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===Politics=== | ===Politics=== | ||
[[File:Couple from Taxila IV.jpg|thumb|Hellenistic couple from [[Taxila (ancient)|ancient Taxila]] ( | [[File:Couple from Taxila IV.jpg|thumb|Hellenistic couple from [[Taxila (ancient)|ancient Taxila]] ([[Guimet Museum]]).]] | ||
The 36 Indo-Greek kings known through epigraphy or through their coins belong to the period between 180 BC to AD10–20.<ref>Boppearachchi, "Monnaies Indo-Grecques".</ref> There are a few hints of a later Indo-Greek political presence in the Indian subcontinent. | The 36 Indo-Greek kings known through epigraphy or through their coins belong to the period between 180 BC to AD10–20.<ref>Boppearachchi, "Monnaies Indo-Grecques".</ref> There are a few hints of a later Indo-Greek political presence in the Indian subcontinent. | ||
[[Theodamas]], known from an inscription on a signet, may have been an Indo-Greek ruler in the [[Bajaur]] area in the 1st century AD. | [[Theodamas]], known from an inscription on a signet, may have been an Indo-Greek ruler in the [[Bajaur]] area in the 1st century AD. | ||
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At the beginning of the 2nd century, the Central India [[Satavahana]] king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] (r. 106–130) was described as the "Destroyer of [[Saka]]s (''[[Western Kshatrapas]]''), [[Yavana]]s (''[[Indo-Greek]]s'') and [[Pahlava]]s (''[[Indo-Parthians]]'')" in his inscriptions, suggesting a continued presence of the Indo-Greeks until that time.<ref>From Rapson, "Indian coins in the British Museum". Following the above quote, Rapson writes: "The Kashtriyas are the native Indian princes, the Rajputs of Rajputana, Gujarat and Central India; and the Sakas, Yavanas, and Pahavas are respectively Scythian, Greeks and Persian invaders from the north, who established kingdoms in various districts of Northern and Western India", p. xxxvii, Rapson.</ref> | At the beginning of the 2nd century, the Central India [[Satavahana]] king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] (r. 106–130) was described as the "Destroyer of [[Saka]]s (''[[Western Kshatrapas]]''), [[Yavana]]s (''[[Indo-Greek]]s'') and [[Pahlava]]s (''[[Indo-Parthians]]'')" in his inscriptions, suggesting a continued presence of the Indo-Greeks until that time.<ref>From Rapson, "Indian coins in the British Museum". Following the above quote, Rapson writes: "The Kashtriyas are the native Indian princes, the Rajputs of Rajputana, Gujarat and Central India; and the Sakas, Yavanas, and Pahavas are respectively Scythian, Greeks and Persian invaders from the north, who established kingdoms in various districts of Northern and Western India", p. xxxvii, Rapson.</ref> | ||
[[File:MenInArm4.JPG|thumb|250px|Men in Greek uniform, [[Tillia Tepe]], 1st century CE.<ref>"Afghanistan, les trésors retrouvés", [[Guimet Museum]], item 79.</ref>]] | [[File:MenInArm4.JPG|thumb|250px|Men in Greek uniform, [[Tillia Tepe]], 1st century CE ([[Guimet Museum]]).<ref>"Afghanistan, les trésors retrouvés", [[Guimet Museum]], item 79.</ref>]] | ||
Around 200 AD, the [[Manu Smriti]] describes the downfall of the Yavanas, as well as many others: | Around 200 AD, the [[Manu Smriti]] describes the downfall of the Yavanas, as well as many others: | ||
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===Genetics=== | ===Genetics=== | ||
[[File:HaddaTypes.JPG|thumb|200px|Portraits from the site of [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]], 3rd century CE.]] | [[File:HaddaTypes.JPG|thumb|200px|Portraits from the site of [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]], 3rd century CE ([[Guimet Museum]]).]] | ||
Limited [[population genetics]] studies have been made on genetic markers such as [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-DNA]] in the populations of the Indian subcontinent, to estimate the contribution of the Greeks to the genetic pool. Studies have not found the markers which are present in a large proportion of Greeks today. | Limited [[population genetics]] studies have been made on genetic markers such as [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-DNA]] in the populations of the Indian subcontinent, to estimate the contribution of the Greeks to the genetic pool. Studies have not found the markers which are present in a large proportion of Greeks today. | ||
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===Art=== | ===Art=== | ||
[[File:Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG|thumb|300px|Iconographical evolution from the Greek god Herakles to the Japanese god Shukongōshin. From left to right:<br />1) [[Herakles]] (Louvre Museum).<br />2) [[Herakles]] on coin of [[Greco-Bactrian]] king [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]].<br />3) [[Vajrapani]], the protector of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], depicted as Herakles in the Greco-Buddhist art of [[Gandhara]].<br />4) [[Shukongōshin]], manifestation of [[Vajrapani]], as protector deity of Buddhist temples in Japan.]] | [[File:Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG|thumb|300px|Iconographical evolution from the Greek god Herakles to the Japanese god Shukongōshin. From left to right:<br />1) [[Herakles]] ([[Louvre Museum]]).<br />2) [[Herakles]] on coin of [[Greco-Bactrian]] king [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]].<br />3) [[Vajrapani]], the protector of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], depicted as Herakles in the Greco-Buddhist art of [[Gandhara]].<br />4) [[Shukongōshin]], manifestation of [[Vajrapani]], as protector deity of Buddhist temples in Japan.]] | ||
The "[[Kanishka casket]]", dated to the first year of [[Kanishka]]'s reign in 127 CE, was signed by a Greek artist named ''Agesilas'', who oversaw work at Kanishka's [[stupa]]s (caitya), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realizations at such a late date.<ref>Tarn, p. 355.</ref><ref>The Greeks in Bactria & India | The "[[Kanishka casket]]", dated to the first year of [[Kanishka]]'s reign in 127 CE, was signed by a Greek artist named ''Agesilas'', who oversaw work at Kanishka's [[stupa]]s (caitya), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realizations at such a late date.<ref>Tarn, p. 355.</ref><ref>The Greeks in Bactria & India | ||
By William Woodthorpe Tarn</ref><ref>Early History of North India, from the Fall of the Mauryas to the Death of ... | By William Woodthorpe Tarn</ref><ref>Early History of North India, from the Fall of the Mauryas to the Death of ... | ||
By Sudhakar</ref><ref>Trade and Commerce of Ancient India, C. 200 B. C.-c. 650 A. D. | By Sudhakar</ref><ref>Trade and Commerce of Ancient India, C. 200 B. C.-c. 650 A. D. | ||
By Haripada Chakraborti</ref><ref>{{Cite | By Haripada Chakraborti</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvVGRYnqr2wC&q=agesilas | title=Trade and Commerce of Ancient India, C. 200 B. C.-c. 650 A. D| last1=Chakraborti| first1=Haripada| year=1966| isbn=9780874713053}}</ref> | ||
Greek representations and artistic styles, with some possible admixtures from the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] world, continued to maintain a strong identity down to the 3rd–4th century, as indicated by the archaeological remains of such sites as [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]] in eastern [[Afghanistan]].<ref>Boardman, pp. 141–144.</ref> | Greek representations and artistic styles, with some possible admixtures from the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] world, continued to maintain a strong identity down to the 3rd–4th century, as indicated by the archaeological remains of such sites as [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]] in eastern [[Afghanistan]].<ref>Boardman, pp. 141–144.</ref> | ||
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{{See also|Greco-Buddhism}} | {{See also|Greco-Buddhism}} | ||
[[File:VajrapaniAndMonks.jpg|thumb|The [[Zeus]]-like [[Vajrapani]] was chosen as a protector of the Buddha, art of [[Gandhara]], [[Guimet Museum]].]] | [[File:VajrapaniAndMonks.jpg|thumb|The [[Zeus]]-like [[Vajrapani]] was chosen as a protector of the Buddha, art of [[Gandhara]], ([[Guimet Museum]]).]] | ||
The impact of the Indo-Greeks on Indian thought and religion is unknown, although many influences have been suggested. Initially Greek settlers followed a [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]] of gods and goddesses assimilating with other deities. For example, [[Eucratides I]] depicted coinage with Zeus/[[Indra]] riding [[Airavata]]. Buddhism was spread to Greek communities by the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] Emperor [[Ashoka]]. Scholars believe that [[Mahayana Buddhism]] began around the 1st century BCE in the North-western Indian subcontinent, corresponding to the time and place of Indo-Greek florescence. Intense multi-cultural influences have indeed been suggested in the appearance of Mahayana. According to [[Richard Foltz]], "Key formative influences on the early development of the [[Mahayana]] and [[Pure Land]] movements, which became so much part of [[East Asia]]n [[civilization]], are to be sought in Buddhism's earlier encounters along the [[Silk Road]]".<ref>Foltz, "Religions of the Silk Road", p. 9.</ref> As [[Mahayana]] Buddhism emerged, it received "influences from popular Hindu devotional cults ([[bhakti]]), [[Persia]]n and [[Greco-Roman]] theologies which filtered into India from the northwest".<ref>[[Tom Lowenstein]], ''The Vision of the Buddha'', p. 63.</ref> | The impact of the Indo-Greeks on Indian thought and religion is unknown, although many influences have been suggested. Initially Greek settlers followed a [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]] of gods and goddesses assimilating with other deities. For example, [[Eucratides I]] depicted coinage with Zeus/[[Indra]] riding [[Airavata]]. Buddhism was spread to Greek communities by the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] Emperor [[Ashoka]]. Scholars believe that [[Mahayana Buddhism]] began around the 1st century BCE in the North-western Indian subcontinent, corresponding to the time and place of Indo-Greek florescence. Intense multi-cultural influences have indeed been suggested in the appearance of Mahayana. According to [[Richard Foltz]], "Key formative influences on the early development of the [[Mahayana]] and [[Pure Land]] movements, which became so much part of [[East Asia]]n [[civilization]], are to be sought in Buddhism's earlier encounters along the [[Silk Road]]".<ref>Foltz, "Religions of the Silk Road", p. 9.</ref> As [[Mahayana]] Buddhism emerged, it received "influences from popular Hindu devotional cults ([[bhakti]]), [[Persia]]n and [[Greco-Roman]] theologies which filtered into India from the northwest".<ref>[[Tom Lowenstein]], ''The Vision of the Buddha'', p. 63.</ref> | ||