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| office1 = 9th General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] | | office1 = 9th General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] | ||
| term1 = 16 November 1964 - 8 June 1969 | | term1 = 16 November 1964 - 8 June 1969 | ||
| predecessor1 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam|P P Kumaramangalam]] | | predecessor1 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam|P P Kumaramangalam]] | ||
| successor1 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] | | successor1 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] | ||
| office2 = 9th General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]] | | office2 = 9th General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]] | ||
| term2 = 4 December 1963 - 15 Nov 1964 | | term2 = 4 December 1963 - 15 Nov 1964 | ||
| predecessor2 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] Daulet Singh | | predecessor2 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] Daulet Singh | ||
| successor2 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Harbaksh Singh]] | | successor2 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Harbaksh Singh]] | ||
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|04|03}} | | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|04|03}} | ||
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|06|27|1914|04|03}} | | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|06|27|1914|04|03}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] | | birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] | ||
| death_place = [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] | | death_place = [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] | ||
| nickname = Sam Bahadur<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sam-manekshaw-105th-birth-anniversary-leaders-pay-tribute-to-india-first-field-marshal-2017093|title=Sam Manekshaw: Leaders Pay Tribute To India's Greatest General|date=2019-04-03|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> | | nickname = Sam Bahadur<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sam-manekshaw-105th-birth-anniversary-leaders-pay-tribute-to-india-first-field-marshal-2017093|title=Sam Manekshaw: Leaders Pay Tribute To India's Greatest General|date=2019-04-03|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> | ||
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| serviceyears = 1934 – 2008{{efn|Manekshaw retired from active service in 1973,<ref name="OutMeh"/> however, Indian military [[five-star rank]] officers hold their rank for life, and are considered to be serving officers until their deaths.{{Sfn|Disha Experts|2018|p=A–7}}}}<ref name="field_marshal"/> | | serviceyears = 1934 – 2008{{efn|Manekshaw retired from active service in 1973,<ref name="OutMeh"/> however, Indian military [[five-star rank]] officers hold their rank for life, and are considered to be serving officers until their deaths.{{Sfn|Disha Experts|2018|p=A–7}}}}<ref name="field_marshal"/> | ||
| rank = [[File:Field Marshal of the Indian Army.svg|23px]] [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] | | rank = [[File:Field Marshal of the Indian Army.svg|23px]] [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] | ||
| | | military_blank1 = [[Service number]] | ||
| military_data1 = IC-14 | |||
| unit = [[File:Badge_of_12th_Frontier_Force_Regiment.jpg|25px]] [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]]<br> [[8 Gorkha Rifles]] | | unit = [[File:Badge_of_12th_Frontier_Force_Regiment.jpg|25px]] [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]]<br> [[8 Gorkha Rifles]] | ||
| commands = {{plainlist| | | commands = {{plainlist| | ||
*[[File:IA_Eastern_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army]] | *[[File:IA_Eastern_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army]] | ||
*[[File:IA_Western_Command. | *[[File:IA_Western_Command.svg|20px]] [[Western Command (India)|Western Army]] | ||
*[[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]] | *[[File:Gajraj corps.png|20px]] [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]] | ||
*[[Defence Services Staff College|Defence Services Staff College, Wellington]] | *[[Defence Services Staff College|Defence Services Staff College, Wellington]] | ||
*[[26th Indian Infantry Division|26th Infantry Division]] | *[[26th Indian Infantry Division|26th Infantry Division]] | ||
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*[[Sino-Indian War]] | *[[Sino-Indian War]] | ||
*[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]] | *[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]] | ||
*[[Bangladesh Liberation War]] | *[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]] and [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
| awards = {{plainlist| | | awards = {{plainlist| | ||
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===Indian Military Academy=== | ===Indian Military Academy=== | ||
Manekshaw was selected as part of the first batch of cadets. Called "The Pioneers", his class also produced [[Smith Dun]] and [[Muhammad Musa Khan]], future commanders-in-chief of Burma and Pakistan, respectively. Although the academy was inaugurated by Chetwode on 10 December 1932, the cadets' military training commenced on 1 October 1932.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}} Manekshaw proved to be witty during his stay at IMA and went on to achieve a number of firsts: the first graduate to join one of the [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha regiments]]; first to serve as the Chief of the Army Staff of India; and first to attain the rank of field marshal.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}} Of the 40 cadets inducted, only 22 completed the course, and they were commissioned as [[second lieutenant]]s on 1 February 1935 with antedated seniority from 4 February 1934.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=188–189}} | Manekshaw was selected as part of the first batch of cadets.{{cn|date=September 2021}} Called "The Pioneers", his class also produced [[Smith Dun]] and [[Muhammad Musa Khan]], future commanders-in-chief of Burma and Pakistan, respectively.{{cn|date=September 2021}} Although the academy was inaugurated by Chetwode on 10 December 1932, the cadets' military training commenced on 1 October 1932.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}} Manekshaw proved to be witty during his stay at IMA and went on to achieve a number of firsts: the first graduate to join one of the [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha regiments]]; first to serve as the Chief of the Army Staff of India; and first to attain the rank of field marshal.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}} Of the 40 cadets inducted, only 22 completed the course, and they were commissioned as [[second lieutenant]]s on 1 February 1935 with antedated seniority from 4 February 1934.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=188–189}} | ||
==Military career== | ==Military career== | ||
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{{Quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote="By Jove, you have a sense of humour. I think you are worth saving."|source={{harv|Singh|2005|p=191}}|title=The Australian surgeon's remark on Manekshaw's reply, when he was asked what happened to him:|title_fnt = Arial |tstyle = font size="25";}} | {{Quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote="By Jove, you have a sense of humour. I think you are worth saving."|source={{harv|Singh|2005|p=191}}|title=The Australian surgeon's remark on Manekshaw's reply, when he was asked what happened to him:|title_fnt = Arial |tstyle = font size="25";}} | ||
Having recovered from his wounds, Manekshaw attended the eighth staff course at [[Command and Staff College]] in Quetta between 23 August and 22 December 1943. On completion, he was posted as the [[brigade major]] to the [[Razmak Brigade]], serving in that post until 22 October 1944, after which he joined the 9th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, in Gen. [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]]'s [[British Fourteenth Army|14th Army]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=191}} On 30 October 1944, he received the local rank of lieutenant colonel.{{Sfn|Indian Army|1945|pp=198–199}} On the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]], Manekshaw was appointed to supervise the disarmament of over 60,000 Japanese [[prisoners of war]] (POWs). He handled this so well that no cases of indiscipline or escape attempts from the camp were reported. He was promoted to acting [[lieutenant colonel]] on 5 May 1946, and completed a six-month lecture tour of [[Australia]].{{Sfn|Indian Army|1947|pp=198–199}} Manekshaw was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 4 February 1947, and on his return from Australia was appointed a [[Staff (military)#British.2FCommonwealth staff|Grade 1 General Staff Officer]] (GSO1) in the Military Operations (MO) Directorate.{{Sfn|Indian Army|1947|pp=198–199}}{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=192}} | Having recovered from his wounds, Manekshaw attended the eighth staff course at [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] in Quetta between 23 August and 22 December 1943. On completion, he was posted as the [[brigade major]] to the [[Razmak Brigade]], serving in that post until 22 October 1944, after which he joined the 9th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, in Gen. [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]]'s [[British Fourteenth Army|14th Army]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=191}} On 30 October 1944, he received the local rank of lieutenant colonel.{{Sfn|Indian Army|1945|pp=198–199}} On the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]], Manekshaw was appointed to supervise the disarmament of over 60,000 Japanese [[prisoners of war]] (POWs). He handled this so well that no cases of indiscipline or escape attempts from the camp were reported. He was promoted to acting [[lieutenant colonel]] on 5 May 1946, and completed a six-month lecture tour of [[Australia]].{{Sfn|Indian Army|1947|pp=198–199}} Manekshaw was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 4 February 1947, and on his return from Australia was appointed a [[Staff (military)#British.2FCommonwealth staff|Grade 1 General Staff Officer]] (GSO1) in the Military Operations (MO) Directorate.{{Sfn|Indian Army|1947|pp=198–199}}{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=192}} | ||
===Post-independence=== | ===Post-independence=== | ||
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On the morning of 27 October, Indian troops were sent to Kashmir, and Srinagar was occupied just before Pakistani forces reached the city's outskirts. Manekshaw's posting order as the commander of 3/5 GR (FF) was cancelled, and he was posted to the MO Directorate. As a consequence of the Kashmir dispute and the [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad|annexation of Hyderabad]] (code-named "Operation Polo"), which was also planned by the MO Directorate, Manekshaw never commanded a battalion. During his term at the MO Directorate, he was promoted to colonel, then brigadier when he was appointed as the first Indian Director of Military Operations.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}} This appointment was later upgraded to [[Major general (India)|major general]] and then to [[Lieutenant general (India)|lieutenant general]], and is now termed Director General Military Operations (DGMO).{{Sfn|Singh|2002|p=8}} | On the morning of 27 October, Indian troops were sent to Kashmir, and Srinagar was occupied just before Pakistani forces reached the city's outskirts. Manekshaw's posting order as the commander of 3/5 GR (FF) was cancelled, and he was posted to the MO Directorate. As a consequence of the Kashmir dispute and the [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad|annexation of Hyderabad]] (code-named "Operation Polo"), which was also planned by the MO Directorate, Manekshaw never commanded a battalion. During his term at the MO Directorate, he was promoted to colonel, then brigadier when he was appointed as the first Indian Director of Military Operations.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}} This appointment was later upgraded to [[Major general (India)|major general]] and then to [[Lieutenant general (India)|lieutenant general]], and is now termed Director General Military Operations (DGMO).{{Sfn|Singh|2002|p=8}} | ||
Manekshaw was promoted to substantive colonel on 4 February 1952,<ref name="col"/>{{efn|In the decade after Independence, due to shortages of qualified officers in the senior ranks, it was common for officers to be promoted before they had completed the usual requisite years of service to advance in rank. Manekshaw received a further 4 year extension in his substantive rank of colonel in 1956 as a result.}} and in April was appointed the commander of 167 Infantry Brigade, headquartered at [[Firozpur]].<ref name="col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=57 |date=24 March 1956 |url= | Manekshaw was promoted to substantive colonel on 4 February 1952,<ref name="col"/>{{efn|In the decade after Independence, due to shortages of qualified officers in the senior ranks, it was common for officers to be promoted before they had completed the usual requisite years of service to advance in rank. Manekshaw received a further 4 year extension in his substantive rank of colonel in 1956 as a result.}} and in April was appointed the commander of 167 Infantry Brigade, headquartered at [[Firozpur]].<ref name="col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=57 |date=24 March 1956 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1956/O-2166-1956-0012-98852.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 9 April 1954, he was appointed the Director of Military Training at Army Headquarters.<ref name="DMT">{{cite web |title=NEW DIRECTOR OF MILITARY TRAINING |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1954%20DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1954-04-09_070.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=9 April 1954}}</ref> As an acting brigadier (substantive colonel), he was posted as commandant of the Infantry School at [[Mhow]] on 14 January 1955, and also became the colonel of both the 8th Gorkha Rifles and the [[61st Cavalry (India)|61st Cavalry]].<ref name="inf_sch">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=43 |date=26 February 1955 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2198-1955-0009-100707.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> During his tenure as the commandant of the Infantry School, he discovered that the training manuals were outdated, and was instrumental in revamping them to be consistent with the tactics employed by the Indian Army.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}} He was promoted to the substantive rank of brigadier on 4 February 1957.<ref name="subs_brig">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=152 |date=15 June 1957 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1957/O-2125-1957-0024-96390.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> | ||
In 1957, he was sent to the [[Imperial Defence College]], London, to attend a higher command course for one year. On his return, he was appointed the [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) [[26th Indian Infantry Division|26th Infantry Division]] on 20 December 1957, with the acting rank of major general.<ref name="actg_maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=35 |date=15 February 1958 |url= | In 1957, he was sent to the [[Imperial Defence College]], London, to attend a higher command course for one year. On his return, he was appointed the [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) [[26th Indian Infantry Division|26th Infantry Division]] on 20 December 1957, with the acting rank of major general.<ref name="actg_maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=35 |date=15 February 1958 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1958/O-2066-1958-0007-93496.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> While he commanded the division, Gen. [[K. S. Thimayya]] was the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS), and [[Krishna Menon]] the [[Defence Minister of India|defence minister]]. During a visit to Manekshaw's division, Menon asked him what he thought of Thimayya. Manekshaw replied that it was not appropriate for him to think of his chief in that way, as he considered it improper to evaluate his superior, and told Menon not to ask anybody again. This annoyed Menon, and he told Manekshaw that if he wanted to, he could sack Thimayya, to which Manekshaw replied, "You can get rid of him. But then I will get another."<ref name="Krishna Menon wanted to sack Manekshaw">{{cite web|title=Krishna Menon wanted to sack Manekshaw|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/krishna-menon-wanted-to-sack-manekshaw|website=Sunday Guardian|access-date=23 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123210358/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/krishna-menon-wanted-to-sack-manekshaw|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref>{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}} | ||
{{Quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=left|quote="Mr. Minister, I am not allowed to think about him. He is my Chief. Tomorrow, you will be asking my [subordinate] brigadiers and colonels what they think of me. It's the surest way to ruin the discipline of the Army. Don't do it in future."|source={{harv|Singh|2005|p=193}}|title=Manekshaw's reply to Defence Minister Menon, when he inquired what Manekshaw thought of his chief:|title_fnt = Arial |tstyle = font size="25";}} | {{Quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=left|quote="Mr. Minister, I am not allowed to think about him. He is my Chief. Tomorrow, you will be asking my [subordinate] brigadiers and colonels what they think of me. It's the surest way to ruin the discipline of the Army. Don't do it in future."|source={{harv|Singh|2005|p=193}}|title=Manekshaw's reply to Defence Minister Menon, when he inquired what Manekshaw thought of his chief:|title_fnt = Arial |tstyle = font size="25";}} | ||
[[File:Maj Gen Sam Manekshaw.jpg|thumb|right|Manekshaw as Commandant Defence Services Staff College]] | [[File:Maj Gen Sam Manekshaw.jpg|thumb|right|Manekshaw as Commandant Defence Services Staff College]] | ||
Manekshaw was promoted to substantive major general on 1 March 1959.<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=65 |date=19 March 1960 |url= | Manekshaw was promoted to substantive major general on 1 March 1959.<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=65 |date=19 March 1960 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1951-1960-0012-87861.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 1 October, he was appointed the [[Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=308 |date=12 December 1959 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1990-1959-0050-89918.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> where he was caught up in a controversy that almost ended his career. In May 1961, Thimayya resigned as the COAS, and was succeeded by Gen. [[Pran Nath Thapar]]. Earlier in the year, Maj. Gen. [[Brij Mohan Kaul]] had been promoted to lieutenant general and appointed the Quarter Master General (QMG) by Menon. The appointment was made against the recommendation of Thimayya, who resigned as a result. Kaul was made the Chief of General Staff (CGS), the second highest appointment at Army Headquarters after the COAS. Kaul cultivated a close relationship with Nehru and Menon and became even more powerful than the COAS. This was met with disapproval by senior army officials, including Manekshaw, who made derogatory comments about the interference of the political leadership in the administration of the army. This led him to be marked as an [[:wikt:antinational|anti-national]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}} | ||
Kaul sent informers to spy on Manekshaw who, as a result of the information gathered, was charged with sedition, and subjected to a court of inquiry. Meanwhile, two of his juniors, [[Harbaksh Singh]] and Moti Sagar, were promoted to lieutenant general and appointed as corps commanders. It was widely believed that Manekshaw had come close to being dismissed from the service. The court, presided over by the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], Lt. Gen. Daulet Singh, known for his integrity, exonerated Manekshaw. Before a formal 'no case to answer' could be announced, the [[Sino-Indian War]] broke out; Manekshaw was not able to participate because of the court proceedings. The Indian Army suffered a debacle in the war, for which Kaul and Menon were held primarily responsible, and both were sacked. In November 1962, Nehru asked Manekshaw to take over the command of [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]. Manekshaw told Nehru that the court action against him was a conspiracy, and that his promotion had been due for almost eighteen months; Nehru apologised.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}}{{Sfn|Singh|2002|p=10}} Shortly after, on 2 December 1962, Manekshaw was promoted to acting lieutenant general and appointed GOC of IV Corps at [[Tezpur]].<ref name="actg_lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2 |date=5 January 1963 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1963/O-1838-1963-0001-83376.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> | Kaul sent informers to spy on Manekshaw who, as a result of the information gathered, was charged with sedition, and subjected to a court of inquiry. Meanwhile, two of his juniors, [[Harbaksh Singh]] and Moti Sagar, were promoted to lieutenant general and appointed as corps commanders. It was widely believed that Manekshaw had come close to being dismissed from the service. The court, presided over by the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], Lt. Gen. Daulet Singh, known for his integrity, exonerated Manekshaw. Before a formal 'no case to answer' could be announced, the [[Sino-Indian War]] broke out; Manekshaw was not able to participate because of the court proceedings. The Indian Army suffered a debacle in the war, for which Kaul and Menon were held primarily responsible, and both were sacked. In November 1962, Nehru asked Manekshaw to take over the command of [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]. Manekshaw told Nehru that the court action against him was a conspiracy, and that his promotion had been due for almost eighteen months; Nehru apologised.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}}{{Sfn|Singh|2002|p=10}} Shortly after, on 2 December 1962, Manekshaw was promoted to acting lieutenant general and appointed GOC of IV Corps at [[Tezpur]].<ref name="actg_lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2 |date=5 January 1963 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1963/O-1838-1963-0001-83376.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> | ||
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Soon after taking charge, Manekshaw reached the conclusion that poor leadership had been a significant factor in IV Corps' failure in the war with China. He felt that his foremost responsibility was to improve the morale of his demoralised soldiers, which he achieved by ordering them to operate more aggressively. Just five days into his command, Nehru visited the headquarters with his daughter [[Indira Gandhi]] and the COAS, and found the troops advancing. Nehru stated that he did not want any more men to die. The COAS assured him that he would get the orders to advance rescinded. Manekshaw retorted that he should be allowed to command his troops the way he wished, or he should be sent to a staff appointment. Gandhi intervened and told Manekshaw to go ahead. Though Gandhi had no official position, she had great influence in the government. The next task Manekshaw took up was to reorganise the troops in the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA), where he took measures to overcome shortages of equipment, accommodation, and clothing.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=199}} | Soon after taking charge, Manekshaw reached the conclusion that poor leadership had been a significant factor in IV Corps' failure in the war with China. He felt that his foremost responsibility was to improve the morale of his demoralised soldiers, which he achieved by ordering them to operate more aggressively. Just five days into his command, Nehru visited the headquarters with his daughter [[Indira Gandhi]] and the COAS, and found the troops advancing. Nehru stated that he did not want any more men to die. The COAS assured him that he would get the orders to advance rescinded. Manekshaw retorted that he should be allowed to command his troops the way he wished, or he should be sent to a staff appointment. Gandhi intervened and told Manekshaw to go ahead. Though Gandhi had no official position, she had great influence in the government. The next task Manekshaw took up was to reorganise the troops in the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA), where he took measures to overcome shortages of equipment, accommodation, and clothing.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=199}} | ||
Promoted to substantive lieutenant general on 20 July 1963, Manekshaw was appointed an army commander on 5 December, taking command of Western Command as GOC-in-C.<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=321 |date=21 September 1963 |url= | Promoted to substantive lieutenant general on 20 July 1963, Manekshaw was appointed an army commander on 5 December, taking command of Western Command as GOC-in-C.<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=321 |date=21 September 1963 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1963/O-1840-1963-0038-83506.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=9 |date=11 January 1964 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1796-1964-0002-81866.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> In 1964, he moved from Shimla to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] as the GOC-in-C [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]], having received his appointment on 16 November.{{Sfn|Singh|2002|p=10}}{{Sfn|Singh|2002|p=9}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=509 |date=19 December 1964 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1799-1964-0051-82054.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> There he responded to an [[insurgency]] in [[Nagaland]], for which he was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1968.{{Sfn|Singh|2002|p=16}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=60}} | ||
===Chief of Army Staff=== | ===Chief of Army Staff=== | ||
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===Promotion to field marshal=== | ===Promotion to field marshal=== | ||
After the war, Gandhi decided to promote Manekshaw to the rank of field marshal and appoint him as the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS). However, after several objections from the commanders of the navy and the air force, the appointment was dropped. It was felt that, because Manekshaw was from the army, the comparatively smaller forces of the navy and air force would be neglected. Moreover, bureaucrats felt that it might challenge their influence over defence issues.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=214–215}} Though Manekshaw was to retire in June 1972, his term was extended by a period of six months, and "in recognition of outstanding services to the Armed Forces and the nation," he was promoted to the rank of field marshal on 1 January 1973.<ref name="field_marshal"/> The first Indian Army officer to be so promoted, he was formally conferred with the rank in a ceremony held at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] on 3 January.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=215}} | After the war, Gandhi decided to promote Manekshaw to the rank of field marshal and appoint him as the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS). However, after several objections from the commanders of the navy and the air force, the appointment was dropped. It was felt that, because Manekshaw was from the army, the comparatively smaller forces of the navy and air force would be neglected. Moreover, bureaucrats felt that it might challenge their influence over defence issues.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=214–215}} Though Manekshaw was to retire in June 1972, his term was extended by a period of six months, and "in recognition of outstanding services to the Armed Forces and the nation," he was promoted to the rank of field marshal on 1 January 1973.<ref name="field_marshal"/> The first Indian Army officer to be so promoted, he was formally conferred with the rank in a ceremony held at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] on 3 January.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=215}} | ||
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For his service to the Indian nation, the [[President of India]] awarded Manekshaw a [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1972. Manekshaw retired from active service on 15 January 1973 after a career of nearly four decades; he settled with his wife, Silloo, in [[Coonoor]], the civilian town next to [[Wellington Cantonment]] where he had served as commandant of the Defence Services Staff College earlier in his career. Popular with [[Gurkha]] soldiers, Nepal fêted Manekshaw as an honorary general of the [[Nepalese Army]] in 1972.<ref name="OutMeh">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218683|title=Play It Again, Sam: A tribute to the man whose wit was as astounding as his military skill|author=Mehta, Ashok|date=27 January 2003|work=Outlook|access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819124047/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218683 |archive-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> In 1977, he was awarded the [[Order of Tri Shakti Patta]] First Class, an order of knighthood of the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] by the [[King of Nepal|King]] [[Birendra of Nepal|Birendra]].<ref>{{cite web|date=7 October 1977|title=NEPAL HONOURS FIELD MARSHAL MANEKSHAW|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-AUG-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1977-10-07_111.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=|website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref> | For his service to the Indian nation, the [[President of India]] awarded Manekshaw a [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1972. Manekshaw retired from active service on 15 January 1973 after a career of nearly four decades; he settled with his wife, Silloo, in [[Coonoor]], the civilian town next to [[Wellington Cantonment]] where he had served as commandant of the Defence Services Staff College earlier in his career. Popular with [[Gurkha]] soldiers, Nepal fêted Manekshaw as an honorary general of the [[Nepalese Army]] in 1972.<ref name="OutMeh">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218683|title=Play It Again, Sam: A tribute to the man whose wit was as astounding as his military skill|author=Mehta, Ashok|date=27 January 2003|work=Outlook|access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819124047/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218683 |archive-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> In 1977, he was awarded the [[Order of Tri Shakti Patta]] First Class, an order of knighthood of the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] by the [[King of Nepal|King]] [[Birendra of Nepal|Birendra]].<ref>{{cite web|date=7 October 1977|title=NEPAL HONOURS FIELD MARSHAL MANEKSHAW|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-AUG-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1977-10-07_111.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=|website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref> | ||
Following his service in the Indian Army, Manekshaw served as an independent director on the board of several companies and, in a few cases, as the chairman. He was outspoken and avoided [[political correctness]]; once when he was replaced on the board of a company by a man named Naik at the behest of the government, Manekshaw quipped, "This is the first time in history when a ''[[Naik (military rank)|naik]]'' (corporal) has replaced a field marshal."<ref name="OutMeh"/> | Following his service in the Indian Army, Manekshaw served as an independent director on the board of several companies and, in a few cases, as the chairman. He was outspoken and avoided [[political correctness]]; once when he was replaced on the board of a company by a man named Naik at the behest of the government, Manekshaw quipped, "This is the first time in history when a ''[[Naik (military rank)|naik]]'' (corporal) has replaced a field marshal."<ref name="OutMeh"/> | ||
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Annually, on 16 December, [[Vijay Diwas (India)|Vijay Diwas]] is celebrated in memory of the victory achieved under Manekshaw's leadership in 1971. On 16 December 2008, a postage stamp depicting Manekshaw in his field marshal's uniform was released by then President [[Pratibha Patil]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/18/stories/2008121856742000.htm |title=Stamp on Manekshaw released |author=Indo-Asian News Service |date=18 December 2008 |access-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109233907/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/18/stories/2008121856742000.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 November 2012 }}</ref> | Annually, on 16 December, [[Vijay Diwas (India)|Vijay Diwas]] is celebrated in memory of the victory achieved under Manekshaw's leadership in 1971. On 16 December 2008, a postage stamp depicting Manekshaw in his field marshal's uniform was released by then President [[Pratibha Patil]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/18/stories/2008121856742000.htm |title=Stamp on Manekshaw released |author=Indo-Asian News Service |date=18 December 2008 |access-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109233907/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/18/stories/2008121856742000.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 November 2012 }}</ref> | ||
The ''Manekshaw Centre'' in [[Delhi Cantonment]] is named for the field marshal. Among the finest institutions of the Indian Army, it is a multi-utility, state of art convention centre, spread over 25 acres of landscaped area. The centre was inaugurated by the [[President of India]] on 21 Oct 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=1Ye3bl/eNTNi8J+Sbe4qyg==&ParentID=Jrg9pxjxm8VdTl2EPxx5AQ==#:~:text=Manekshaw%20Centre%20nestled%20in%20the,25%20acres%20of%20landscaped%20area.&text=The%20complex%20has%20been%20named,Marshal%20of%20the%20Indian%20Army. |website=www.indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref> The biannual Army Commanders' conference, the Army's apex level that formulates policy, takes place at the centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=h3 |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2014/nov01-14/h3.htm |website=sainiksamachar.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Army Commander's Conference Begins |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161092 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The Manekshaw parade ground in Bangalore is also named for him. The republic day celebrations of Karnataka are held in this ground every year. | The ''Manekshaw Centre'' in [[Delhi Cantonment]] is named for the field marshal. Among the finest institutions of the Indian Army, it is a multi-utility, state of art convention centre, spread over 25 acres of landscaped area. The centre was inaugurated by the [[President of India]] on 21 Oct 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=1Ye3bl/eNTNi8J+Sbe4qyg==&ParentID=Jrg9pxjxm8VdTl2EPxx5AQ==#:~:text=Manekshaw%20Centre%20nestled%20in%20the,25%20acres%20of%20landscaped%20area.&text=The%20complex%20has%20been%20named,Marshal%20of%20the%20Indian%20Army. |website=www.indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref> The biannual Army Commanders' conference, the Army's apex level that formulates policy, takes place at the centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=h3 |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2014/nov01-14/h3.htm |website=sainiksamachar.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Army Commander's Conference Begins |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161092 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The Manekshaw parade ground in Bangalore is also named for him. The republic day celebrations of Karnataka are held in this ground every year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru: Republic Day celebrations amidst high security and safety measures |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-republic-day-celebrations-amidst-high-security-and-safety-measures/article33648513.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=24 January 2021}}</ref> | ||
A flyover bridge in Ahmedabad's Shivranjeeni area was named after him in 2008 by the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="Modi’s choice:Flyover in [[Ahmedabad]] to be named after Sam Manekshaw">{{cite web|title=Modi's choice:Flyover in Ahmedabad to be named after Sam Manekshaw|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2008/09/11/modis-choiceflyover-in-ahmedabad-to-be-named-after-sam-manekshaw/|website=Desh Gujarat|date=11 September 2008|access-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917172557/http://deshgujarat.com/2008/09/11/modis-choiceflyover-in-ahmedabad-to-be-named-after-sam-manekshaw/|archive-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> In 2014, a granite statue was erected in his honour at [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]], in the [[Nilgiris district]], close to the [[Black Bridge (The Nilgiris)|Manekshaw Bridge]] on the Ooty–Coonoor road, which had been named after him in 2009.<ref name="statue" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 March 2009|title=Manekshaw Bridge thrown open to traffic|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/10/stories/2009031050300300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407184355/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/10/stories/2009031050300300.htm|archive-date=7 April 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> His statue is also on Menckji Mehta Road in [[Pune Cantonment]]. | A flyover bridge in Ahmedabad's Shivranjeeni area was named after him in 2008 by the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="Modi’s choice:Flyover in [[Ahmedabad]] to be named after Sam Manekshaw">{{cite web|title=Modi's choice:Flyover in Ahmedabad to be named after Sam Manekshaw|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2008/09/11/modis-choiceflyover-in-ahmedabad-to-be-named-after-sam-manekshaw/|website=Desh Gujarat|date=11 September 2008|access-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917172557/http://deshgujarat.com/2008/09/11/modis-choiceflyover-in-ahmedabad-to-be-named-after-sam-manekshaw/|archive-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> In 2014, a granite statue was erected in his honour at [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]], in the [[Nilgiris district]], close to the [[Black Bridge (The Nilgiris)|Manekshaw Bridge]] on the Ooty–Coonoor road, which had been named after him in 2009.<ref name="statue" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 March 2009|title=Manekshaw Bridge thrown open to traffic|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/10/stories/2009031050300300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407184355/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/10/stories/2009031050300300.htm|archive-date=7 April 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> His statue is also on Menckji Mehta Road in [[Pune Cantonment]]. | ||
On his life, [[Meghna Gulzar]] is directing a movie, ''Sam Bahadur'', starring [[Vicky Kaushal]], which is expected to release in | ==In popular culture== | ||
* On his life, [[Meghna Gulzar]] is directing a movie, ''Sam Bahadur'', starring [[Vicky Kaushal]], which is expected to release in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reviewtechauto.com/movie-review/sam-manekshaw-movie-review/|title=Sam Manekshaw Movie Review- Story of India's Greatest General|last=Jyoti|date=2019-03-17|website=Review Tech Auto|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref> | |||
* [[Aaj Tak|Aaj Tak's]] show ''Vande Matram'' narrated an episode on Manekshaw.<ref>{{Cite web|title=वन्दे मातरम्: मिलिए देश के सबसे महान सैनिक से|url=https://www.aajtak.in/programmes/vande-matram/video/vande-matram-meet-most-great-army-men-of-country-427266-2016-10-16|access-date=2021-12-15|website=आज तक|language=hi}}</ref> | |||
==Awards== | ==Awards== | ||
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|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] || Indian Army || 2 December 1962 (acting)<ref name="actg_lt_gen"/><br>20 July 1963 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen"/> | |align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] || Indian Army || 2 December 1962 (acting)<ref name="actg_lt_gen"/><br>20 July 1963 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center" |[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[General (India)|General]]<br>(COAS) || Indian Army || 8 June 1969<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=664 |date=19 July 1969 |url= | |align="center" |[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[General (India)|General]]<br>(COAS) || Indian Army || 8 June 1969<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=664 |date=19 July 1969 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1969/O-1467-1969-0029-65968.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center" |[[File:Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Field marshal (India)|Field marshal]] || Indian Army || 1 January 1973<ref name="field_marshal">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1 |date=2 January 1973 |url= | |align="center" |[[File:Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Field marshal (India)|Field marshal]] || Indian Army || 1 January 1973<ref name="field_marshal">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1 |date=2 January 1973 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1973/E-1306-1973-0001-57777.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India-Extraordinary}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|after = [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]}} | |after = [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]}} | ||
{{S-end}} | {{S-end}} | ||
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Military}}{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}} | {{Portal bar|Biography|India|Military|World war II}}{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}} | ||
{{Chief of the Army Staff India}} | {{Chief of the Army Staff India}} | ||
{{1971 Indo-Pak War}} | {{1971 Indo-Pak War}} | ||
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[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]] | [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]] | ||
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]] | [[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]] | ||
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia | [[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in India]] | ||
[[Category:People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict]] | [[Category:People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict]] | ||
[[Category:State funerals in India]] | [[Category:State funerals in India]] | ||