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Flying Bee (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{About|all types of electric vehicle| electric cars|Electric car}} {{short description|Vehicle propelled by one or more electric motors}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {| c...") |
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! Type !! Developer !! Power{{Clear}}{{small|(present)}} !! Power{{Clear}}{{small|(pending further{{Clear}}development)}} !! {{small|Required{{Clear}}road coverage at{{Clear}}present power}} !! {{small|Million [[Swedish krona|SEK]] per km{{Clear}}of road at present{{Clear}}required coverage}} !! References | ! Type !! Developer !! Power{{Clear}}{{small|(present)}} !! Power{{Clear}}{{small|(pending further{{Clear}}development)}} !! {{small|Required{{Clear}}road coverage at{{Clear}}present power}} !! {{small|Million [[Swedish krona|SEK]] per km{{Clear}}of road at present{{Clear}}required coverage}} !! References | ||
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|[[Overhead line|Overhead power lines]] || [[Siemens]] || 650 kW || 1000 kW || 35% || 12.4 || <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp| | |[[Overhead line|Overhead power lines]] || [[Siemens]] || 650 kW || 1000 kW || 35% || 12.4 || <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp|140–144}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp|23–24,54}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Ground-level power supply]]{{Clear}}through in-road rail || [[Elways]] || 200 kW || 800 kW || 67% || 9.4-10.5 || <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp|146–149}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp|21–23,54}} | |[[Ground-level power supply]]{{Clear}}through in-road rail || [[Elways]] || 200 kW || 800 kW || 67% || 9.4-10.5 || <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp|146–149}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp|21–23,54}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Ground-level power supply{{Clear}}through on-road rail || [[Elonroad]] || 300 kW || 500 kW || 60% || 11.5-15.3 || <ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp|25–26,54}} | |Ground-level power supply{{Clear}}through on-road rail || [[Elonroad]] || 300 kW || 500 kW || 60% || 11.5-15.3 || <ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp|25–26,54}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Ground-level power supply{{Clear}}through in-road inductive coils|| [[Electreon]] || 25 kW || 180 kW || 90% || 19.5-20.8 || <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp|171–172}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp|26–28,54}} | |Ground-level power supply{{Clear}}through in-road inductive coils|| [[Electreon]] || 25 kW || 180 kW || 90% || 19.5-20.8 || <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp|171–172}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp|26–28,54}} | ||
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=== Range === | === Range === | ||
Electric vehicles may have shorter range compared to vehicles with internal combustion engines, <ref>{{Cite web|date=17 August 2015|title=Explaining Electric & Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles {{!}} US EPA|url=https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/explaining-electric-plug-hybrid-electric-vehicles|url-status=live|access-date=8 June 2018|website=US EPA|publisher=US EPA|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141131/https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/explaining-electric-plug-hybrid-electric-vehicles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/09/the-average-price-of-electric-cars-rose-in-2016-but-its-not-a-backwards-trend/|title=Electric vehicle price is rising, but cost-per-mile is falling|work=Ars Technica|access-date=8 June 2018|archive-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604230257/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/09/the-average-price-of-electric-cars-rose-in-2016-but-its-not-a-backwards-trend/|url-status=live}}</ref> which is why large electric ships generally cannot cross oceans {{As of|2021|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Michelle|date=2021-06-08|title=Meet the world's first electric autonomous container ship|url=https://electrek.co/2021/06/08/meet-the-worlds-first-electric-autonomous-container-ship/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Electrek|language=en-US}}</ref> | Electric vehicles may have shorter range compared to vehicles with internal combustion engines,<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 August 2015|title=Explaining Electric & Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles {{!}} US EPA|url=https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/explaining-electric-plug-hybrid-electric-vehicles|url-status=live|access-date=8 June 2018|website=US EPA|publisher=US EPA|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141131/https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/explaining-electric-plug-hybrid-electric-vehicles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/09/the-average-price-of-electric-cars-rose-in-2016-but-its-not-a-backwards-trend/|title=Electric vehicle price is rising, but cost-per-mile is falling|work=Ars Technica|access-date=8 June 2018|archive-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604230257/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/09/the-average-price-of-electric-cars-rose-in-2016-but-its-not-a-backwards-trend/|url-status=live}}</ref> which is why large electric ships generally cannot cross oceans {{As of|2021|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Michelle|date=2021-06-08|title=Meet the world's first electric autonomous container ship|url=https://electrek.co/2021/06/08/meet-the-worlds-first-electric-autonomous-container-ship/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Electrek|language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
=== Heating of EVs === | === Heating of EVs === | ||
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=== Environmental considerations === | === Environmental considerations === | ||
Despite one of the goals of electric vehicle adoption being to limit the [[carbon footprint]] and [[pollution]] caused by [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles, a rising concern amongst [[environmentalism|environmentalists]] is the manufacturing process of [[electric vehicle battery|electric vehicle batteries]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} In current practice, these vehicle batteries rely heavily on the [[mining]] industry of [[rare earth metals]] such as [[cobalt]], [[nickel]], and [[copper]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Le Petit |first1=Yoann |title=Electric vehicle life cycle analysis and raw material availability |url=https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_10_EV_LCA_briefing_final.pdf |website=transportenvironment.org |publisher=Transport & Environment |access-date=9 February 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404030406/https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_10_EV_LCA_briefing_final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=2021-05-24|title=Move to net zero 'inevitably means more mining'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57234610|access-date=2021-06-04|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604073918/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57234610|url-status=live}}</ref> According to 2018 study the supplies of mined metals would need to increase 87'000% by 2060 globally for transition to battery-powered EVs. Rare-earth metals ([[neodymium]], [[dysprosium]]) and other mined metals (copper, nickel, iron) are used by EV motors, while lithium, cobalt, manganese are used by the batteries. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-08-01|title=Global metal flows in the renewable energy transition: Exploring the effects of substitutes, technological mix and development|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302726|journal=Energy Policy|language=en|volume=119|pages=226–241|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.056|issn=0301-4215|last1=Månberger|first1=André|last2=Stenqvist|first2=Björn|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612223903/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302726|url-status=live}}</ref | Despite one of the goals of electric vehicle adoption being to limit the [[carbon footprint]] and [[pollution]] caused by [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles, a rising concern amongst [[environmentalism|environmentalists]] is the manufacturing process of [[electric vehicle battery|electric vehicle batteries]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} In current practice, these vehicle batteries rely heavily on the [[mining]] industry of [[rare earth metals]] such as [[cobalt]], [[nickel]], and [[copper]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Le Petit |first1=Yoann |title=Electric vehicle life cycle analysis and raw material availability |url=https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_10_EV_LCA_briefing_final.pdf |website=transportenvironment.org |publisher=Transport & Environment |access-date=9 February 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404030406/https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_10_EV_LCA_briefing_final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=2021-05-24|title=Move to net zero 'inevitably means more mining'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57234610|access-date=2021-06-04|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604073918/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57234610|url-status=live}}</ref> According to 2018 study the supplies of mined metals would need to increase 87'000% by 2060 globally for transition to battery-powered EVs. Rare-earth metals ([[neodymium]], [[dysprosium]]) and other mined metals (copper, nickel, iron) are used by EV motors, while lithium, cobalt, manganese are used by the batteries.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-08-01|title=Global metal flows in the renewable energy transition: Exploring the effects of substitutes, technological mix and development|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302726|journal=Energy Policy|language=en|volume=119|pages=226–241|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.056|issn=0301-4215|last1=Månberger|first1=André|last2=Stenqvist|first2=Björn|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612223903/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302726|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
An alternative method of sourcing essential battery materials being deliberated by the [[International Seabed Authority]] is [[deep sea mining]] of these metals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Saleem |title=The Climate Footprint of Metal Mining |url=https://sustainabilitycommunity.springernature.com/posts/59131-the-climate-footprint-of-mining |website=Springer Nature Sustainability Community |publisher=University of Delaware |access-date=9 February 2021 |language=en |date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210110413/https://sustainabilitycommunity.springernature.com/posts/59131-the-climate-footprint-of-mining |url-status=live }}</ref> | An alternative method of sourcing essential battery materials being deliberated by the [[International Seabed Authority]] is [[deep sea mining]] of these metals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Saleem |title=The Climate Footprint of Metal Mining |url=https://sustainabilitycommunity.springernature.com/posts/59131-the-climate-footprint-of-mining |website=Springer Nature Sustainability Community |publisher=University of Delaware |access-date=9 February 2021 |language=en |date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210110413/https://sustainabilitycommunity.springernature.com/posts/59131-the-climate-footprint-of-mining |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||