and to appoint nine vice presidents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://exploredegrees.stanford.edu/universitygovernanceandorganization/#presidenttext |title=University Governance and Organization |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref> The 11th and current president of Stanford University is [[Marc Trevor Tessier-Lavigne]], a Canadian-born [[neuroscientist]].<ref name=StanfordPresidentPressRelease>{{cite news |url=http://news.stanford.edu/features/2016/president-named/ |title=Neuroscience pioneer Marc Tessier-Lavigne named Stanford's next president |work=Stanford University |date=February 4, 2016 |first=Lisa |last=Lapin}}</ref> The provost is the chief academic and budget officer, to whom the deans of each of the seven schools report.<ref name="aboutprovost">{{cite web|title=About the Provost|url=https://provost.stanford.edu/about-the-provost/|website=Office of the Provost|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=February 7, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://provost.stanford.edu/about-the-office/|title=About the Office {{!}} Office of the Provost |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=June 23, 2018 }}</ref> [[Persis Drell]] became the 13th provost in February 2017.
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| As of 2018, the university was organized into seven academic schools.<ref name="seven-schools">{{cite web|title=Stanford's Seven Schools|url=https://www.stanford.edu/academics/schools/|website=Stanford University|access-date=May 29, 2018}}</ref> The schools of [[Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences|Humanities and Sciences]] (27 departments),<ref name="bulletin-hs">{{cite web|title=School of Humanities and Sciences {{!}} Stanford University|url=http://exploredegrees.stanford.edu/schoolofhumanitiesandsciences/|website=exploredegrees.stanford.edu|access-date=May 29, 2018|language=en}}</ref> [[Stanford University School of Engineering|Engineering]] (nine departments),<ref name="bulletin-engineering">{{cite web|title=School of Engineering {{!}} Stanford University|url=http://exploredegrees.stanford.edu/schoolofengineering/ |publisher=exploredegrees.stanford.edu |access-date=May 29, 2018|language=en}}</ref> and [[Stanford University School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences|Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences]] (four departments)<ref name="bulletin-earth">{{cite web|title=School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences {{!}} Stanford University|url=http://exploredegrees.stanford.edu/schoolofearthsciences/|website=exploredegrees.stanford.edu|access-date=May 29, 2018|language=en}}</ref> have both graduate and undergraduate programs while the Schools of [[Stanford Law School|Law]], [[Stanford University School of Medicine|Medicine]], [[Stanford Graduate School of Education|Education]] and [[Stanford University School of Business|Business]] have graduate programs only. The powers and authority of the faculty are vested in the Academic Council, which is made up of tenure and non-tenure line faculty, research faculty, senior fellows in some policy centers and institutes, the president of the university, and some other academic administrators, but most matters are handled by the Faculty Senate, made up of 55 elected representatives of the faculty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://exploredegrees.stanford.edu/universitygovernanceandorganization/#academiccounciltext |title=University Governance and Organization |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The Associated Students of Stanford University (ASSU) is the student government for Stanford and all registered students are members. Its elected leadership consists of the Undergraduate Senate elected by the undergraduate students, the Graduate Student Council elected by the graduate students, and the President and Vice President elected as a [[Ticket (election)|ticket]] by the entire student body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://exploredegrees.stanford.edu/universitygovernanceandorganization/#assutext |title=University Governance and Organization |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Stanford is the beneficiary of a special clause in the [[California Constitution]], which explicitly exempts Stanford property from taxation so long as the property is used for educational purposes.<ref>{{Cite book| first1=Joseph R.| last1=Grodin| first2=Calvin R.| last2=Massey| first3=Richard B.| last3=Cunningham| title=The California State Constitution: A Reference Guide| location=Westport, Connecticut| page=311| publisher=Greenwood Press| year=1993 |isbn=0-313-27228-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKa8xj8wgYUC&pg=PA311}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Endowment and donations ===
| |
| The university's [[financial endowment|endowment]], managed by the Stanford Management Company, was valued at $27.7 billion as of August 31, 2019.<ref name=2019FinRep/> Payouts from the Stanford endowment covered approximately 21.8% of university expenses in the 2019 fiscal year.<ref name=2019FinRep/> In the 2018 [[NACUBO]]-[[TIAA]] survey of colleges and universities in the United States and Canada, only [[Harvard University]], the [[University of Texas System]], and [[Yale University]] had larger endowments than Stanford.<ref name="NACUBO">{{citation |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/research/2018-Endowment-Market-Values--Final.pdf |title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2018 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2017 to FY 2018 |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA |access-date=October 9, 2019}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[File:The-Golden-Spike-7Oct2012.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.56|The original [[Golden spike]] on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University]]
| |
| In 2006, President [[John L. Hennessy]] launched a five-year campaign called the Stanford Challenge, which reached its $4.3 billion fundraising goal in 2009, two years ahead of time, but continued fundraising for the duration of the campaign. It concluded on December 31, 2011, having raised $6.23 billion and breaking the previous campaign fundraising record of $3.88 billion held by Yale.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2012/02/08/stanford-raises-62-billion-five-year-campaign |title=Stanford Raises $6.2 Billion in Five-Year Campaign |website=Inside Higher Ed |date=February 8, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Stanford Nets $6.2 billion in 5-year Campaign |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/09/stanford-university-nets-_n_1265100.html|work=The Huffington Post | date=February 9, 2012}}</ref> Specifically, the campaign raised $253.7 million for undergraduate financial aid, as well as $2.33 billion for its initiative in "Seeking Solutions" to global problems, $1.61 billion for "Educating Leaders" by improving K-12 education, and $2.11 billion for "Foundation of Excellence" aimed at providing academic support for Stanford students and faculty. Funds supported 366 new fellowships for graduate students, 139 new endowed chairs for faculty, and 38 new or renovated buildings. The new funding also enabled the construction of a facility for stem cell research; a new campus for the business school; an expansion of the law school; a new Engineering Quad; a new art and art history building; an on-campus concert hall; the new Cantor Arts Center; and a planned expansion of the medical school, among other things.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/february/stanford-challenge-concludes-020812.html|title=Stanford concludes transformative campaign|first1=© Stanford University|last1=Stanford|first2=California 94305 Copyright Complaints Trademark|last2=Notice|date=February 8, 2012|website=Stanford University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thestanfordchallenge.stanford.edu/by-the-numbers/overall/ |title=The Stanford Challenge – Final Report – By the Numbers: Overall |access-date=February 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212083544/http://thestanfordchallenge.stanford.edu/by-the-numbers/overall/ |archive-date=February 12, 2012 }}</ref> In 2012, the university raised $1.035 billion, becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year.<ref name="Record Fundraising">{{cite news|title=Stanford University is 1st College to raise $1B|last=Chea |first=Terence |date=February 20, 2013|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/stanford-university-1st-college-raise-1b|agency=Associated Press|access-date=March 12, 2013}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Academics ==
| |
| | |
| === Admissions ===
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin:10px"
| |
| ! colspan="8" |First-time fall freshman statistics
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| !2019<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Stanford University Common Data Set|url=https://ucomm.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2019/12/stanford-cds-2019.pdf|access-date=|website=stanford.edu}}</ref>
| |
| !2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Common Data Set 2018-2019|url=https://ucomm.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2019/01/stanford-cds-2018.pdf|access-date=|website=stanford.edu}}</ref>
| |
| !2017<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Common Data Set 2017-2018|url=https://ucomm.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2018/06/stanford-cds-2017.pdf|access-date=|website=stanford.edu}}</ref>
| |
| !2016<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Common Data Set 2016-2017|url=https://ucomm.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2018/06/stanford-cds-2016.pdf|access-date=|website=stanford.edu}}</ref>
| |
| !2015<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Stanford University Common Data Set 2015-2016|url=https://ucomm.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2018/06/stanford-cds-2015-2016.pdf|access-date=|website=stanford.edu}}</ref>
| |
| !2014<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Stanford University Common Data Set 2014-2015|url=https://ucomm.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2018/06/stanford-cds-2014-2015.pdf|access-date=|website=stanford.edu}}</ref>
| |
| !2013<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Stanford University Common Data Set 2013-2014|url=https://ucomm.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2018/06/stanford-cds-2013.pdf|access-date=|website=stanford.edu}}</ref>
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| !Applicants
| |
| |47,498
| |
| |47,452
| |
| |44,073
| |
| |43,997
| |
| |42,497
| |
| |42,167
| |
| |38,827
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| !Admits
| |
| |2,062
| |
| |2,071
| |
| |2,085
| |
| |2,118
| |
| |2,140
| |
| |2,145
| |
| |2,208
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| !Admit rate
| |
| |4.34%
| |
| |4.36%
| |
| |4.73%
| |
| |4.81%
| |
| |5.04%
| |
| |5.09%
| |
| |5.69%
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| !Enrolled
| |
| |1,701
| |
| |1,697
| |
| |1,703
| |
| |1,739
| |
| |1,720
| |
| |1,687
| |
| |1,677
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[Yield (college admissions)|Yield]]
| |
| |82.49%
| |
| |81.94%
| |
| |81.68%
| |
| |82.11%
| |
| |80.37%
| |
| |78.23%
| |
| |75.96%
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| !SAT range
| |
| |1440-1550
| |
| |1420-1570
| |
| |1390-1540
| |
| |2170-2370
| |
| |2080-2360
| |
| |2070-2360
| |
| |2070-2350
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| !ACT range
| |
| |32-35
| |
| |32-35
| |
| |32-35
| |
| |32-35
| |
| |31-35
| |
| |31-34
| |
| |30-34
| |
| |}
| |
| Stanford is considered by ''[[U.S. News & World Report|US News]]'' to be 'most selective', with an acceptance rate of 4%. Half of applicants accepted to Stanford have an SAT score between 1440 and 1570 or an ACT score of 32 and 35. Admissions officials consider a student's GPA to be an important academic factor, with emphasis on an applicant's high school class rank and letters of recommendation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Stanford University|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/stanford-university-1305/applying|access-date=3 Feb 2021|website=[[US News]]}}</ref> In terms of non-academic materials as of 2019, Stanford ranks extracurricular activities, talent/ability and character/personal qualities as 'very important' in making first-time, first-year admission decisions, while ranking the interview, whether the applicant is a first-generation university applicant, [[legacy preferences]], volunteer work and work experience as 'considered'.<ref name=":3" />
| |
| | |
| === Teaching and learning ===
| |
| Stanford follows a quarter system with the autumn quarter usually beginning in late September and the spring quarter ending in mid-June.<ref name="Carnegie">{{cite web |url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=243744|title=Carnegie Classifications—Stanford University |publisher=Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching |access-date=January 22, 2014}}</ref> The full-time, four-year undergraduate program has an arts and sciences focus with high graduate student coexistence.<ref name="Carnegie" /> Stanford is accredited by the [[Western Association of Schools and Colleges]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wasc.stanford.edu/ |title=WASC—Stanford Reaccreditation by WASC |publisher=Stanford University Registrar's Office |access-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Stanford's admission process is need-blind for U.S. citizens and permanent residents; while it is not need-blind for international students, 64% are on need-based aid, with an average aid package of $31,411.<ref name="CDS" /> In 2012–13, the university awarded $126 million in need-based financial aid to 3,485 students, with an average aid package of $40,460.<ref name="CDS" /> Eighty percent of students receive some form of financial aid.<ref name="CDS" /> Stanford has a no-loan policy.<ref name="CDS" /> For undergraduates admitted starting in 2015, Stanford waives tuition, room, and board for most families with incomes below $65,000, and most families with incomes below $125,000 are not required to pay tuition; those with incomes up to $150,000 may have tuition significantly reduced.<ref name="FA">{{cite news | url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/march/new-admits-finaid-032715.html | title=Stanford offers admission to 2,144 students, expands financial aid program | date=March 27, 2015 | agency=Stanford News | access-date=May 2, 2015}}</ref> Seventeen percent of students receive [[Pell Grant]]s,<ref name="CDS" /> a common measure of low-income students at a college.
| |
| | |
| === Research centers and institutes ===
| |
| [[File:Hoover Tower Stanford January 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|Hoover Tower, inspired by the cathedral tower at [[Salamanca]] in [[Spain]]]]
| |
| {{Main|Stanford University centers and institutes}}
| |
| | |
| Stanford is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity."<ref name="Carnegie"/> The university's research expenditure in fiscal year 2018 was $1.157 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Table 20. Higher education R&D expenditures, ranked by FY 2018 R&D expenditures: FYs 2009–18 |url=https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/herd/2018/html/herd18-dt-tab020.html |website=ncsesdata.nsf.gov |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]] |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> As of 2016 the Office of the Vice Provost and Dean of Research oversaw [[Stanford University centers and institutes|eighteen independent laboratories, centers, and institutes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doresearch.stanford.edu/node/1200502|title=Interdisciplinary Laboratories, Centers, and Institutes|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=October 27, 2016}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Other Stanford-affiliated institutions include the [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory]] (originally the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center), the [[Stanford Research Institute]] (an independent institution which originated at the university), the [[Hoover Institution]] (a conservative<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019|title=Former Defense Secretary Jim Mattis to Return to Hoover Institution|work=U.S. News|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2019-03-19/former-defense-secretary-jim-mattis-to-return-to-hoover-institution}}</ref> [[think tank]]) and the [[Hasso Plattner Institute of Design]] (a multidisciplinary design school in cooperation with the [[Hasso Plattner Institute]] of [[University of Potsdam]] that integrates product design, engineering, and business management education).{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
| |
| | |
| Stanford is home to the [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] Research and Education Institute which grew out of and still contains the Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project, a collaboration with the [[King Center for Nonviolent Social Change|King Center]] to publish the King papers held by the King Center.<ref>{{cite web|title=The King Papers Project|date=June 11, 2014|url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/kingpapers/index/|publisher=The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute}}</ref> It also runs the [[John S. Knight Fellowships for Professional Journalists|John S. Knight Fellowship for Professional Journalists]] and the Center for Ocean Solutions, which brings together marine science and policy to address challenges facing the ocean.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://woods.stanford.edu/research/centers-programs/center-ocean-solutions|title=Center for Ocean Solutions|publisher=Stanford Woods|access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Together with [[UC Berkeley]] and [[UC San Francisco]], Stanford is part of the [[Biohub]], a new medical science research center founded in 2016 by a $600 million commitment from Facebook CEO and founder [[Mark Zuckerberg]] and pediatrician [[Priscilla Chan]].
| |
| | |
| === Libraries and digital resources ===
| |
| [[File:Stanford University Green Library Bing Wing.jpg|thumb|right|[[Green Library]]]]
| |
| {{Main|Stanford University Libraries}}
| |
| As of 2014, [[Stanford University Libraries]] (SUL) held a collection of more than 9.3 million volumes, nearly 300,000 rare or special books, 1.5 million e-books, 2.5 million audiovisual materials, 77,000 serials, nearly 6 million microform holdings, and thousands of other digital resources.<ref name="stanford_facts_SULAIR">{{cite web|url=http://facts.stanford.edu/research/libraries| publisher = Stanford University| date = 2014| title=Stanford Facts: Stanford Libraries |access-date=December 11, 2014}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The main library in the SU library system is [[Cecil H. Green Library|Green Library]], which also contains various meeting and conference rooms, study spaces, and reading rooms. [[Lathrop Library]] (previously [[Meyer Library]], demolished in 2015), holds various student-accessible media resources and houses one of the largest [[East Asia]] collections with 540,000 volumes.
| |
| | |
| === Arts ===
| |
| [[File:Les-bourgeois-de-Calais.jpg|thumb|left|Bronze statues by [[Auguste Rodin]] are scattered throughout the campus, including these ''[[The Burghers of Calais|Burghers of Calais]]''.]]
| |
| | |
| Stanford is home to the [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts|Cantor Center for Visual Arts]], a museum with 24 galleries, sculpture gardens, terraces, and a courtyard first established in 1891 by Jane and Leland Stanford as a memorial to their only child. The center's collection of works by [[Auguste Rodin|Rodin]] is among the largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://museum.stanford.edu/view/rodin.html | title=Rodin! The Complete Stanford Collection | publisher=Cantor Arts Center | access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> The [[Thomas Welton Stanford]] Gallery, which was built in 1917, serves as a teaching resource for the Department of Art & Art History as well as an exhibition venue. In 2014, Stanford opened the Anderson Collection, a new museum focused on postwar American art and founded by the donation of 121 works by food service moguls Mary and [[Harry W. Anderson|Harry Anderson]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Drohojowska-Philp |first=Hunter |title=Stanford's Anderson Collection museum to feature trove of couple's art |location=[[Atherton, CA]] |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=July 11, 2014 |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-ca-hunk-moo-stanford-anderson-collection-20140713-story.html |access-date=May 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Whiting |first=Sam |title=Anderson Collection pieces lock in a home at Stanford |date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=SFGate |url=https://www.sfgate.com/art/article/Anderson-Collection-pieces-lock-in-a-home-at-5747113.php |access-date=May 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Teicholz |first=Tom |title=The Museum of Hunk, Moo & Putter: The Anderson Collection at Stanford will Rock You |date=December 28, 2018 |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomteicholz/2018/12/28/the-museum-of-hunk-moo-putter-the-anderson-collection-at-stanford-will-rock-you/#415d93fb1408 |access-date=May 10, 2020}}</ref> There are outdoor art installations throughout the campus, primarily sculptures, but some murals as well. The Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden near Roble Hall features includes wood carvings and "[[totem pole]]s."
| |
| | |
| The Stanford music department sponsors many ensembles including five choirs, the Stanford Symphony Orchestra, [[Stanford Taiko]], and the Stanford Wind Ensemble. Extracurricular activities include theater groups such as Ram's Head Theatrical Society, the Stanford Improvisors,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stanfordimprovisors.com|title=The Stanford Improvisors|website=Stanford.edu}}</ref> the Stanford Shakespeare Society, and the Stanford Savoyards, a group dedicated to performing the works of [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]. Stanford is also host to [[List of Stanford University a cappella groups|ten ''a cappella'' groups]], including the [[Stanford Mendicants|Mendicants]] (Stanford's first),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanfordmendicants.com/|title=About the Mendicants|access-date=July 22, 2012}}</ref> [[Stanford Counterpoint|Counterpoint]] (the first all-female group on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/Counterpoint/|title=About Counterpoint|access-date=July 22, 2012}}</ref> the [[Stanford Fleet Street Singers]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fleetstreet.com/about|title=About Fleet Street|access-date=August 29, 2017}} Because Fleet Street maintains Stanford songs as a regular part of its performing repertoire, the university used the group as ambassadors during the university's centennial celebration and commissioned an album, entitled ''Up Toward Mountains Higher'' (1999), of Stanford songs which were sent to alumni around the world.</ref> [[Stanford Harmonics|Harmonics]], [[Talisman A Cappella|Talisman]], [[Stanford Everyday People|Everyday People]], [[Stanford Raagapella|Raagapella]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raagapella.com|title=About Raagapella |access-date=August 25, 2012}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| {{Clear}}
| |
| | |
| === Reputation and rankings ===
| |
| {{col-begin}}
| |
| {{col-break}}
| |
| {{reflist|group=a}}
| |
| {{Infobox US university ranking
| |
| | THE_WSJ = 4
| |
| | THES_W = 2
| |
| | USNWR_NU = 6
| |
| | USNWR_W = 3
| |
| | Forbes = 2
| |
| | QS_W = 2
| |
| | ARWU_W = 2
| |
| | ARWU_N = 2
| |
| | Wamo_NU = 1
| |
| }}
| |
| {{col-break}}
| |
| {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Stanford Cardinal|color=white}}" |National Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite magazine|title=Stanford University – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=April 26, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/stanford-university-243744/overall-rankings}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Program
| |
| ! Ranking
| |
| |-
| |
| | Biological Sciences || 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | Business || 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | Chemistry || 2
| |
| |-
| |
| | Computer Science || 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | Earth Sciences || 2
| |
| |-
| |
| | Economics || 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | Education || 3
| |
| |-
| |
| | Engineering || 2
| |
| |-
| |
| | English || 3
| |
| |-
| |
| | Fine Arts || 32
| |
| |-
| |
| | History || 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | Law || 2
| |
| |-
| |
| | Mathematics || 2
| |
| |-
| |
| | Medicine: Primary Care || 30
| |
| |-
| |
| | Medicine: Research || 4
| |
| |-
| |
| | Physician Assistant || 21
| |
| |-
| |
| | Physics || 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | Political Science || 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | Psychology || 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | Sociology || 5
| |
| |-
| |
| | Statistics || 1
| |
| |}
| |
| {{col-break}}
| |
| {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Stanford Cardinal|color=white}}" |Global Subject Rankings<ref name="USNWR Global Univ Rankings">{{cite magazine|title=Stanford University – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=April 26, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/stanford-university-243744}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Program
| |
| ! Ranking
| |
| |-
| |
| | Arts & Humanities || 10
| |
| |-
| |
| | Biology & Biochemistry || 3
| |
| |-
| |
| | Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems || 6
| |
| |-
| |
| | Chemistry || 2
| |
| |-
| |
| | Clinical Medicine || 5
| |
| |-
| |
| | Computer Science || 9
| |
| |-
| |
| | Economics & Business || 4
| |
| |-
| |
| | Electrical & Electronic Engineering || 47
| |
| |-
| |
| | Engineering || 10
| |
| |-
| |
| | Environment/Ecology || 3
| |
| |-
| |
| | Geosciences || 27
| |
| |-
| |
| | Immunology || 8
| |
| |-
| |
| | Materials Science || 2
| |
| |-
| |
| | Mathematics || 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | Mechanical Engineering || 35
| |
| |-
| |
| | Microbiology || 10
| |
| |-
| |
| | Molecular Biology & Genetics || 3
| |
| |-
| |
| | Neuroscience & Behavior || 2
| |
| |-
| |
| | Oncology || 19
| |
| |-
| |
| | Pharmacology & Toxicology ||11
| |
| |-
| |
| | Physics || 2
| |
| |-
| |
| | Plant & Animal Science || 34
| |
| |-
| |
| | Psychiatry/Psychology || 3
| |
| |-
| |
| | Social Sciences & Public Health || 3
| |
| |-
| |
| | Space Science || 6
| |
| |-
| |
| | Surgery || 13
| |
| |}
| |
| {{col-end}}
| |
| | |
| In [[Rankings of universities in the United States|United States college ranking measures]] Stanford ranks high, sometimes first (see infoboxes above). ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' in 2014 dubbed Stanford as "the Harvard of the 21st century".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2013/04/harvard_vs_stanford_america_has_a_new_dream_college.html |title=Silicon Is the New Ivy |work=Slate |date=April 15, 2013 |access-date=June 8, 2014 |author=Oremus, Will}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' in the same year concluded "Stanford University has become America's 'it' school, by measures that Harvard once dominated."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/05/30/education/americas-it-school-look-west-harvard.html?hp&_r=1&referrer= |title=To Young Minds of Today, Harvard Is the Stanford of the East |work=The New York Times |date=May 29, 2014 |access-date=June 8, 2014 |author=Pérez-Peña, Richard}}</ref> From polls of college applicants done by [[The Princeton Review]], every year from 2013 to 2020 the most commonly named "dream college" for students was Stanford; separately, parents, too, most frequently named Stanford their "dream college."<ref name="PRdream">{{cite news|title=College Hopes & Worries Press Release|url=https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|publisher=Princeton Review|language=en|access-date=August 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|title=2020 College Hopes & Worries Press Release|date=March 17, 2020|work=Princeton Review|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>
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| Globally Stanford is also ranked among the top universities in the world (see infoboxes above). The ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] (ARWU)'' ranked Stanford second in the world (after Harvard) most years from 2003 to 2020.<ref name="ARWU">{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2020.html|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020 |access-date=May 3, 2021}}</ref> ''[[Times Higher Education]]'' recognizes Stanford as one of the world's "six super brands" on its ''World Reputation Rankings'', along with [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2012/reputation-ranking/analysis/top-six-6-universities|title=Birds? Planes? No, colossal 'super-brands': Top Six Universities|last=Baty|first=Phil|date=January 1, 1990|work=Times Higher Education|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/blog/world-university-rankings-blog-how-university-superbrands-compare|title=World University Rankings blog: how the 'university superbrands' compare|last=Ross|first=Duncan|date=May 10, 2016|work=Times Higher Education|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>
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| == Discoveries and innovation ==
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| {{See also|Carnegie Mellon University#Discoveries and innovation|University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign#Discoveries and innovation|Massachusetts Institute of Technology#Discoveries and innovation|University of California, Berkeley#Discoveries and innovation
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| | label 1 = Carnegie Mellon discoveries and innovation | label 2 = Illinois discoveries and innovation | label 3 = MIT discoveries and innovation | label 4 = UC Berkeley discoveries and innovation
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| | selfref = yes
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| | category = no
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| }}
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| === Natural sciences ===
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| [[File:Felix Bloch 1950s.jpg|thumb|200px|Felix Block, physics professor, 1952 Nobel laureate for his work at Stanford]]
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| * [[Biological synthesis]] of [[deoxyribonucleic acid]] (DNA) – [[Arthur Kornberg]] synthesized DNA material and won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] 1959 for his work at Stanford.
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| * First [[Transgenic organism]] – [[Stanley Norman Cohen|Stanley Cohen]] and [[Herbert Boyer]] were the first scientists to transplant genes from one living organism to another, a fundamental discovery for genetic engineering.<ref name="Yount">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOdHrsTZ-RYC&pg=PA46|title=A to Z of biologists|last1=Yount|first1=Lisa|date=2003|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=978-0-8160-4541-9|location=New York|pages=47–49|access-date=May 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Cohen2013">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=S. N.|date=September 16, 2013|title=DNA cloning: A personal view after 40 years|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=110|issue=39|pages=15521–15529|doi=10.1073/pnas.1313397110|pmc=3785787|pmid=24043817|bibcode=2013PNAS..11015521C}}</ref> Thousands of products have been developed on the basis of their work, including [[human growth hormone]] and [[hepatitis B vaccine]].
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| * [[Laser]] – [[Arthur Leonard Schawlow]] shared the 1981 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] with [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]] and [[Kai Siegbahn]] for his work on lasers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Arthur_L._Schawlow|title=Arthur L. Schawlow|work=IEEE Global History Network|publisher=IEEE|access-date=August 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Hänsch, Theodor W.|author-link=Theodor W. Hänsch|date=December 1999|title=Obituary: Arthur Leonard Schawlow|url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v52/i12/p75_s2?bypassSSO=1|journal=Physics Today|volume=52|issue=12|pages=75–76|bibcode=1999PhT....52l..75H|doi=10.1063/1.2802854}}</ref>
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| * [[Nuclear magnetic resonance]] – [[Felix Bloch]] developed new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements, which are the underlying principles of the [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alvarez|first1=Luis W.|author-link=Luis Walter Alvarez|last2=Bloch|first2=F.|year=1940|title=A Quantitative Determination of the Neutron Moment in Absolute Nuclear Magnetons|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=57|issue=2|pages=111–122|bibcode=1940PhRv...57..111A|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.57.111}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bloch|first1=F.|last2=Hansen|first2=W. W.|author-link2=W. W. Hansen|last3=Packard|first3=Martin|date=February 1, 1946|title=Nuclear Induction|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=69|issue=3–4|page=127|bibcode=1946PhRv...69..127B|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.69.127|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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| === Computer and applied sciences ===
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| [[File:Dr_Vint_Cerf_ForMemRS.jpg|thumb|upright=0.56|right|Vint Cerf (BS 1965), co-leader of the Stanford team that designed the architecture of the internet]]
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| * [[ARPANET]] – [[Stanford Research Institute]], formerly part of Stanford but on a separate campus, was the site of one of the four original ARPANET nodes.<ref name="SU-ITS">{{cite web|url=http://itservices.stanford.edu/service/network|title=Network (SUNet — The Stanford University Network)|date=July 16, 2010|publisher=Stanford University Information Technology Services|access-date=April 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://university-discoveries.com/stanford-university|title=Stanford University|publisher=University Discoveries|access-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref>
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| * [[Internet]]—Stanford was the site where the original design of the Internet was undertaken. [[Vint Cerf]] led a research group to elaborate the design of the Transmission Control Protocol ([[TCP/IP]]) that he originally co-created with Robert E. Kahn ([[Bob Kahn]]) in 1973 and which formed the basis for the architecture of the Internet.
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| * [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] – [[John Chowning]] of the Music department invented the FM music synthesis algorithm in 1967, and Stanford later licensed it to [[Yamaha Corporation]].
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| * [[Google]] – Google began in January 1996 as a research project by [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]] when they were both PhD students at Stanford.<ref name="milestones">{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/history.html|title=Google Milestones|publisher=Google, Inc.|access-date=September 28, 2010}}</ref> They were working on the [[Stanford Digital Library Project]] (SDLP). The SDLP's goal was "to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library" and it was funded through the [[National Science Foundation]], among other federal agencies.<ref>[https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=9411306 The Stanford Integrated Digital Library Project], Award Abstract #9411306, September 1, 1994 through August 31, 1999 (Estimated), award amount $521,111,001</ref>
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| * [[Klystron tube]] – invented by the brothers [[Russell and Sigurd Varian]] at Stanford. Their prototype was completed and demonstrated successfully on August 30, 1937.<ref>Varian, Dorothy. "The Inventor and the Pilot". Pacific Books, 1983 p. 187</ref> Upon publication in 1939, news of the klystron immediately influenced the work of U.S. and UK researchers working on [[radar]] equipment.
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| * [[RISC]] – [[DARPA|ARPA]] funded [[VLSI project]] of [[microprocessor]] design. Stanford and [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] are most associated with the popularization of this concept. The [[Stanford MIPS]] would go on to be commercialized as the successful [[MIPS architecture]], while [[Berkeley RISC]] gave its name to the entire concept, commercialized as the [[SPARC]]. Another success from this era were [[IBM]]'s efforts that eventually led to the [[IBM POWER instruction set architecture]], [[PowerPC]], and [[Power ISA]]. As these projects matured, a wide variety of similar designs flourished in the late 1980s and especially the early 1990s, representing a major force in the [[Unix workstation]] market as well as [[embedded processor]]s in [[laser printer]]s, [[router (computing)|routers]] and similar products.<ref name="coinrisk">{{cite book|title=Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology|url=https://archive.org/details/milestonesincomp0000reil|url-access=registration|last=Reilly|first=Edwin D.|year=2003|isbn=1-57356-521-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/milestonesincomp0000reil/page/50 50]}}</ref>
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| * [[SUN workstation]] – [[Andy Bechtolsheim]] designed the SUN workstation for the [[Stanford University Network]] communications project as a personal [[Computer-aided design|CAD]] workstation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i.stanford.edu/TR/CSL-TR-82-229.html|title=The SUN Workstation Architecture|author1=Andreas Bechtolsheim|author2=Forest Baskett|date=March 1982|work=Stanford University Computer systems Laboratory Technical Report No. 229|access-date=July 5, 2018|author3=Vaughan Pratt}}</ref> which led to [[Sun Microsystems]].
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| === Businesses and entrepreneurship ===
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| {{Main|List of companies founded by Stanford University alumni}}
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| [[File:William Hewlett 1993.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Co-founder of Hewlett-Packard, [[Bill Hewlett]], BS 1934.]]
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| [[File:David-Packard-DepSecDef.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Co-founder of Hewlett-Packard, [[David Packard]], BA 1934.]]
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| Stanford is one of the most successful universities in creating companies and licensing its inventions to existing companies; it is often held up as a model for [[technology transfer]].<ref name=Page>Nigel Page. [http://www.iphandbook.org/handbook/ch17/p13/ The Making of a Licensing Legend: Stanford University’s Office of Technology Licensing]. Chapter 17.13 in Sharing the Art of IP Management. Globe White Page Ltd, London, U.K. 2007</ref><ref name=":1">Timothy Lenoir. Inventing the entrepreneurial university: Stanford and the co-evolution of Silicon Valley pp. 88–128 in Building Technology Transfer within Research Universities: An Entrepreneurial Approach Edited by Thomas J. Allen and Rory P. O'Shea. Cambridge University Press, 2014. {{ISBN|9781139046930}}</ref> Stanford's Office of Technology Licensing is responsible for commercializing university research, intellectual property, and university-developed projects.
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| The university is described as having a strong venture culture in which students are encouraged, and often [[venture capital|funded]], to launch their own companies.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-startup-stanford-specialreport/special-report-at-stanford-venture-capital-reaches-into-the-dorm-idUSKBN0JO20D20141212|title=Special Report: At Stanford, venture capital reaches into the dorm|last=McBride|first=Sarah|date=December 12, 2014|work=Reuters|access-date=October 28, 2017}}</ref>
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| Companies founded by Stanford alumni generate more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue, equivalent to the 10th-largest economy in the world.<ref name="EcImpact" />
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| Some companies closely associated with Stanford and their connections include:
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| * [[Hewlett-Packard]], 1939, co-founders [[William Redington Hewlett|William R. Hewlett]] (B.S, PhD) and [[David Packard]] (M.S).
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| * [[Silicon Graphics]], 1981, co-founders [[James H. Clark]] (Associate Professor) and several of his grad students.
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| * [[Sun Microsystems]], 1982, co-founders [[Vinod Khosla]] (M.B.A), [[Andy Bechtolsheim]] (PhD) and [[Scott McNealy]] (M.B.A).
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| * [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]], 1984, founders [[Leonard Bosack]] (M.S) and [[Sandy Lerner]] (M.S) who were in charge of Stanford Computer Science and Graduate School of Business computer operations groups respectively when the hardware was developed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Duffy|first1=Jim|title=Critical milestones in Cisco history|url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/2291489/lan-wan/critical-milestones-in-cisco-history.html#slide1|access-date=November 28, 2017|work=Network World|language=en}}</ref>
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| * [[Yahoo!]], 1994, co-founders [[Jerry Yang]] (B.S, M.S) and [[David Filo]] (M.S).
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| * [[Google]], 1998, co-founders [[Larry Page]] (M.S) and [[Sergey Brin]] (M.S).
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| * [[LinkedIn]], 2002, co-founders [[Reid Hoffman]] (B.S), Konstantin Guericke (B.S, M.S), Eric Lee (B.S), and Alan Liu (B.S).
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| * [[Instagram]], 2010, co-founders [[Kevin Systrom]] (B.S) and [[Mike Krieger]] (B.S).
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| * [[Snapchat]], 2011, co-founders [[Evan Spiegel]] and [[Bobby Murphy (businessman)|Bobby Murphy]] (B.S).
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| * [[Coursera]], 2012, co-founders [[Andrew Ng]] (Associate Professor) and [[Daphne Koller]] (Professor, PhD).
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| == Student life ==
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| === Student body ===
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| {| style="text-align:center; width: 50%; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; " class="wikitable"
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| |+ Demographics of students 2011/2012 and comparison to California and United States Census<br />2011 estimates<ref name="CDS" /><ref name="CDS2011">{{cite web|url=http://ucomm.stanford.edu/cds/2011.html#enrollment|title=Stanford University: Common Data Set 2011–2012|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=September 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015150955/http://ucomm.stanford.edu/cds/2011.html#enrollment|archive-date=October 15, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=California QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |publisher=United States Census Bureau |date=September 18, 2012 |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html |access-date=September 29, 2012 |archive-date=December 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228054319/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html |url-status=dead }} See also [[Demographics of California]] and [[Demographics of the United States]].</ref>
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| ! !! Undergraduate !! Adjusted<br />Percentage<br /><ref group="notedemo">adjusted for US citizens and permanent residents only since racial breakdown in the Stanford data is not given for students here on temporary visas. The census data for California and the United States as a whole does include people who are here on temporary visas or who are undocumented.</ref>!! Graduate || California !! United States
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| |-
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| ! [[African Americans|Black or African American]]<ref group="notedemo" name="non-hispanic">Does not include Hispanic Americans</ref>
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| | 7.32% (507) || 8.22% || 3% (279) || 6.6% || 13.1%
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| |-
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| ! [[Asian Americans|Asian]]<ref group="notedemo" name="non-hispanic" />
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| | 18.15% (1257) || 19.64% || 13% (1182)<ref group="notedemo" name="graddata">The data for graduate students merges Asian with Pacific Islander. Also no separate category for multiple races.</ref>|| 13.6% || 5.0%
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| |-
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| ! [[White Americans|White]]<ref group="notedemo" name="non-hispanic" />
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| | 36.45% (2525) || 39.45% || 36% (3163) || 39.7% || 63.4%
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| |-
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| ! [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic/Latino]]
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| | 16.60% (1150) || 17.97% || 5% (475) || 38.1% || 16.7%
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| |-
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| ! [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] / [[Alaska Natives|N. Alaskan]]<ref group="notedemo" name="non-hispanic" />
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| | 0.91% (63) || 0.98% || 1% (68) || 1.7% || 1.2%
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| |-
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| ! [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]] / [[Pacific Islands Americans|U.S. Pacific Islander]]
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| | 0.46% (32) || 0.46% || n/a<ref group="notedemo" name="graddata" /> || 0.5% || 0.2%
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| |-
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| ! [[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]]
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| | 11.58% (802) || 12.53% || n/a<ref group="notedemo" name="graddata" /> || 3.6% || 2.3%
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| |-
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| ! Race/ethnicity unknown
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| | 0.94% (65) || 1.02% || 1% (61) || n/a || n/a
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| |-
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| ! [[International student]]
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| | 7.59% (526) || 33% || 33% (2893) || n/a || n/a
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| |-
| |
| | colspan="6"| '''Notes'''
| |
| <references group="notedemo" />
| |
| |}
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| Stanford enrolled 6,996 undergraduate<ref name="CDS" /> and 10,253 graduate students<ref name="CDS" /> as of the 2019–2020 school year. Women comprised 50.4% of undergraduates and 41.5% of graduate students.<ref name="CDS" /> In the same academic year, the freshman retention rate was 99%.
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| Stanford awarded 1,819 undergraduate degrees, 2,393 master's degrees, 770 doctoral degrees, and 3270 professional degrees in the 2018–2019 school year.<ref name="CDS" /> The four-year graduation rate for the class of 2017 cohort was 72.9%, and the six-year rate was 94.4%.<ref name="CDS" /> The relatively low four-year graduation rate is a function of the university's coterminal degree (or "coterm") program, which allows students to earn a master's degree as a 1-to-2-year extension of their undergraduate program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/highest-grad-rate |title=Best Colleges—Education |work=U.S. News & World Report |date=August 19, 2009 |access-date=July 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314054424/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/highest-grad-rate |archive-date=March 14, 2009}}</ref>
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| As of 2010, fifteen percent of undergraduates were first-generation students.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2010/10/01/concerns-of-first-generation-students-must-remain-a-priority/ |title=Concerns of first-generation students must remain a priority|date=October 1, 2010 |work=The Stanford Daily |access-date=January 31, 2011}}</ref>
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| === Dormitories and student housing ===
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| {{Main|Stanford University student housing}}
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| As of 2013, 89% of undergraduate students lived in on-campus university housing. First-year undergraduates are required to live on campus, and all undergraduates are guaranteed housing for all four undergraduate years.<ref name="CDS" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/dept/rde/cgi-bin/drupal/housing/apply/apply-housing |title=Stanford University—Student Housing—Apply for Housing 2013–14 |publisher=Stanford.edu |access-date=February 2, 2014}}</ref> Undergraduates live in 80 different houses, including dormitories, co-ops, [[Stanford Row House Program|row houses]], and [[Stanford University#Greek life|fraternities and sororities]].<ref name="ugradres">{{cite web |url=https://resed.stanford.edu/residences |title=Stanford Housing—Undergraduate Residences |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=November 27, 2008}}</ref> At Manzanita Park, 118 [[mobile home]]s were installed as "temporary" housing from 1969 to 1991, but as of 2015 was the site of newer dorms Castano, Kimball, Lantana, and the Humanities House, completed in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.stanford.edu/pr/91/910724Arc1246.html |title=Manzanita trailers to house Webb Ranch workers |publisher=News.stanford.edu |access-date=July 9, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chelsey|first1=Kate|title=Manzanita residence hall aims at humanities|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/march/humanities-house-dorm-032015.html|access-date=October 24, 2015|work=Stanford Report|publisher=Stanford University|date=March 20, 2015}}</ref>
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| Most student residences are just outside the campus core, within ten minutes (on foot or bike) of most classrooms and libraries. Some are reserved for freshman, sophomores, or upperclass students and some are open to all four classes. Most residences are co-ed; seven are all-male [[fraternity|fraternities]], three are all-female [[sorority|sororities]], and there is also one all-female non-sorority house, Roth House. In most residences, men and women live on the same floor, but a few dorms are configured for men and women to live on separate floors (single-gender floors).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.stanford.edu/dept/rde/shs/ugrad/wilbur.htm#junipero |archive-date=October 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20151009205734/https://rde.stanford.edu/studenthousing/#junipero |url-status=dead|title=Stanford University—Student Housing—Tour Undergraduate Housing |publisher=Stanford.edu |access-date=July 9, 2010 }}</ref>
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| [[File:Stanford-bikes.jpg|thumb|left|Many students use bicycles to get around the large campus.]]
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| Several residences are considered theme houses. The Academic, Language and Culture Houses include EAST (Education and Society Themed House), Hammarskjöld (International Themed House), Haus Mitteleuropa (Central European Themed House), La Casa Italiana (Italian Language and Culture), La Maison Française (French Language and Culture House), Slavianskii Dom (Slavic/East European Themed House), Storey (Human Biology Themed House), and Yost (Spanish Language and Culture). Cross-Cultural Themed Houses include Casa Zapata (Chicano/Latino Theme in Stern Hall), Muwekma-tah-ruk (American Indian/Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian Themed House), Okada (Asian-American Themed House in Wilbur Hall), and Ujamaa (Black/African-American Themed House in Lagunita Court). Focus Houses include [[Freshman-Sophomore College]] (Academic Focus), [[Branner Hall]] (Community Service), Kimball (Arts & Performing Arts), Crothers (Global Citizenship), and [[Toyon Hall|Toyon]] (Sophomore Priority).<ref name="ugradres" /> Theme houses predating the current "theme" classification system are Columbae (Social Change Through Nonviolence, since 1970),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://resed.stanford.edu/residences/find-house/columbae |title=Columbae House |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=April 10, 2012 }}</ref> and Synergy (Exploring Alternatives, since 1972).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/synergy/ |title=Synergy House |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=April 10, 2012}}</ref>
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| [[housing cooperative|Co-ops]] or "Self-Ops" are another housing option. These houses feature cooperative living, where residents and eating associates each contribute work to keep the house running, such as cooking meals or cleaning shared spaces. These houses have unique themes around which their community is centered. Many co-ops are hubs of music, art and philosophy. The co-ops on campus are 576 Alvarado Row (formerly Chi Theta Chi), Columbae, Enchanted Broccoli Forest (EBF), Hammarskjöld, Kairos, Terra (the unofficial [[LGBT]] house),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/coop/cgi-bin/public/wiki.php?wikiid=1&pagename=Terra|title=About Terra|work=ResEd|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=February 8, 2016}}</ref> and Synergy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.stanford.edu/dept/resed/Staff/StaffResources/StudentMgmt/CoOps.html |title=Residential Education—Cooperative Houses |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=November 27, 2008}}</ref> Phi Sigma, at 1018 Campus Drive was formerly [[Phi Sigma Kappa]] fraternity, but in 1973 became a Self-Op.<ref>This chapter had voiced concern that women were being treated unfairly due to the campus ban on sororities. ''Nu Deuteron Chapter'' voted to become co-ed in 1973, [https://archive.org/stream/signet6465phis/signet6465phis_djvu.txt relinquishing its charter over the matter], according to fraternity records (accessed November 17, 2016). This occurred just four years before the ban on sororities was ended by the Regents.</ref>
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| As of 2015 around 55 percent of the graduate student population lived on campus.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lapin|first1=Lisa|last2=Chelsey|first2=Kate|title=New graduate housing proposed for Escondido Village |url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/october/grad-housing-proposal-102215.html|access-date=October 24, 2015|work=Stanford Report|publisher=Stanford University|date=October 22, 2015}}</ref> First-year graduate students are guaranteed on-campus housing. Stanford also subsidizes off-campus apartments in nearby [[Palo Alto]], [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], and [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]] for graduate students who are guaranteed on-campus housing but are unable to live on campus due to a lack of space.<ref>{{cite web|title=Off Campus Subsidized Apartments|url=https://rde.stanford.edu/studenthousing/off-campus-subsidized-apartments|website=Student Housing|publisher=Stanford University |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref>
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| === Athletics ===
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| {{Main|Stanford Cardinal}}
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| [[File:11-04-06-LSJUMB-003.jpg|thumb|The [[Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band]] rallies football fans with arrangements of "All Right Now" and other contemporary music.]]
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| As of 2016 Stanford had 16 male varsity sports and 20 female varsity sports,<ref>[http://www.gostanford.com/ Stanford Sports] Page accessed June 11, 2016</ref> 19 club sports<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cardinalrec.stanford.edu/clubsports/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150409211134/http://cardinalrec.stanford.edu/clubsports/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 9, 2015 |title=Stanford Cardinal Recreation – Club Sports |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=June 11, 2016 }}</ref> and about 27 intramural sports<ref>[https://archive.today/20160614202207/http://cardinalrec.stanford.edu/intramurals/Stanford Cardinal Recreation – Intramural Sports] Page accessed June 11, 2016</ref> In 1930, following a unanimous vote by the Executive Committee for the Associated Students, the athletic department adopted the mascot "Indian." The Indian symbol and name were dropped by President [[Richard Wall Lyman|Richard Lyman]] in 1972, after objections from [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] students and a vote by the student senate.<ref name="mascot">{{cite web|title=What is the history of Stanford's mascot and nickname?|url=http://www.gostanford.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=30600&ATCLID=208445366|publisher=Stanford Athletics|date=July 7, 2015|access-date=July 7, 2015}}</ref> The sports teams are now officially referred to as the "Stanford Cardinal," referring to the [[cardinal (color)|deep red color]], not the [[cardinal (bird)|cardinal bird]]. Stanford is a member of the [[Pac-12 Conference]] in most sports, the [[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation]] in several other sports, and the [[America East Conference]] in [[field hockey]]<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.americaeast.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&DB_OEM_ID=14000&ATCLID=209720287 |title=Cal, UC Davis, Pacific, Stanford Added As #AEFH Associate Members |publisher=America East Conference |date=October 16, 2014 |access-date=November 17, 2014}}</ref> with the participation in the inter-collegiate [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA's]] [[NCAA Division I|Division I]] [[Football Bowl Subdivision|FBS]].
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| Its traditional sports rival is the [[University of California, Berkeley]], the neighbor to the north in the East Bay. The winner of the annual "[[Big Game (American football)|Big Game]]" between the [[California Golden Bears football|Cal]] and [[Stanford Cardinal football|Cardinal]] football teams gains custody of [[the Stanford Axe]].<ref>Jay Matthews for Newsweek. August 8, 2008 [https://web.archive.org/web/20140316091327/http://www.newsweek.com/12-top-college-rivalries-country-87831 The 12 Top College Rivalries in the Country]</ref>
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| Stanford has had at least one NCAA team champion every year since the 1976–77 school year<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2010-06-22-stanford-directors-cup_N.htm |title=USA Today|date=June 22, 2010|access-date=February 10, 2014|first=Eddie|last=Timanus}}</ref> and has earned 128 NCAA national team titles since its establishment, the most among universities,<ref name="gostanford.com"/> and Stanford has won 522 individual national championships, the most by any university.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/champs_records_book/Overall.pdf|title=Championships Summary|date=January 13, 2020|website=NCAA}}</ref> Stanford has won the award for the top-ranked Division 1 athletic program—the [[NACDA Directors' Cup]], formerly known as the Sears Cup—annually for the past twenty-five straight years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://champions.stanford.edu/history/by-the-numbers/ |title=Stanford Athletics 'By the Numbers': Stanford—Home of Champions |publisher=Stanford.edu |access-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref><ref name="stanford_facts_athletics">{{cite web|url=http://facts.stanford.edu/campuslife/athletics|title=Stanford Facts: Cardinal Athletics|publisher=Stanford University|date=2013|access-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nacda.com/sports/directorscup/spec-rel/061417aab.html|title=Stanford Captures 2016–17 Division I Learfield Directors' Cup|date=June 14, 2017|website=National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2017/06/28/stanford-wins-23rd-consecutive-directors-cup/|title=Stanford wins 23rd consecutive Director's Cup|last=Lee|first=Matthew|date=June 28, 2017|website=The Stanford Daily}}</ref> Stanford athletes have won medals in every [[Olympic Games]] since 1912, winning 270 Olympic medals total, 139 of them gold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gostanford.com/news/2016/7/7/athletics-bound-for-rio.aspx|title=Wrapping Up Rio|website=www.gostanford.com|access-date=August 24, 2016}}</ref> In the [[2008 Summer Olympics]], and 2016 Summer Olympics, Stanford won more Olympic medals than any other university in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=What Stanford University and Japan have in Common|date=September 3, 2008|url=http://www.freakonomics.com/2008/09/03/what-japan-and-stanford-university-have-in-common/|publisher=Freakonomics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Stanford Athletes Complete Olympic Action|url=http://www.gostanford.com/sports/olympics/spec-rel/081412aab.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521144911/http://www.gostanford.com/sports/olympics/spec-rel/081412aab.html|archive-date=May 21, 2013|publisher=Stanford Athletics| access-date=November 11, 2013}}</ref> Stanford athletes won 16 medals at the 2012 Summer Olympics (12 gold, two silver and two bronze), and 27 medals at the 2016 Summer Olympics.<ref name="olympics12">{{cite web |url=http://www.gostanford.com/sports/olympics/spec-rel/081412aab.html |title=Stanford Athletes Complete Olympic Action |publisher=Stanford Daily |access-date=February 11, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521144911/http://www.gostanford.com/sports/olympics/spec-rel/081412aab.html |archive-date=May 21, 2013 }}</ref>
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| === Traditions ===
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| * The unofficial motto of Stanford, selected by President Jordan, is "''Die Luft der Freiheit weht.''"<ref name="stanford_facts_founding">{{cite web|title=Stanford Facts: The Founding of the University
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| |url=http://facts.stanford.edu/about/|publisher = Stanford University| date = 2014| access-date = December 11, 2014}}</ref> Translated from the German language, this quotation from [[Ulrich von Hutten]] means, "The wind of freedom blows." The motto was controversial during World War I, when anything in German was suspect; at that time the university disavowed that this motto was official.<ref name="casper" />
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| * {{anchor|Hail, Stanford, Hail!}}"Hail, Stanford, Hail!" is the Stanford Hymn sometimes sung at ceremonies or adapted by the various University singing groups. It was written in 1892 by mechanical engineering professor Albert W. Smith and his wife, Mary Roberts Smith (in 1896 she earned the first Stanford doctorate in Economics and later became associate professor of Sociology), but was not officially adopted until after a performance on campus in March 1902 by the [[Mormon Tabernacle Choir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article_id=39027 |title=Century at Stanford |author=Karen Bartholomew |publisher=Alumni.stanford.edu |date=March–April 2002 |access-date=August 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.stanford.edu/Assets/StanfordHymn.pdf|title=Hail, Stanford Hail! |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095506/http://music.stanford.edu/Assets/StanfordHymn.pdf|archive-date=February 2, 2014}}</ref>
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| [[File:Herbert Hoover.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Herbert Hoover]] (BS 1895), 31st [[President of the United States]], founder of Hoover Institution at Stanford, recipient of the Uncommon Man award]]
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| * Uncommon Man/Uncommon Woman: Stanford does not award honorary degrees,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://registrar.stanford.edu/bulletin/4913.htm |title=Stanford Bulletin: Conferral of Degrees |access-date=September 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228213935/http://registrar.stanford.edu/bulletin/4913.htm |archive-date=December 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.stanford.edu/dept/registrar/bulletin0809/4913.htm|title=Stanford Bulletin 2008/2009: Conferral of Degrees|website=Web.stanford.edu|access-date=September 19, 2014}}</ref> but in 1953 the degree of Uncommon Man/Uncommon Woman was created to recognize individuals who give rare and extraordinary service to the University. Technically, this degree is awarded by the Stanford Associates, a voluntary group that is part of the university's alumni association. As Stanford's highest honor, it is not conferred at prescribed intervals, but only when appropriate to recognize extraordinary service. Recipients include [[Herbert Hoover]], [[Bill Hewlett]], [[Dave Packard]], [[Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health#Lucile Packard|Lucile Packard]], and [[John W. Gardner|John Gardner]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Degree of Uncommon Man and Uncommon Woman Award|publisher=Stanford Alumni Association|url=http://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/volunteering/awards}}</ref>
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| * [[Big Game (football)|Big Game]] events: The events in the week leading up to the [[Big Game (football)|Big Game]] vs. [[California Golden Bears football|UC Berkeley]], including Gaieties (a musical written, composed, produced, and performed by the students of Ram's Head Theatrical Society),<ref>{{cite web| title = The History of Big Game Gaieties| work = Ram's Head Theatrical Society| url = http://ramshead.stanford.edu/gaietieshistory.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121215134746/http://ramshead.stanford.edu/gaietieshistory.html| url-status=dead| archive-date = December 15, 2012| access-date = October 5, 2013}} The Big Game Gaieties started in 1911 (when the Big Game was rugby) but did not acquire its present name until the 1920s when it also became part of Rams Head. The tradition was dormant from 1968 until revived in 1976 and has run ever since.</ref>
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| * [[Stanford Viennese Ball|Viennese Ball]]: a formal [[Ball (dance)|ball]] with [[waltzes]] that was initially started in the 1970s by students returning from the now-closed (since 1987) Stanford in [[Vienna]] overseas program.<ref>{{cite news|title=Strictly Ballroom|first=Theresa|last=Johnston|work=Stanford Magazine|publisher=Stanford Alumni Association|date=May 2002|url=http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2002/mayjun/features/vienneseball.html|access-date=August 1, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221113650/http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2002/mayjun/features/vienneseball.html|archive-date=February 21, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is now open to all students.
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| * [[Full Moon on the Quad]]: An annual event at [[Main Quad (Stanford University)|Main Quad]], where students gather to kiss one another starting at midnight. Typically organized by the Junior class cabinet, the festivities include live entertainment, such as music and dance performances.
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| * Band Run: An annual festivity at the beginning of the school year, where the band picks up freshmen from dorms across campus while stopping to perform at each location, culminating in a finale performance at [[Main Quad (Stanford University)|Main Quad]].
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| * Mausoleum Party: An annual [[Halloween]] Party at the [[Stanford Mausoleum]], the final resting place of [[Leland Stanford Jr.]] and his parents. A 20-year tradition, the Mausoleum party was on hiatus from 2002 to 2005 due to a lack of funding, but was revived in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2007/janfeb/red/mausoleum.html |title=A Party to Die For |date=January–February 2007 |work=Stanford Magazine |publisher=Stanford Alumni Association |last=Chien |first=Jennifer |access-date=November 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103192446/http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2007/janfeb/red/mausoleum.html |archive-date=November 3, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008, it was hosted in Old Union rather than at the actual Mausoleum, because rain prohibited generators from being rented.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Banerjee|first1=Devin|title=Mausoleum Party is a go: Regardless of rain, party set for Old Union|url=http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford20081031-01.2.9|access-date=March 19, 2016|work=Stanford Daily|issue=31|volume=234|page=3|date=October 31, 2008}}</ref> In 2009, after fundraising efforts by the Junior Class Presidents and the ASSU Executive, the event was able to return to the Mausoleum despite facing budget cuts earlier in the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford20091007-01.2.4 |title=Mausoleum: next to die? |work=Stanford Daily |last=Feliciano|first=Cassandra|date=October 7, 2009 |page=1|volume=236|issue=14|access-date=March 18, 2016 }}</ref>
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| * Former campus traditions include the Big Game bonfire on [[Lake Lagunita]] (a seasonal lake usually dry in the fall), which was formally ended in 1997 because of the presence of endangered salamanders in the lake bed.<ref>Stanford Press Release, October 1, 1997 [http://news.stanford.edu/pr/97/971001bonfire.html Big Game Bonfire is a tradition of the past]</ref>
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| === Religious life ===
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| Students and staff at Stanford are of many different religions. The Stanford Office for Religious Life's mission is "to guide, nurture and enhance spiritual, religious and ethical life within the Stanford University community" by promoting enriching dialogue, meaningful ritual, and enduring friendships among people of all religious backgrounds. It is headed by a dean with the assistance of a senior associate dean and an associate dean.
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| [[Stanford Memorial Church]], in the center of campus, has a Sunday University Public Worship service (UPW) usually in the "Protestant Ecumenical Christian" tradition where the Memorial Church Choir sings and a sermon is preached usually by one of the Stanford deans for Religious Life. UPW sometimes has multifaith services.<ref>{{cite web| title = University Public Worship
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| | work = Office for Religious Life| publisher = Stanford University| url = http://web.stanford.edu/group/religiouslife/cgi-bin/wordpress/memorial-church/university-public-worship/
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| | access-date = October 5, 2013}}</ref> In addition, the church is used by the Catholic community and by some of the other Christian denominations at Stanford. Weddings happen most Saturdays and the university has for over 20 years allowed blessings of same-gender relationships and now legal weddings.
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| In addition to the church, the Office for Religious Life has a Center for Inter-Religious Community, Learning and Experiences (CIRCLE) on the third floor of Old Union. It offers a common room, an interfaith sanctuary, a seminar room, a student lounge area, and a reading room, as well as offices housing a number of Stanford Associated Religions (SAR) member groups and the Senior Associate Dean and Associate Dean for Religious Life. Most though not all religious student groups belong to SAR. The SAR directory includes organizations that serve atheist, [[Bahá’í]], Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Islam, Jewish, and Sikh groups, though these groups vary year by year.<ref>{{cite web| title = Stanford Associated Religions| work = Office for Religious Life | publisher = Stanford University
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| | url = http://web.stanford.edu/group/religiouslife/cgi-bin/wordpress/students/sar/| access-date = October 5, 2013}}</ref>
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| The Windhover Contemplation Center was dedicated in October 2014, and was intended to provide spiritual sanctuary for students and staff in the midst of their course and work schedules; the center displays the "Windhover" paintings by [[Nathan Oliveira]], the late Stanford professor and artist.<ref>{{cite web| last = Xu| first = Victor| title = Windhover contemplative center to finish by early summer| work = The Stanford Daily| publisher = The Stanford Daily
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| | date = May 8, 2014| url= http://www.stanforddaily.com/2014/05/08/windhover-contemplative-center-to-finish-by-early-summer/| access-date= September 30, 2014}}</ref>
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| Some religions have a larger and more formal presence on campus in addition to the student groups; these include the Catholic Community at Stanford<ref>{{cite web| title = Catholic Community at Stanford: About us| url = http://catholic.stanford.edu/about/welcome| access-date = December 11, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110913010012/http://catholic.stanford.edu/about/welcome| archive-date = September 13, 2011| url-status=dead| df = mdy-all}} The Catholic Community is a personal parish in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California|Diocese of San Jose]] and staffed by the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] and lay leaders.</ref> and Hillel at Stanford.<ref>{{cite web| title = Hillel at Stanford: About| url = http://hillel.stanford.edu/about/| access-date = October 5, 2013| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131009065021/http://hillel.stanford.edu/about/| archive-date = October 9, 2013| df = mdy-all}}</ref>
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| === Greek life ===
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| Fraternities and sororities have been active on the Stanford campus since 1891, when the university first opened. In 1944, University President [[Donald Tresidder]] banned all Stanford sororities due to extreme competition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stanford.kappa.org/chapter-history |title=Kappa Kappa Gamma - Beta Eta Deuteron History |publisher=kappakappagamma.org |date= |access-date=11 May 2021 }}</ref> However, following [[Title IX]], the Board of Trustees lifted the 33-year ban on sororities in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/chiomega/cgi-bin/history.php|title=Chi Omega – Nu Alpha – History|website=Cgi.stanford.edu|access-date=September 19, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120104456/http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/chiomega/cgi-bin/history.php |archive-date=January 20, 2013}}</ref> Students are not permitted to join a fraternity or sorority until spring quarter of their freshman year.<ref name="greek-faq">{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://resx.stanford.edu/news-values/faq/recruitment-and-intake/frequently-asked|website=Stanford Residential Education|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref>
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| As of 2016 Stanford had 31 Greek organizations, including 14 sororities and 16 fraternities. Nine of the Greek organizations were housed (eight in University-owned houses and one, [[Sigma Chi]], in their own house, although the land is owned by the University<ref name="daily-summer-chi">{{cite news|last1=Soong-Shiong|first1=Nika|title=Life at Summer Chi |url=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2013/08/23/life-at-summer-chi/|access-date=June 17, 2016|work=Stanford Daily|date=August 23, 2013}}</ref>). Six chapters were members of the African American Fraternal and Sororal Association, 11 chapters were members of the Interfraternity Council, seven chapters belonged to the Intersorority Council, and six chapters belonged to the Multicultural Greek Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://resed.stanford.edu/residences/fsl-organizations |title=FSL Organizations |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=June 16, 2016 }}</ref>
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| * Stanford is home to three unhoused historically [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] (NPHC or "Divine Nine") sororities ([[Alpha Kappa Alpha]], [[Delta Sigma Theta]], and [[Sigma Gamma Rho]]) and three unhoused NPHC fraternities ([[Alpha Phi Alpha]], [[Kappa Alpha Psi]], and [[Phi Beta Sigma]]). These fraternities and sororities operate under the African American Fraternal Sororal Association (AAFSA) at Stanford.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://undergrad.stanford.edu/advising/student-guides/fraternity-and-sorority-life|title=Fraternity and Sorority Life {{!}} Stanford Undergrad|website=undergrad.stanford.edu|language=en|access-date=March 24, 2017}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
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| * Seven historically [[National Panhellenic Conference]] (NPC) sororities, four of which are unhoused ([[Alpha Phi]], [[Alpha Epsilon Phi]], [[Chi Omega]], and [[Kappa Kappa Gamma]]) and three of which are housed ([[Delta Delta Delta]], [[Kappa Alpha Theta]], and [[Pi Beta Phi]]) call Stanford home. These sororities operate under the Stanford Inter-sorority Council (ISC).<ref name=":0" />{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
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| * Eleven historically [[National Interfraternity Conference]] (NIC) fraternities are also represented at Stanford, including five unhoused fraternities ([[Alpha Epsilon Pi]], [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]], [[Delta Tau Delta]], [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]], and [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]]), and six housed fraternities ([[Kappa Alpha Order]], [[Kappa Sigma]], [[Phi Kappa Psi]], [[Sigma Chi]], [[Sigma Nu]], and [[Theta Delta Chi]]). These fraternities operate under the Stanford Inter-fraternity Council (IFC).<ref name=":0" />{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
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| * There are also four unhoused Multicultural Greek Council (MGC) sororities on campus ([[alpha Kappa Delta Phi]], [[Lambda Theta Nu]], [[Sigma Psi Zeta]], and [[Sigma Theta Psi]]), as well as two unhoused MGC fraternities ([[Gamma Zeta Alpha]] and [[Lambda Phi Epsilon]]). Lambda Phi Epsilon is recognized by the National Interfraternity Conference (NIC).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lambdaphiepsilon.com/about.php |title=Lambda Phi Epsilon National Fraternity |publisher=Lambdaphiepsilon.com |access-date=July 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211130555/http://www.lambdaphiepsilon.com/about.php |archive-date=February 11, 2009 }}</ref>
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| === Student groups ===
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| As of 2020, Stanford had more than 600 student organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://admission.stanford.edu/student/communities/index.html | title=Campus Communities & Service Opportunities: Student Organizations | publisher=Stanford University | access-date=May 10, 2020}}</ref> Groups are often, though not always, partially funded by the University via allocations directed by the student government organization, the ASSU. These funds include "special fees," which are decided by a Spring Quarter vote by the student body. Groups span athletics and recreation, careers/pre-professional, community service, ethnic/cultural, fraternities and sororities, health and counseling, media and publications, the arts, political and social awareness, and religious and philosophical organizations.
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| Stanford is home to a set of student journalism publications. ''[[The Stanford Daily]]'' is a student-run daily newspaper and has been published since the University was founded in 1892.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Daily|url=http://www.stanforddaily.com/about/|website=Stanford Daily|access-date=June 12, 2016}}</ref> The student-run radio station, [[KZSU]] Stanford 90.1 FM, features freeform music programming, sports commentary, and news segments; it started in 1947 as an AM radio station.<ref>{{cite web| title = About KZSU| publisher = Stanford University| url =http://kzsu.stanford.edu/stationinfo/| access-date = October 19, 2013}}</ref> [[The Stanford Review]] is a conservative student newspaper founded in 1987.<ref name="review">{{cite web|last1=Wallace|first1=Lisa|last2=Atallah|first2=Alex|title=A Brief and Non-Exhaustive History of the Stanford Review|url=http://stanfordreview.org/article/a-brief-and-non-exhaustive-history-of-the-stanford-review/|website=Stanford Review|access-date=June 12, 2016|date=February 9, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611193736/http://stanfordreview.org/article/a-brief-and-non-exhaustive-history-of-the-stanford-review/|archive-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Fountain Hopper]]'' (''FoHo'') is a financially independent, anonymous student-run campus [[Tabloid journalism|rag]] publication, notable for having broken the Brock Turner story.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stanford, the swimmer and Yik Yak: can talk of campus rape go beyond secrets?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/feb/08/stanford-swimmer-yik-yak-campus-rape|last1=Glenza|first1=Jessica|last2=Carroll|first2=Rory|date=February 8, 2015|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>
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| Stanford is also home to a large number of pre-professional student organizations, organized around missions from startup incubation to paid consulting. The [[Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students]] (BASES) is one of the largest professional organizations in Silicon Valley, with over 5,000 members.{{cn|date=May 2020}} Its goal is to support the next generation of entrepreneurs.{{cn|date=May 2020}} [[StartX]] is a non-profit startup accelerator for student and faculty-led [[Startup company|startups]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://startx.stanford.edu/#about|title=StartX|work=stanford.edu}}</ref> that over 12% of the study body has applied to.{{cn|date=May 2020}} It is staffed primarily by students.{{cn|date=May 2020}} [[Stanford Women In Business]] (SWIB) is an on-campus business organization, aimed at helping Stanford women find paths to success in the generally male-dominated technology industry.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wallace |first=Elizabeth |title=Stanford Women in Business hosts events to boost entrepreneurship |newspaper=[[The Stanford Daily]] |date=May 25, 2015|url=https://www.stanforddaily.com/2015/05/25/stanford-women-in-business-hosts-events-to-boost-entrepreneurship/ |access-date=May 10, 2020}}</ref> Stanford Marketing is a student group that provides students hands-on training through research and strategy consulting projects with [[Fortune 500]] clients, as well as workshops led by people from industry and professors in the [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanfordmarketing.org/ |title=Stanford Marketing |access-date=February 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanfordmarketing.org/recruitment/|title=Become An Associate|access-date=February 10, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209070557/http://www.stanfordmarketing.org/recruitment/|archive-date=February 9, 2015}}</ref> Stanford Finance provides mentoring and internships for students who want to enter a career in finance. Students run ''SUpost.com'', an online marketplace for Stanford students and alumni, in partnership with Stanford Student Enterprises (SSE) and the Stanford Pre-Business Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spba.stanford.edu |title=SPBA|access-date=February 16, 2014}}</ref>{{better source|date=May 2020}} The latter is intended to build connections among industry, alumni, and student communities.{{cn|date=May 2020}}
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| Other groups include:
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| * The Stanford Axe Committee is the official guardian of the [[Stanford Axe]] and the rest of the time assists the [[Stanford Band]] as a supplementary spirit group. It has existed since 1982.<ref>{{cite web| title = Stanford Axe Committee: About us| url = http://web.stanford.edu/group/axecomm/cgi-bin/wordpress/?page_id=67| access-date = October 5, 2013}}</ref>
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| * The [[Stanford solar car project]], in which students build a solar-powered car every 2 years and race it in either the [[North American Solar Challenge]] or the [[World Solar Challenge]].
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| * Stanford American Indian Organization (SAIO) which hosts the annual Stanford Powwow started in 1971. This is the largest student run event on campus and the largest student run powwow in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Founding of SAIO {{!}} Native American Cultural Center |url=https://nacc.stanford.edu/about-nacc/history-timelines/founding-saio |website=nacc.stanford.edu |access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanchez |first1=Tatiana |title=Stanford Powwow celebrates Native American history, culture |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/05/13/stanford-powwow-celebrates-native-american-history-culture/ |access-date=October 30, 2019 |work=The Mercury News |date=May 13, 2017}}</ref>
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| * The Stanford Improvisors (SImps for short) teach and perform improvisational theatre on campus and in the surrounding community.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Stanford Improvisors|url=https://www.stanfordimprovisors.com/|access-date=March 16, 2021|website=stanfordimprovisors.com}}</ref> In 2014 the group finished second in the Golden Gate Regional College Improv tournament<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sfimprovfestival.com/2014/01/31/tall-grande-venti-takes-top-bay-college-title-to-rep-sf-in-nationals/ | title=Tall, Grande, Venti Takes Top Bay College Title to Rep SF in Nationals! | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702150359/http://sfimprovfestival.com/2014/01/31/tall-grande-venti-takes-top-bay-college-title-to-rep-sf-in-nationals/ | archive-date=July 2, 2015 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and they've since been invited twice to perform at the annual [[San Francisco Improv Festival]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sfimprovfestival.com/performers2014/simps/ | title=San Francisco Improv Festival|website=Sfimprovfestival.com|access-date=November 15, 2017 }}</ref>
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| * [[Asha for Education]] is a national student group founded in 1991. It focuses mainly on education in India and supporting nonprofit organizations that work mainly in the education sector. Asha's Stanford chapter organizes events like [[Holi]] as well as lectures by prominent leaders from India the university campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stanford.ashanet.org/blog/2015/11/asha-dandiya-featured-in-india-abroad-magazine/|title=Asha Dandiya featured in India Abroad Magazine|publisher=Asha Stanford|date=November 21, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stanford.ashanet.org/blog/2015/10/adhik-kadams-100-mile-bike-ride-for-100-donors/|title=Adhik Kadam's 100 mile bike ride for 100 donors|publisher=Asha Stanford|date=October 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://allevents.in/circle/asha-stanford-welcome-dinner-with-adhik-kadam-and-the-borderless-world-foundation/1696538670565831|title=Asha Stanford Welcome Dinner: with Adhik Kadam and the Borderless World Foundation|website=Allevents.in}}</ref>
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| === Safety ===
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| Stanford's Department of Public Safety is responsible for law enforcement and safety on the main campus. Its deputy sheriffs are [[peace officers]] by arrangement with the [[Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office]].<ref name="police-employment">{{cite web|title=Employment Opportunities|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/SUDPS/employment.shtml|website=Stanford University Department of Public Safety|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> The department is also responsible for publishing an annual crime report covering the previous three years as required by the [[Clery Act]].<ref name="clery">{{cite web|title=Safety & Security Results: Crime Statistics|url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/SUDPS/safety-report/stats-toc.shtml|website=Stanford University Department of Public Safety|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Fire protection has been provided by contract with the Palo Alto Fire Department since 1976.<ref name="fire-dispute">{{cite news|last1=Sheyner|first1=Gennady|title=Palo Alto, Stanford clash over fire services|url=http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2015/10/22/palo-alto-stanford-clash-over-fire-services|access-date=June 11, 2016|publisher=Palo Alto Online|date=October 22, 2015}}</ref>
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| Murder is rare on the campus though a few of the cases have been notorious including the 1974 murder of [[Arlis Perry]] in Stanford Memorial Church not solved until 2018<ref name="PAO">{{Cite web |url=https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2018/06/28/suspect-in-grisly-stanford-memorial-church-murder-kills-self |title=Sheriff: Grisly 1974 Stanford murder solved |author=Staff |date=June 29, 2018 |website=PaloAltoOnline.com |accessdate=November 16, 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913153323/https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2018/06/28/suspect-in-grisly-stanford-memorial-church-murder-kills-self |archivedate=September 13, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Theodore Streleski]]'s murder of his professor in 1978.<ref name="daily-murder">{{cite news|last1=Xu|first1=Victor|title=A history of murder at Stanford|url=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2014/10/10/a-history-of-murder-at-stanford/|access-date=June 12, 2016|work=Stanford Daily|date=October 10, 2014}}</ref>
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| In 2014, Stanford was the tenth highest in the nation in "total of reports of rape" on their main campus, with 26 reports of rape.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/06/07/these-colleges-have-the-most-reports-of-rape/|title=These colleges have the most reports of rape|first=Nick|last=Anderson|date=June 7, 2016|website=The Washington Post}}</ref>
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| In Stanford's 2015 Campus Climate Survey, 4.7 percent of female undergraduates reported experiencing sexual assault as defined by the university and 32.9 percent reported experiencing sexual misconduct.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2015/10/01/one-third-of-stanford-women-experience-sexual-misconduct-survey-finds|title=One-third of Stanford women experience sexual misconduct, survey finds|last=Kadvany|first=Elena|date=October 1, 2015|work=Palo Alto Onilne|access-date=June 15, 2016}}</ref> According to the survey, 85% of perpetrators of misconduct were Stanford students and 80% were men.<ref name=":4" /> Perpetrators of sexual misconduct were frequently aided by alcohol or drugs, according to the survey: "Nearly three-fourths of the students whose responses were categorized as sexual assault indicated that the act was accomplished by a person or person taking advantage of them when they were drunk or high, according to the survey. Close to 70 percent of students who reported an experience of sexual misconduct involving nonconsensual penetration and/or oral sex indicated the same."<ref name=":4" /> Associated Students of Stanford and student and alumni activists with the anti-rape group Stand with Leah criticized the survey methodology for downgrading incidents involving alcohol if students did not check two separate boxes indicating they were both intoxicated and incapacity while sexually assaulted.<ref name=":4" /> Reporting on the Brock Turner rape case, a reporter from ''[[The Washington Post]]'' analyzed campus rape reports submitted by universities to the U.S. Department of Education, and found that Stanford was one of the top ten universities in campus rapes in 2014, with 26 reported that year, but when analyzed by rapes per 1000 students, Stanford was not among the top ten.<ref>Nick Anderson for ''The Washington Post''. June 7, 2016 [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/06/07/these-colleges-have-the-most-reports-of-rape/ These colleges have the most reports of rape]</ref>
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| ==== ''People v. Turner'' ====
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| {{Main|People v. Turner}}
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| On the night of January 17–18, 2015, 22-year-old [[Chanel Miller]], who had visited campus to attend a party at the [[Kappa Alpha Order|Kappa Alpha]] fraternity, was sexually assaulted by Brock Turner, a freshman who had a swimming scholarship. Two graduate students witnessed the attack and intervened, catching Turner when he tried to flee and holding him down on the ground until police arrived.<ref name=NYToutrage>Liam Stack for ''The New York Times''. June 6, 2016 [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/07/us/outrage-in-stanford-rape-case-over-dueling-statements-of-victim-and-attackers-father.html Light Sentence for Brock Turner in Stanford Rape Case Draws Outrage]</ref> Stanford immediately referred the case to prosecutors and offered Miller counseling, and within two weeks had barred Turner from campus after conducting an investigation.<ref>Ashley Fantz for CNN June 7, 2016 [http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/06/us/sexual-assault-brock-turner-stanford/ Outrage over 6-month sentence for Brock Turner in Stanford rape case]</ref> Turner was convicted on three felony charges in March 2016 and in June 2016 he received a jail sentence of six months and was declared a sex offender, requiring him to register as such for the rest of his life; prosecutors had sought a six-year prison sentence out of the maximum 14 years that was possible.<ref>Jacqueline Lee for Mercury News. June 2, 2016 [http://www.mercurynews.com/peninsula/ci_29970782/palo-alto-former-stanford-swimmer-gets-6-months Stanford sex assault: Brock Turner gets 6 months in jail]</ref> The case and the relatively lenient sentence drew nationwide attention.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2016/06/06/stanford-sexual-assault-victim-statement-viral/|title=Stanford Sex Assault Victim's Story Draws Worldwide Reaction|last=Fehely|first=Devin|date=June 6, 2016|work=CBS SF Bay Area|access-date=June 10, 2016}}</ref> Two years later the judge in the case, Stanford graduate [[Aaron Persky]], was recalled by the voters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/06/us/judge-aaron-persky-recall-results-brock-turner/index.html|title=Voters oust judge who gave Brock Turner 6 months for sex assault|date=June 6, 2018|work=CNN|access-date=September 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kimmel |first1=Michael |title=Guyland. The perilous world where boys become men. |date=2018 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=9780062885739 |pages=1–2}}</ref>
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| ==== Joe Lonsdale ====
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| In February 2015, Elise Clougherty filed a sexual assault and harassment lawsuit against venture capitalist Joe Lonsdale.<ref name=Benner>Katie Benner for Bloomberg News. February 2, 2015 [https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2015-02-02/clougherty-s-sexual-assault-suit-against-formation-8-s-lonsdale Benner on Tech: Parsing a Sexual Assault Suit]</ref><ref name=Bazelon1>Emily Bazelon for ''The New York Times''. February 11, 2015 [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/magazine/the-stanford-undergraduate-and-the-mentor.html The Stanford Undergraduate and the Mentor]</ref> Lonsdale and Clougherty entered into a relationship in the spring of 2012 when she was a junior and he was her mentor in a Stanford entrepreneurship course.<ref name=Bazelon1 /> By the spring of 2013 Clougherty had broken off the relationship and filed charges at Stanford that Lonsdale had broken the Stanford policy against consensual relationships between students and faculty and that he had sexually assaulted and harassed her, which resulted in Lonsdale being banned from Stanford for 10 years.<ref name=Bazelon1 /> Lonsdale challenged Stanford's finding that he had had sexually assaulted and harassed her and Stanford rescinded that finding and the campus ban in the fall of 2015.<ref>Emily Bazelon for ''The New York Times''. November 4, 2015 [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/04/magazine/the-lessons-of-stanfords-sex-assault-case-reversal.html The Lessons of Stanford’s Sex-Assault-Case Reversal]</ref> Clougherty withdrew her suit that fall as well.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-privateequity-lonsdale-lawsuit-idUSKCN0SR23Q20151102?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews | title = Woman drops sex assault case against U.S. venture capitalist| newspaper = Reuters| date = November 2, 2015| last1 = McBride| first1 = Dan Levine}}</ref>
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| == People ==
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| {{Main list|List of Stanford University people|List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Stanford University
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| }}
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| <!-- Place information about specific people in the List of Stanford University people article. Some people can also be integrated into the running text of this article, e.g., university presidents in the history section -->
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| As of late 2020, Stanford had 2,279 tenure-line faculty, senior fellows, center fellows, and medical center faculty.<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty">{{cite web |title = Stanford Facts: The Stanford Faculty |url = http://facts.stanford.edu/academics/faculty |publisher = Stanford University |date = 2014 |access-date = March 10, 2020 }}</ref>
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| === Award laureates and scholars ===
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| Stanford's current community of scholars includes:
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| * 19 [[Nobel Prize]] laureates (as of October 2020, [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|85 affiliates in total]]);<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" />
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| * 167 members of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]];<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" />
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| * 109 members of [[National Academy of Engineering]];<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" />
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| * 78 members of [[National Academy of Medicine]];<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" />
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| * 300 members of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]];<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" />
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| * 12 recipients of the [[National Medal of Science]];<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" />
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| * 1 recipient of the [[National Medal of Technology]];<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" />
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| * 4 recipients of the [[National Humanities Medal]];<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" />
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| * 47 members of [[American Philosophical Society]];<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" />
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| * 56 fellows of the [[American Physics Society]] (since 1995);<ref>{{cite news |url = http://aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm |title=APS Fellows Archive |access-date=February 9, 2011}}</ref>
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| * 4 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners;<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" />
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| * 33 [[MacArthur Fellow]]s;<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" />
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| * 6 [[Wolf Foundation Prize]] winners;<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" />
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| * 2 [[Association for Computational Linguistics|ACL]] Lifetime Achievement Award winners;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?|title=ACL Lifetime Achievement Award Recipients|access-date=February 9, 2011}}</ref>
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| * 14 [[AAAI]] fellows;<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.aaai.org/Awards/fellows-list.php |title = Elected AAAI Fellows |access-date=February 9, 2011 }}</ref>
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| * 2 [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] winners.<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" /><ref name="Teller">{{cite news |first=Dawn |last=Levy |title = Edward Teller wins Presidential Medal of Freedom |url = http://news-service.stanford.edu/pr/03/teller723.html |date=July 22, 2003 |access-date=November 17, 2008 |quote = Teller, 95, is the third Stanford scholar to be awarded a Presidential Medal of Freedom. The others are Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman (1988) and former Secretary of State George Shultz (1989).}}</ref>
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| Stanford's faculty and former faculty includes [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|48 Nobel laureates]],<ref name="stanford_facts_faculty" /> [[List of Fields Medal winners by university affiliation|5 Fields Medalists]], as well as [[List of Turing Award laureates by university affiliation|17 winners of the Turing Award]], the so-called "Nobel Prize in computer science," comprising one third of the [[List of Stanford University people#Computer science|awards given]] in its 44-year history. The university has 27 ACM fellows. It is also affiliated with 4 [[Gödel Prize]] winners, 4 [[Knuth Prize]] recipients, 10 [[IJCAI Computers and Thought Award]] winners, and about 15 [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] winners for their work in the foundations of computer science. Stanford alumni have started many companies and, according to ''[[Forbes]]'', has produced the second highest number of billionaires of all universities.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.forbes.com/2009/08/02/billionaire-study-harvard-stanford-business-billionaires-colleges-09-wealth.html |title = Billionaire University |access-date=April 15, 2011 |work=Forbes |first=Marie |last=Thibault |date=August 5, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url = https://www.forbes.com/asap/1997/0825/059.html |title = What MIT Learned from Stanford |magazine=Forbes |date=August 25, 1997 |access-date=April 16, 2014 |last = Pfeiffer |first = Eric W. }}</ref><ref name="StanfordAlumCompanies">{{cite web |url = http://web.stanford.edu/group/wellspring/index.html |title = Stanford Entrepreneurs |publisher = Stanford University |access-date = March 11, 2011 }}</ref>
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| As of 2020, 15 Stanford alumni have won the [[Nobel Prize]].<ref name=alumnifacts>{{cite web |title=Alumni: Stanford University Facts |url = http://facts.stanford.edu/alumni/ |publisher=Stanford University |access-date = December 4, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Stanford Nobel Laureates |url = http://news.stanford.edu/nobel/ |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=May 17, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Alvin E. Roth – Biographical |url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2012/roth-bio.html |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=May 30, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Richard E. Taylor – Biographical |url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/taylor-bio.html |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=May 30, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Press Release (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006) |url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/press.html |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=May 30, 2017}}</ref> As of 2019, 122 Stanford students or alumni have been named [[Rhodes Scholars]].<ref name="undergraduate-facts">{{cite web |title = Undergraduate Profile: Stanford University Facts |url = http://facts.stanford.edu/academics/undergraduate-facts |website=Stanford Facts at a Glance |publisher=Stanford Office of University Communications |access-date=October 17, 2019 |language=en }}</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| {{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area|California}}
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| * [[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni]]
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| * [[List of colleges and universities in California]]
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| * [[S*]], a collaboration between seven universities and the [[Karolinska Institute]] for training in bioinformatics and genomics
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| * [[Stanford School]]
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| == Explanatory notes ==
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| {{NoteFoot}}
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| == References == | | == References == |
| {{Reflist}} | | {{commonscat|Stanford University}} |
| | {{reflist}} |
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| == Further reading ==
| | {{Pacific-10 Conference}} |
| * Lee Altenberg, [http://dynamics.org/Altenberg/PAPERS/BCLSFV/ ''Beyond Capitalism: Leland Stanford's Forgotten Vision''] (Stanford Historical Society, 1990)
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| * [[Ronald N. Bracewell]], ''Trees of Stanford and Environs'' (Stanford Historical Society, 2005)
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| * Ken Fenyo, ''The Stanford Daily 100 Years of Headlines'' (2003), {{ISBN|0-9743654-0-8}}
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| * Jean Fetter, ''Questions and Admissions: Reflections on 100,000 Admissions Decisions at Stanford'' (1997), {{ISBN|0-8047-3158-6}}
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| * Ricard Joncas, David Neumann, and Paul V. Turner. ''The Campus Guide: Stanford University''. [[Princeton Architectural Press]], 2006. {{doi|10.1007/1-56898-664-5}}. {{isbn|978-1-56898-538-1}} (print); {{isbn|978-1-56898-664-7}} (online).
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| * Stuart W. Leslie, ''The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford'', [[Columbia University Press]], 1994
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| * Rebecca S. Lowen, R. S. Lowen, ''Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford'', [[University of California Press]], 1997
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| == External links ==
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| {{Commons category|Stanford University}}
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| * {{Official website}}
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| * [http://www.gostanford.com/ Stanford Athletics website]
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| * {{Wikisource-inline|list=
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| ** {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Leland Stanford Jr. University|short=x|noicon=x}}
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| ** {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Leland Stanford Junior University|short=x |noicon=x}}
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| ** {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Leland Stanford, Junior, University|short=x|noicon=x}}
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| }} | |
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