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Born and raised in [[Vadnagar]], a small town in northeastern [[Gujarat]], Modi completed his secondary education there, and is said to have helped his father sell tea at the local railway station. He was introduced to the RSS at age eight.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nag|first=Kingshuk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETnOBAAAQBAJ|title=The NaMo Story: A Political Life|date=1 March 2013|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5194-015-9|location=|pages= 23–24|language=en|author-link=Kingshuk Nag}}</ref> Modi left home after finishing high-school in part due to [[child marriage]] to [[Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi]], which he publicly acknowledged only many decades later. Modi travelled around India for two years and visited a number of religious centres before returning to Gujarat. In 1971 he became a full-time worker for the RSS. During the [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]] imposed across the country in 1975, Modi was forced to go into hiding. The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985 and he held several positions within the party hierarchy until 2001, rising to the rank of general secretary.{{Efn|Sources stating that [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] had a deep impact on the political heriarchy of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], specially in the case of Narendra Modi.<ref name="Asrar">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/narendra-modis-political-journey-from-rss-worker-to-bjps-pm-candidate-534530|website=[[NDTV]]|title=Modi's journey from a RSS worker to BJP's PM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808041721/https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/narendra-modis-political-journey-from-rss-worker-to-bjps-pm-candidate-534530|archive-date=8 August 2020|last=Asrar|first=Nadeer|date=15 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/pm-modi-turns-69-a-timeline-of-his-political-career-761937.html|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|title=PM Modi turns 69: A timeline of his political career|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115073300/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/pm-modi-turns-69-a-timeline-of-his-political-career-761937.html|archive-date=15 January 2021|access-date=13 January 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20141208-rss-sangh-nda-bjp-l-k-advani-narendra-modi-cover-story-806098-2014-11-27|title=Rise of Pracharak|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref>|name=|group=}} | Born and raised in [[Vadnagar]], a small town in northeastern [[Gujarat]], Modi completed his secondary education there, and is said to have helped his father sell tea at the local railway station. He was introduced to the RSS at age eight.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nag|first=Kingshuk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETnOBAAAQBAJ|title=The NaMo Story: A Political Life|date=1 March 2013|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5194-015-9|location=|pages= 23–24|language=en|author-link=Kingshuk Nag}}</ref> Modi left home after finishing high-school in part due to [[child marriage]] to [[Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi]], which he publicly acknowledged only many decades later. Modi travelled around India for two years and visited a number of religious centres before returning to Gujarat. In 1971 he became a full-time worker for the RSS. During the [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]] imposed across the country in 1975, Modi was forced to go into hiding. The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985 and he held several positions within the party hierarchy until 2001, rising to the rank of general secretary.{{Efn|Sources stating that [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] had a deep impact on the political heriarchy of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], specially in the case of Narendra Modi.<ref name="Asrar">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/narendra-modis-political-journey-from-rss-worker-to-bjps-pm-candidate-534530|website=[[NDTV]]|title=Modi's journey from a RSS worker to BJP's PM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808041721/https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/narendra-modis-political-journey-from-rss-worker-to-bjps-pm-candidate-534530|archive-date=8 August 2020|last=Asrar|first=Nadeer|date=15 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/pm-modi-turns-69-a-timeline-of-his-political-career-761937.html|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|title=PM Modi turns 69: A timeline of his political career|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115073300/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/pm-modi-turns-69-a-timeline-of-his-political-career-761937.html|archive-date=15 January 2021|access-date=13 January 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20141208-rss-sangh-nda-bjp-l-k-advani-narendra-modi-cover-story-806098-2014-11-27|title=Rise of Pracharak|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref>|name=|group=}} | ||
Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001 due to [[Keshubhai Patel]]'s failing health and poor public image following the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|earthquake in Bhuj]]. Modi was elected to the legislative assembly soon after. His administration has been considered complicit in the [[2002 Gujarat riots]],{{efn|Sources describing Modi's administration as complicit in the 2002 violence. | Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001 due to [[Keshubhai Patel]]'s failing health and poor public image following the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|earthquake in Bhuj]]. Modi was elected to the legislative assembly soon after. His administration has been considered complicit in the [[2002 Gujarat riots]],{{efn|Sources describing Modi's administration as complicit in the 2002 violence.<ref name="Buncombe" />}} or otherwise criticised for its handling of it. A Supreme Court-appointed Special Investigation Team found no evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings against Modi personally.{{efn|In 2012, a court stated that investigations had found no evidence against Modi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17664751|title=India Gujarat Chief Minister Modi cleared in riots case|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=10 April 2012|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220174351/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17664751|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sit-finds-no-proof-against-modi-says-court/article3300175.ece|title=SIT finds no proof against Modi, says court|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 April 2012|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221082846/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sit-finds-no-proof-against-modi-says-court/article3300175.ece|archive-date=21 December 2016|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Manas}}</ref>}} His policies as chief minister, credited with encouraging economic growth, have received praise.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Manu|author-link=Manu Joseph|date=15 February 2012|title=Shaking Off the Horror of the Past in India|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/world/asia/16iht-letter16.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312085254/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/world/asia/16iht-letter16.html|archive-date=12 March 2017|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> His administration has been criticised for failing to significantly improve health, poverty and education indices in the state.{{efn|Sources stating that Modi has failed to improve human development indices in Gujarat.<ref name="Buncombe" />}} | ||
Modi led the BJP in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]] which gave the party a majority in the Indian [[lower house]] of parliament, the [[Lok Sabha]], the first time for any single party since 1984. Modi's administration has tried to raise foreign direct investment in the Indian economy and reduced spending on healthcare and social welfare programmes. Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in the bureaucracy; he has centralised power by abolishing the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]. He began a [[Swachh Bharat Mission|high-profile sanitation campaign]], initiated a controversial [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation of high-denomination banknotes]] and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws. | Modi led the BJP in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]] which gave the party a majority in the Indian [[lower house]] of parliament, the [[Lok Sabha]], the first time for any single party since 1984. Modi's administration has tried to raise foreign direct investment in the Indian economy and reduced spending on healthcare and social welfare programmes. Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in the bureaucracy; he has centralised power by abolishing the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]. He began a [[Swachh Bharat Mission|high-profile sanitation campaign]], initiated a controversial [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation of high-denomination banknotes]] and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws. | ||
Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced [[democratic backsliding]]. | Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced [[democratic backsliding]]. Following his party's victory in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]], his administration [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]]. His administration also introduced the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]], which resulted in [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|widespread protests]] across the country. Described as engineering a political realignment towards [[right-wing politics]], Modi remains a figure of controversy domestically and internationally over his Hindu nationalist beliefs and his alleged role during the 2002 Gujarat riots, cited as evidence of an [[Social exclusion|exclusionary social]] agenda.{{efn|Sources discussing the controversy surrounding Modi.<ref name="Buncombe">{{cite news |title=A rebirth dogged by controversy |first=Andrew |last=Buncombe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |work=The Independent |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=10 October 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225024707/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |archive-date=25 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Menon |first=Kalyani Devaki|title=Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India |year=2012 |publisher=The University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-2234-0 |page=26 |quote=Yet, months after this violent pogrom against Muslims, the Hindu nationalist chief minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, went to the polls and won a resounding victory |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Everyday_Nationalism/7TLRCtw-zvoC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |oclc=1013938578}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mishra |first=Pankaj |title=Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation|date=April 2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-0062-5|page=188|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perspectives_on_Modern_South_Asia/m-EYXNnvMugC?hl=en&gbpv=0|oclc=682895189|editor-first=Kamala |editor-last=Visweswaran|quote=The chief minister of Gujarat, a young up-and-coming leader of the Hindu nationalists called Narendra Modi, quoted Isaac Newton to explain the killings of Muslims. "Every action", he said, "has an equal and opposite reaction."}}</ref><ref name="Stepan" >{{cite journal |last1=Stepan |first1=Alfred |s2cid=153861198 |title=India, Sri Lanka, and the Majoritarian Danger |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=26 |pages=128–140 |language=en |doi=10.1353/jod.2015.0006 |date=7 January 2015|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3590a4efe3e1f4f0d5f37d4d1f8fa3fd1e353d97 }}</ref><ref name="CBC">{{cite news|title=Indian PM Narendra Modi still mired in controversy, says expert|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=16 April 2015|access-date=17 February 2017|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/indian-pm-narendra-modi-still-mired-in-controversy-says-expert-1.3036836|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014073116/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/indian-pm-narendra-modi-still-mired-in-controversy-says-expert-1.3036836|archive-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Edgy Indian state election going down to the wire |first=Rupam Jain |last=Nair |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/12/12/us-india-state-poll-idUSDEL17441120071212 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 December 2007 |access-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016064718/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/12/12/us-india-state-poll-idUSDEL17441120071212 |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Robinson">{{cite news |title=India's Voters Torn Over Politician |first=Simon |last=Robinson |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1693370,00.html |journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=11 December 2007 |access-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023030008/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1693370,00.html |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Burke">{{cite news |title=Gujarat leader Narendra Modi grilled for 10 hours at massacre inquiry |first1=Jason |last1=Burke |author-link=Jason Burke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/28/gujarat-narendra-modi-massacre-inquiry-india |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 March 2010 |access-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909181320/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/28/gujarat-narendra-modi-massacre-inquiry-india |archive-date=9 September 2013 }}</ref>|name=|group=}} | ||
== Early life and education == | == Early life and education == | ||
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He had published a Gujarati book titled ''Jyotipunj'' in 2008, containing profiles of various RSS leaders. The longest was of [[M. S. Golwalkar]], under whose leadership the RSS expanded and whom Modi refers to as ''Pujniya Shri Guruji'' ("Guru worthy of worship").<ref>{{cite news |title=Narendra Modi on MS Golwalkar, translated by Aakar Patel – Part 1 |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/modi-golwalkar-part-1 |work=Caravan |date=31 May 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003500/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/modi-golwalkar-part-1 |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref> According to ''[[The Economic Times]]'', his intention was to explain the workings of the RSS to his readers and to reassure RSS members that he remained ideologically aligned with them. Modi authored eight other books, mostly containing short stories for children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jyotipunj: Narendra Modi writes on 'my organisation, my leaders' |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-09/news/27702974_1_rss-workers-pracharak-rss-leaders |work=The Economic Times |date=9 April 2008 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621040809/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-09/news/27702974_1_rss-workers-pracharak-rss-leaders |archive-date=21 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | He had published a Gujarati book titled ''Jyotipunj'' in 2008, containing profiles of various RSS leaders. The longest was of [[M. S. Golwalkar]], under whose leadership the RSS expanded and whom Modi refers to as ''Pujniya Shri Guruji'' ("Guru worthy of worship").<ref>{{cite news |title=Narendra Modi on MS Golwalkar, translated by Aakar Patel – Part 1 |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/modi-golwalkar-part-1 |work=Caravan |date=31 May 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003500/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/modi-golwalkar-part-1 |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref> According to ''[[The Economic Times]]'', his intention was to explain the workings of the RSS to his readers and to reassure RSS members that he remained ideologically aligned with them. Modi authored eight other books, mostly containing short stories for children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jyotipunj: Narendra Modi writes on 'my organisation, my leaders' |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-09/news/27702974_1_rss-workers-pracharak-rss-leaders |work=The Economic Times |date=9 April 2008 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621040809/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-09/news/27702974_1_rss-workers-pracharak-rss-leaders |archive-date=21 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The nomination of Modi for the prime ministership drew attention to his reputation as "one of contemporary India's most controversial and divisive politicians." | The nomination of Modi for the prime ministership drew attention to his reputation as "one of contemporary India's most controversial and divisive politicians."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130702/jsp/nation/story_17071479.jsp|title=Boomerang warning in article on 'polarising' Modi|last=Ramaseshan|first=Radhika|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|date=2 July 2013|access-date=15 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231449/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130702/jsp/nation/story_17071479.jsp|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Coverage/Gujarat-Assembly-Elections-2012/Chunk-HT-UI-GujaratAssemblyElections2012-BlogPostsAshokMalik/Popular-but-polarising-can-Narendra-Modi-be-PM/SP-Article10-956550.aspx |title=Popular but polarising: can Narendra Modi be PM? |last=Malik |first=Ashok |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 November 2012 |access-date=15 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210144412/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Coverage/Gujarat-Assembly-Elections-2012/Chunk-HT-UI-GujaratAssemblyElections2012-BlogPostsAshokMalik/Popular-but-polarising-can-Narendra-Modi-be-PM/SP-Article10-956550.aspx |archive-date=10 February 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/23/opinion/sunday/indias-divisive-technocrat.html| title=In India, a Dangerous and Divisive Technocrat| last=Bajaj| first=Vikas| work=The New York Times| date=22 December 2012| access-date=15 August 2013| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228050737/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/23/opinion/sunday/indias-divisive-technocrat.html?_r=0| archive-date=28 December 2012| df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the 2014 election campaign the BJP projected an image of Modi as a strong, masculine leader, who would be able to take difficult decisions.<ref name="Basu 2014" /> Campaigns in which he has participated have focused on Modi as an individual, in a manner unusual for the BJP and RSS. Modi has relied upon his reputation as a politician able to bring about economic growth and "development".<ref name="et20130715">{{cite news | title=NaMo, Ram the new mantra on Dalal Street! | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/analysis/namo-ram-the-new-mantra-on-dalal-street/articleshow/22576714.cms | work=The Economic Times | date=15 September 2013 | access-date=16 September 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111133246/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/analysis/namo-ram-the-new-mantra-on-dalal-street/articleshow/22576714.cms | archive-date=11 January 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Nonetheless, his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots continues to attract criticism and controversy.<ref name="Buncombe" /> Modi's hardline Hindutva philosophy and the policies adopted by his government continue to draw criticism, and have been seen as evidence of a majoritarian and exclusionary social agenda.<ref name="Buncombe" /><ref name="Stepan" /> | ||
In March 2021, Modi received his first COVID-19 vaccine dose at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]].<ref><br /> | In March 2021, Modi received his first COVID-19 vaccine dose at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]].<ref><br /> | ||
* {{Cite web|title=PM Modi's Message To India As He Takes First Shot Of Coronavirus Vaccine|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-takes-first-dose-of-coronavirus-vaccine-at-delhis-aiims-appeals-to-all-those-who-are-eligible-to-take-vaccine-2380766|access-date=1 March 2021|website=NDTV.com}} | * {{Cite web|title=PM Modi's Message To India As He Takes First Shot Of Coronavirus Vaccine|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-takes-first-dose-of-coronavirus-vaccine-at-delhis-aiims-appeals-to-all-those-who-are-eligible-to-take-vaccine-2380766|access-date=1 March 2021|website=NDTV.com}} | ||