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| {{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Pakistan|Pakistan|India|map=India Pakistan Locator.png|mission1=High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi|mission2=High Commission of India, Islamabad|envoy1=<br> |envoytitle1 = |envoytitle2 =|envoy2 = }}
| | #REDIRECT [[India–Pakistan relations]] {{R from modification}} |
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| '''Relations between India and Pakistan''' have been complex and largely hostile due to a number of historical and political events. Relations between the two states have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947 which started the Kashmir conflict, and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations. Consequently, their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion. Northern India and Pakistan somewhat overlap in certain demographics and shared lingua francas (mainly Punjabi, Sindhi, and Hindustani).
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| After the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947, two new sovereign nations were formed—the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The subsequent partition of the former British India displaced up to 12.5 million people, with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to 1 million.<ref>{{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=221–222}}</ref> India emerged as a secular nation with a Hindu majority population and a large Muslim minority, while Pakistan, with a Muslim majority population and a large Hindu minority, later became an Islamic Republic,<ref>[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html Area, Population, Density and Urban/Rural Proportion by Administrative Units] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222185234/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html |date=22 December 2010 }}</ref> although its constitution guaranteed freedom of religion to people of all faiths.<ref name="Cavendish2006">{{cite book|author=Marshall Cavendish|title=World and Its Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&pg=PA396|date=September 2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2|page=396}}</ref> It later lost most of its Hindu minority due to migration and the separation of East Pakistan in the Bangladesh Liberation War.
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| Soon after gaining their independence, India and Pakistan established diplomatic relations, but the violent partition and reciprocal territorial claims quickly overshadowed their relationship. Since their independence, the two countries have fought three major wars, as well as one undeclared war, and have been involved in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs. The Kashmir conflict is the main centre-point of all of these conflicts with the exception of the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and the Bangladesh Liberation War, which resulted in the secession of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
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| There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationship, notably the Shimla summit, the Agra summit, and the Lahore summit. Since the early 1980s, relations between the two nations have grown increasingly sour, particularly after the Siachen conflict, intensification of the Kashmir insurgency in 1989, Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests in 1998, and the 1999 Kargil War. Certain confidence-building measures, such as the 2003 ceasefire agreement and the Delhi–Lahore Bus service, have been successful in de-escalating tensions. However, these efforts have been impeded by periodic terrorist attacks. The 2001 Indian Parliament attack brought the two nations to the brink of a nuclear war. The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings, which killed 68 civilians (most of whom were Pakistani), was also a crucial turning point in relations. Additionally, the 2008 Mumbai attacks carried out by Pakistani militants<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-pakistan-india8-2009jan08,0,6016768.story|title=Pakistan acknowledges surviving Mumbai gunman is a Pakistani|website=latimes}}</ref> resulted in a severe blow to the ongoing India–Pakistan peace talks.
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| After a brief thaw following the election of new governments in both nations, bilateral discussions again stalled after the 2016 Pathankot attack.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sushma Swaraj rules out talks with Pakistan, John Kerry says no good or bad terrorist|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sushma-swaraj-pakistan-terrorism-john-kerry-india-visit-3004565/|accessdate=30 August 2016|work=Indian Express|agency=ENS|date=30 August 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref> In September 2016, a terrorist attack on an Indian military base in Indian-administered Kashmir killed 19 Indian Army soldiers, the deadliest such attack in years. India's claim that the attack had been orchestrated by a Pakistan-supported jihadist group was denied by Pakistan, which claimed the attack had been a local reaction to unrest in the region due to excessive force by Indian security personnel. The attack sparked a military confrontation across the Line of Control, with an escalation in ceasefire violations and further militant attacks on Indian security forces. Since 2016, the ongoing confrontation, continued terrorist attacks, and an increase in nationalist rhetoric on both sides has resulted in the collapse of bilateral relations, with little expectation that they will recover.<ref>{{citation |author=Ankit Panda |url=http://thediplomat.com/2016/09/gurdaspur-pathankot-and-now-uri-what-are-indias-options/ |title=Gurdaspur, Pathankot, and Now Uri: What Are India's Options? |work=The Diplomat |date=19 September 2016 |accessdate=3 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Geeta Anand, Hari Kumar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/29/world/asia/kashmir-jammu-attack.html?_r=0 |title=Militants Attack Indian Army Base in Nagrota, Inflaming Tensions With Pakistan|work=The New York Times |date=29 November 2016 |accessdate=3 December 2016}}</ref> Notably, following the 2019 Pulwama attack, the Indian government revoked Pakistan's most favoured nation trade status, which it had granted to Pakistan in 1996.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47249133 |title=Pulwama attack: India will 'completely isolate' Pakistan |work=BBC News |date=15 February 2019 |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> India also increased the custom duty to 200% which affected the trade of Pakistani apparel and cement.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
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| Since the election of new governments in both India and Pakistan in the early 2010s, some attempts have been made to improve relations, in particular the development of a consensus on the agreement of Non-Discriminatory Market Access on Reciprocal Basis (NDMARB) status for each other, which will liberalize trade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/683073/non-discriminatory-market-access-pakistan-india-all-but-sign-trade-normalisation-deal/|title=Non-discriminatory market access: Pakistan, India all but sign trade normalisation deal|date=15 March 2014|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> Both India and Pakistan are members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and its South Asian Free Trade Area. Pakistan used to host a pavilion at the annual India International Trade Fair which drew huge crowds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://twocircles.net/2012nov18/pakistani_apparel_trade_fair_draws_huge_crowds.html|title=Pakistani apparel at Trade Fair draws huge crowds|work=TwoCircles}}</ref> Deteriorating relations between the two nations resulted in a boycott of Pakistani traders at the trade fair.
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| In November 2015, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif agreed to the resumption of bilateral talks; the following month, Modi made a brief, unscheduled visit to Pakistan while en route to India, becoming the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Pakistan since 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/3-minutes-that-changed-indiapakties/article8029441.ece?homepage=true|title=3 minutes that changed India-Pak ties|first=Suhasini |last=Haidar|website=The Hindu}}</ref> Despite those efforts, relations between the countries have remained frigid, following repeated acts of cross-border terrorism. According to a 2017 BBC World Service poll, only 5% of Indians view Pakistan's influence positively, with 85% expressing a negative view, while 11% of Pakistanis view India's influence positively, with 62% expressing a negative view.<ref name="BBC_Poll">{{cite web|title=2017 BBC World Service Global Poll|url=http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf|website=BBC World Service|accessdate=4 August 2017}}</ref>
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| In August 2019, following the approval of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill in the Indian Parliament, which revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49231619|title=India strips disputed Kashmir of special status|date=5 August 2019|access-date=8 August 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/06-08-2019/un-expresses-concern-over-indias-move-to-revoke-special-status-of-kashmir|title=UN expresses concern over India's move to revoke special status of Kashmir|website=radio.gov.pk|language=en|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> further tension was brought between the two countries, with Pakistan downgrading their diplomatic ties, closing its airspace, and suspending bilateral trade with India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/international/article/pakistan-downscales-diplomatic-relationship-suspends-bilateral-trade-with-india/465213|title=Pakistan sends back Indian High Commissioner Ajay Bisaria, suspends bilateral trade|website=timesnownews.com|language=en-GB|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:India-Pakistan relations}}
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| [[Category:India-Pakistan relations| ]]
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| [[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Pakistan]]
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| [[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan]]
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