|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{pp|small=yes}}
| |
| {{About|the party in the Republic of China (Taiwan)|the political party currently active in the People's Republic of China|Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang}}
| |
| {{Redirect|KMT}}
| |
| {{distinguish|Minkuotang}}
| |
| {{short description|Political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan)}}
| |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
| |
| <!--- Traditional Chinese are shown, with the [[Indo-European languages|applicable]] transliterations and that complies with the Wikipedia policy about Simplified and Traditional Chinese.
| |
| Note 2: PLEASE, DO NOT ERASE THE WIKTIONARY LINKS. Inside the linguistics box, each character has an internal link to the wiki sister project (wiktionary) which provides for a definition of each of the applicable characters.
| |
| Note 3: PLEASE, GO TO DISCUSSION AND EXPRESS YOUR POV ABOUT THE POSITION OF THE LINGUISTICS BOX.
| |
| DO NOT EDIT THE SECTION ABOVE WITHOUT DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE. --->
| |
| {{Infobox political party | | {{Infobox political party |
| | name = Kuomintang | | | name = Kuomintang |
| | native_name = {{noitalics|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-Hant|中國國民黨}}}}}}<br />{{lang|zh-Latn|Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng}}<br />{{lang|zh-Latn|Chungkuo Kuomintang}} | | |native_name= {{zh|t=中國國民黨 |
| | |p=Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng |
| | |m=Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng |
| | |s=}} |
| | colorcode = {{Kuomintang/meta/color}} | | | colorcode = {{Kuomintang/meta/color}} |
| | logo = Emblem of the Kuomintang.svg | | | logo = Emblem of the Kuomintang.svg |
| | logo_size = | | | logo_size = 125px |
| | abbreviation = KMT | | | abbreviation = KMT |
| | chairman = [[Johnny Chiang]] | | | chairman = [[Johnny Chiang|Johnny Chiang Chi-chen]] |
| | secretary_general = [[Lee Chien-lung]] | | | secretary_general = {{ill|Lee Chien-lung|zh|李乾龍}} |
| | foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1919|10|10}} | | | foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1919|10|10}} |
| | predecessor = {{unbulleted list | | | predecessor = {{unbulleted list |
| Line 24: |
Line 17: |
| |Nationalist Party (1912) | | |Nationalist Party (1912) |
| |Chinese Revolutionary Party (1914)}} | | |Chinese Revolutionary Party (1914)}} |
| | headquarters = 232–234 Sec 2 Bade Rd, [[Zhongshan District, Taipei|Zhongshan District]], [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]<br />10492<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx |title = Kuomintang Official Website |publisher = Kuomintang |access-date = 13 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150703160339/http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx |archive-date = 3 July 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> | | | headquarters = 232–234 Sec 2 Bade Rd, [[Zhongshan District, Taipei|Zhongshan District]], Taipei, [[Free area of the Republic of China|ROC]]<br/>10492<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx|title=Kuomintang Official Website|publisher=Kuomintang|accessdate=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703160339/http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx|archive-date=3 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |
| | newspaper = {{unbulleted list | | | newspaper = {{unbulleted list |
| |[http://www.cntimes.info/ ''Central Daily News''] | | |[http://www.cntimes.info/ ''Central Daily News''] |
| |''Kuomintang News Network''}} | | |{{nowrap|''Kuomintang News Network''}}}} |
| | think_tank = [http://www.npf.org.tw/ National Policy Foundation] | | | think_tank = [http://www.npf.org.tw/ National Policy Foundation] |
| | wing1_title = Education Wing | | | wing1_title = Education Wing |
| | wing1 = [[Institute of Revolutionary Practice]] | | | wing1 = [[Institute of Revolutionary Practice]] |
| | youth_wing = [[Kuomintang Youth League]] | | | youth_wing = [[Kuomintang Youth League]] |
| | membership_year = 2020 | | |membership_year = 2020 |
| | membership = 345,971<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202003075010.aspx |title = 江啟臣壓倒性勝出 成最年輕國民黨主席 - 中央社CNA |agency = Central News Agency (Republic of China) |access-date=2020-03-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200307140852/https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202003075010.aspx |archive-date=7 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> | | |membership = 345,971<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202003075010.aspx|title=江啟臣壓倒性勝出 成最年輕國民黨主席 - 中央社CNA|date=|accessdate=2020-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307140852/https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202003075010.aspx|archive-date=7 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> |
| | ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap | | | ideology = {{unbulleted list|class=nowrap |
| |[[Conservatism in Taiwan|Conservatism]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/taiwans-born-independent-millennials-are-becoming-xi-jinpings-lost-generation/2019/12/24/ce1da5c8-20d5-11ea-9c2b-060477c13959_story.html |title=Taiwan's 'born independent' millennials are becoming Xi Jinping's lost generation |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=26 December 2019 |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200327103635/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/taiwans-born-independent-millennials-are-becoming-xi-jinpings-lost-generation/2019/12/24/ce1da5c8-20d5-11ea-9c2b-060477c13959_story.html |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/17/nuclear-power-japan-south-korea-japan-fukushima-disaster/ |title = It's Not Techno-Angst That's Driving East Asia to Abandon Nuclear Power |quote = In Taiwan, the conservative Kuomintang’s aging demographic base and support for closer ties with mainland China now appears out of touch with a younger electorate increasingly distrustful of China and hostile to reunification. |date = 17 August 2019 |access-date = 7 July 2020 |publisher = [[Foreign Policy]] |archive-date = 17 July 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200717003302/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/17/nuclear-power-japan-south-korea-japan-fukushima-disaster/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3884872 |title = Taiwan's KMT party set to elect new chair amid coronavirus scare |date = 4 March 2020 |access-date = 7 July 2020 |publisher = [[Taiwan News]] |archive-date = 10 July 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200710232008/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3884872 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Mickey |editor-last=Glantz |title=Climate Affairs: A Primer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8zdiN_Z1x0C&pg=PA65 |year=2012 |page=65 |publisher=[[Island Press]] |isbn=9781597269414 |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804023612/https://books.google.com/books?id=y8zdiN_Z1x0C&pg=PA65 |url-status=live }}</ref> | | |[[Three Principles of the People|Three Principles of<br>the People]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html|script-title=zh:政策綱領|publisher=Kmt.org.tw|accessdate=19 June 2016|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513013915/http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html|archive-date=13 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Three-Principles-of-the-People|title=Three Principles of the People|author=The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=|accessdate=10 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026163157/https://www.britannica.com/event/Three-Principles-of-the-People|archivedate=26 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=From Revolution to Restoration: The Transformation of Kuomintang Ideology|author=Mary C. Wright|publisher=[[Association for Asian Studies]]|date=1955|pages= 515–532|author-link=Mary C. Wright}}</ref> |
| |[[Three Principles of the People|Three Principles of<br>the People]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html |script-title=zh:政策綱領 |website=Kmt.org.tw |access-date = 19 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190513013915/http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html |archive-date = 13 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/event/Three-Principles-of-the-People |title = Three Principles of the People |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date = 10 October 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161026163157/https://www.britannica.com/event/Three-Principles-of-the-People |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = From Revolution to Restoration: The Transformation of Kuomintang Ideology |first = Mary C. |last = Wright |publisher=[[Association for Asian Studies]] |year=1955 |pages = 515–532 |author-link = Mary C. Wright }}</ref>
| | |[[Conservatism in Taiwan|Conservatism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/taiwans-born-independent-millennials-are-becoming-xi-jinpings-lost-generation/2019/12/24/ce1da5c8-20d5-11ea-9c2b-060477c13959_story.html |title=Taiwan's 'born independent' millennials are becoming Xi Jinping's lost generation |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=26 December 2019 |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327103635/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/taiwans-born-independent-millennials-are-becoming-xi-jinpings-lost-generation/2019/12/24/ce1da5c8-20d5-11ea-9c2b-060477c13959_story.html |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
| |[[Chinese nationalism]]<ref name="Jonathan Fenby 2005 504">{{cite book |first = Jonathan |last
| | |[[Chinese nationalism]]<ref name="Jonathan Fenby 2005 504">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Fenby|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&pg=PA337|accessdate=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1|page=504|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205050222/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&pg=PA337|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Hans Kohn, ''Nationalism: Its Meaning and History'' (1955) p. 87.</ref>}} |
| = Fenby |title = Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&pg=PA337 |access-date=28 June 2010 |year=2005 |publisher = Carroll & Graf Publishers |isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1 |page=504 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170205050222/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&pg=PA337 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| | | position = [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]<ref>{{cite news|title=New face for KMT in Taiwan|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/world/eric-chu-to-lead-kuomintang-in-presidential-election/news-story/d47cb4b78a3806e9700509f2b79f2d74|url-access=subscription|work=[[The Australian]]|quote=The problems for the centre-right KMT in retaining the presidency over the centre-left DPP…}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Dongtao|last=Qi|quote=Furthermore, the studies also suggest that the DPP, as a centre-left party opposed to the centre-right KMT, has been the leading force in addressing Taiwan's various social justice issues.|doi=10.1017/S0305741013001124|title=Globalization, Social Justice Issues, Political and Economic Nationalism in Taiwan: An Explanation of the Limited Resurgence of the DPP during 2008–2012|date=11 November 2013|journal=[[The China Quarterly]]|volume=216|pages=1018–1044}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/mind-the-gap-comparing-gender-politics-in-japan-and-taiwan|title=Mind the Gap! Comparing Gender Politics in Japan and Taiwan|last=Shim|first=Jaemin|publisher=[[German Institute of Global and Area Studies]]|journal=GIGA Focus<nowiki>|Asia</nowiki>|year=2018|issue=5|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226021639/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/mind-the-gap-comparing-gender-politics-in-japan-and-taiwan|archive-date=26 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br>to [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Rigger|first1= Shelley|date= 2016|title=Kuomintang Agonistes: Party Politics in the Wake of Taiwan's 2016 Elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438716300369 |journal=Orbis |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=408--503 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2016.08.005 |access-date=May 27, 2020|quote=Instead of reshaping its priorities to fit the expectations of a changing society, the KMT (at least for the moment) seems to be doubling down on its self-marginalizing approach. The new party chair is Hung Hsiu-chu, the erstwhile presidential candidate whose far-right views made it necessary to replace her.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/10/taiwan-lawmakers-push-marriage-equality-bill/ |title=Taiwan Lawmakers Push `Marriage Equality` Bill |quote=The current push follows two previous efforts by DPP lawmakers in 2003 and 2006 to introduce same-sex marriage bills that were blocked from the legislative agenda by the right-wing Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang or KMT) majority. |date=30 October 2013 |accessdate=12 April 2020 |publisher=[[Inter Press Service]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412122837/http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/10/taiwan-lawmakers-push-marriage-equality-bill/ |archive-date=12 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
| | position = {{nowrap|[[Centre-right politics|Center-right]]<ref>{{cite news|title=New face for KMT in Taiwan|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/world/eric-chu-to-lead-kuomintang-in-presidential-election/news-story/d47cb4b78a3806e9700509f2b79f2d74|url-access=subscription|work=[[The Australian]]|quote=The problems for the centre-right KMT in retaining the presidency over the centre-left DPP…|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109081847/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fworld%2Feric-chu-to-lead-kuomintang-in-presidential-election%2Fnews-story%2Fd47cb4b78a3806e9700509f2b79f2d74&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=18865bb0b0fd95f14b8ccbc48f1c1d7c-1610180326|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Dongtao|last=Qi|quote=Furthermore, the studies also suggest that the DPP, as a centre-left party opposed to the centre-right KMT, has been the leading force in addressing Taiwan's various social justice issues.|doi=10.1017/S0305741013001124|title=Globalization, Social Justice Issues, Political and Economic Nationalism in Taiwan: An Explanation of the Limited Resurgence of the DPP during 2008–2012|date=11 November 2013|journal=[[The China Quarterly]]|volume=216|pages=1018–1044}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/mind-the-gap-comparing-gender-politics-in-japan-and-taiwan|title=Mind the Gap! Comparing Gender Politics in Japan and Taiwan|last=Shim|first=Jaemin|publisher=[[German Institute of Global and Area Studies]]|journal=GIGA Focus {{!}} Asia |year=2018|issue=5|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226021639/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/mind-the-gap-comparing-gender-politics-in-japan-and-taiwan|archive-date=26 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br>'''Historical, now factions:'''<br>[[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Fell|first=Dafydd|date=2005|title=Party Politics in Taiwan: Party Change and the Democratic Evolution of Taiwan, 1991–2004|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0rp_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 98], [https://books.google.com/books?id=0rp_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 117]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=1-134-24021-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Rigger |first=Shelley |date=2016 |title=Kuomintang Agonistes: Party Politics in the Wake of Taiwan's 2016 Elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438716300369 |journal=[[Orbis (journal)|Orbis]] |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=408–503 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2016.08.005 |access-date=May 27, 2020 |quote=Instead of reshaping its priorities to fit the expectations of a changing society, the KMT (at least for the moment) seems to be doubling down on its self-marginalizing approach. The new party chair is Hung Hsiu-chu, the erstwhile presidential candidate whose far-right views made it necessary to replace her. |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109081846/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438716300369 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Yoshiyuki Ogasawara |title=Taiwan's 2020 Presidential Elections |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/taiwans-2020-presidential-elections/ |quote= These supporters, called 'Han maniacs,' elevated Han to presidential nominee. Ultimately, though, they were a minority, possibly some twenty percent of the overall electorate, and Han’s political position, friendly to Beijing and inclined to right-wing populism, started to erode his support. |work=[[The Diplomat]] |access-date=12 February 2021 |date=12 December 2019}}</ref>}}
| |
| | wing2_title = [[Military|Armed wing]] | | | wing2_title = [[Military|Armed wing]] |
| | wing2 = [[National Revolutionary Army]] (1925–1947) | | | wing2 = [[National Revolutionary Army]] (1925–1947)<br>[[Taiwan Garrison Command]] (1958–1992) |
| | national = [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] | | | national = [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] |
| | regional = [[Asia Pacific Democrat Union]] | | | regional = [[Asia Pacific Democrat Union]] |
| | international = {{unbulleted list | | | international = {{unbulleted list |
| |[[Centrist Democrat International]] | | |[[Centrist Democrat International]] |
| |[[International Democrat Union]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idu.org/member-parties/|title=Members|publisher=IDU|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716031006/http://idu.org/member-parties/|archive-date=July 16, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> | | |[[International Democrat Union]]}} |
| }} | | | colours = {{color box|{{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} Blue |
| | colors = {{color box|{{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} Blue | |
| | seats1_title = [[Legislative Yuan]] | | | seats1_title = [[Legislative Yuan]] |
| | seats1 = {{composition bar|38|113|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | | | seats1 = {{composition bar|38|113|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} |
| | seats2_title = [[Special municipality (Taiwan)|Municipal]] mayors | | | seats2_title = [[Special municipality (Taiwan)|Municipal]] mayors |
| | seats2 = {{composition bar|2|6|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | | | seats2 = {{composition bar|3|6|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} |
| | seats3_title = Magistrates/mayors | | | seats3_title = Magistrates/mayors |
| | seats3 = {{composition bar|12|16|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | | | seats3 = {{composition bar|12|16|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} |
| | seats4_title = Councillors | | | seats4_title = Councillors |
| | seats4 = {{composition bar|394|912|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | | | seats4 = {{composition bar|394|912|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} |
| | seats5_title = [[Township (Taiwan)|Township]]/[[County-administered city|city]] mayors | | | seats5_title = [[Townships and county-administered cities|Township/city]] mayors |
| | seats5 = {{composition bar|83|204|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | | | seats5 = {{composition bar|83|204|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} |
| | flag = [[File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg|200px|border]] | | | flag = [[File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg|200px|border]] |
| | website = {{url|www.kmt.org.tw}} | | | website = {{url|www.kmt.org.tw}} |
| | country = the Republic of China | | | country = the Republic of China |
| | | country2 = China |
| }} | | }} |
| {{Infobox Chinese | | {{Infobox Chinese |
| Line 68: |
Line 60: |
| |picupright = 0.475 | | |picupright = 0.475 |
| |title = Kuomintang | | |title = Kuomintang |
| |t = 中國國民黨 | | |c=|t = 中國國民黨 |
| |s = 中国国民党 | | |s = 中国国民党 |
| |p = Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng | | |p = Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng |
| |gr = Jong'gwo Gwomin Daang | | |gr = Jong'gwo Gwomin Daang |
| |l = China Nationals’ Party | | |l = "Nationals’ Party of China" |
| |mi = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|ong|1|g|uo|2|-|g|uo|2|m|in|2|-|d|ang|3}} | | |mi = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|ong|1|g|uo|2|-|g|uo|2|m|in|2|-|d|ang|3}} |
| |w = Chung¹-kuo² Kuo²-min² Tang³ | | |w = Chung¹-kuo² Kuo²-min² Tang³ |
| Line 113: |
Line 105: |
| |mnc = ᠵᡠᠩᡬᠣ ᡳ<br />ᡬᠣᠮᡳᠨᡩᠠᠩ | | |mnc = ᠵᡠᠩᡬᠣ ᡳ<br />ᡬᠣᠮᡳᠨᡩᠠᠩ |
| |mnc_rom = Jungg'o-i G'omindang | | |mnc_rom = Jungg'o-i G'omindang |
| }} | | }}[[File:Kuomintang Central Committee 20050405.jpg|thumb|KMT main office in [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]]] |
| {{Politics of the Republic of China}}
| |
| | |
| The '''Kuomintang''' ('''KMT''') ({{zh|t=中國國民黨|p=Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng|l=Chinese Nationalist Party|c=|s=}}), often referred to in English as the '''Nationalist Party of China''' or the '''Chinese Nationalist Party''' ('''CNP'''), is a major political party in the [[Republic of China]] throughout its historical periods in both the [[Chinese mainland]] as well as Taiwan, which was reorganized and transitioned to the current form since 1919. The KMT was the [[Dominant-party system|dominant ruling party]] of the [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|Republic of China on the mainland]] from 1928 and 1949. In the 1950s, the party, defeated in the [[Chinese Civil War]], was exiled from the mainland and became the ruling party of Taiwan. It remained the sole legal ruling party in Taiwan under the ''[[Dang Guo]]'' system, until political reforms were enacted in the 1990s. The KMT is currently the main opposition political party in the [[Legislative Yuan]]. It is also one of the [[History of political parties in China|two major political parties in contemporary Chinese history]], the other being the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP).
| |
| | |
| The predecessor of the Kuomintang, the Revolutionary Alliance ([[Tongmenghui]]), was one of the major forces leading to the overthrow of the imperial [[Qing dynasty]], the subsequent revolt in 1911, and the proclamation of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|new Republic]]. The Nationalist Party was founded by [[Song Jiaoren]] and [[Sun Yat-sen]] shortly after the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911. Sun was the provisional [[President of the Republic of China]], but he ceded the presidency to military commander [[Yuan Shikai]]. Yuan's death in 1916 led to the nation's disintegration in the [[Warlord Era]]. Sun delegated [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to found and train the [[National Revolutionary Army]] against the [[Beiyang Government]]; Chiang subsequently launched the [[Northern Expedition]] [[Chinese reunification (1928)|unifying most of China]] and established the capital at [[Nanjing]] in 1927. During the subsequent [[Nanjing decade]], China achieved substantial economic growth and social progression, but the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937–1945) was disastrous, as well as the [[1938 Yellow River flood]] orchestrated by the regime, making them vastly unpopular. During the [[Chinese Civil War]] (1945–1949), the corruption of the KMT, as well as [[hyperinflation]] as a result of trying to fight the civil war, caused mass unrest throughout the Republic and popular sympathy for the communists, resulting in the ultimate victory of [[Communist Party of China]] on mainland. The KMT retreated to the island of Taiwan, where it continued to remain as an authoritarian [[one-party state]] after the [[February 28 incident]]. The Nationalist government based in Taipei continued to represent [[China and the United Nations|China in the United Nations]] until 1971.
| |
| | |
| After almost 40 years of [[Martial law in Taiwan|martial law]] under the [[Period of mobilization for the suppression of Communist rebellion|KMT's suppression of opposition]] and the [[White Terror (Taiwan)|White Terror]], in the late 1980s, Taiwan initiated political reforms and ceased to be a single-party state under President [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], Chiang Kai-shek's son. Democratic reforms beginning in the 1990s under President [[Lee Teng-hui]] loosened the KMT's grip on power. Nevertheless, the KMT remains one of Taiwan's main political parties, with [[Ma Ying-jeou]], [[2008 Taiwan presidential election|elected in 2008]] and [[2012 Taiwan presidential election|re-elected in 2012]], being the seventh and eighth KMT candidate to win the office of the presidency. In both the [[2016 Taiwan general election|2016]] and [[2020 Taiwan general election|2020 elections]], the KMT was defeated by the [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) in the general and presidential elections, a party that was previously classified as illegal by the KMT. The latter gained control of both the parliament and the presidency, with the DPP's [[Tsai Ing-wen]] being elected incumbent president.
| |
| | |
| The party's guiding ideology is the [[Three Principles of the People]], advocated by Sun Yat-sen. The KMT is a member of the [[International Democrat Union]]. Along with the [[People First Party (Taiwan)|People First Party]], [[New Party (Taiwan)|New Party]] and other minor parties, the KMT plays a pivotal role in the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]], which favors China-friendly policy and supports eventual [[Chinese unification|unification with the mainland]] under the conditions of mutual understanding and [[Democracy movements of China|democratization of China]]. However, the KMT has moderated its stance by advocating the ''[[status quo]]'' over [[cross-strait relations]], and it rejects the proposal of "[[One country, two systems]]" formulated by the PRC to be applied to Taiwan. The KMT holds to its own [[one-China policy]], which regards there is only one China by the definition of the [[Republic of China Constitution|ROC constitution]], but it views the Republic of China rather than the [[China|People's Republic of China]] as the legitimate government under the [[1992 Consensus]]. To ease tensions with the PRC, during the presidency of Ma Ying-jeou, the KMT had endorsed the [[Three Noes]] policy, namely no unification, no [[Taiwan Independence|independence]] and no use of military force, as the solution to sidestep difficult political controversy and normalize the cross-strait relation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Looking behind Ma's 'three noes' |author=Ralph Cossa |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2008/01/21/2003398185 |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=21 January 2008 |access-date=15 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607040233/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2008/01/21/2003398185 |archive-date=7 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == History ==
| |
| {{main|History of the Kuomintang}}
| |
| | |
| === Founding and Sun Yat-sen era ===
| |
| [[File:The revolutionary army attacks Nanking and crosses a stream Wellcome V0047152.jpg|thumb|left|The Revolutionary Army attacking [[Nanjing]] in 1911]]
| |
| [[File:Dr. Sun in London.jpg|thumb|upright|The KMT reveres its founder, [[Sun Yat-sen]], as the "Father of the Nation"]]
| |
| The KMT traces its ideological and organizational roots to the work of [[Sun Yat-sen]], a proponent of [[Chinese nationalism]] and democracy who founded the [[Revive China Society]] at the capital of the [[Republic of Hawaii]], [[Honolulu]], on 24 November 1894.<ref>See (Chinese) [http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10 "Major Events in KMT" ''History Official Site of the KMT''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126201029/http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10 |date=26 November 2012 }} last accessed 30 August 2009</ref> In 1905, Sun joined forces with other [[Anti-Qing sentiment|anti-monarchist societies]] in Tokyo, [[Empire of Japan]], to form the [[Tongmenghui]], a group committed to the overthrow of the [[Qing dynasty]] and the establishment of a republic, on 20 August 1905.
| |
| | |
| The group planned and supported the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911 and the founding of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] on 1 January 1912. However, Sun did not have military power and ceded the [[President of the Republic of China|provisional presidency]] of the republic to [[Yuan Shikai]], who arranged for the [[abdication]] of [[Puyi]], the last Emperor, on 12 February.
| |
| | |
| On 25 August 1912, the Nationalist Party was established at the [[Huguang Guild Hall]] in [[Beijing|Peking]], where the [[Tongmenghui]] and five smaller pro-revolution parties merged to contest the first national elections.<ref>{{cite book |last=Strand |first=David |editor1-last=Goldman |editor1-first=Merle |editor2-last=Perry |editor2-first=Elizabeth |editor2-link=Elizabeth J. Perry |title=Changing Meanings of Citizenship in Modern China |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YF-ftHbw59sC&pg=PA389 |year=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-00766-6 |chapter=Chapter 2: Citizens in the Audience and at the Podium |pages=59–60 |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103119/https://books.google.com/books?id=YF-ftHbw59sC&pg=PA389 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sun was chosen as the party chairman with [[Huang Xing]] as his deputy.
| |
| | |
| The most influential member of the party was the third ranking [[Song Jiaoren]], who mobilized mass support from gentry and merchants for the Nationalists to advocate a constitutional parliamentary democracy. The party opposed [[Progressive Party (China)|constitutional monarchists]] and sought to check the power of Yuan. The Nationalists won an overwhelming majority in the first [[1912 Republic of China National Assembly election|National Assembly election]] in December 1912.
| |
| | |
| However, Yuan soon began to ignore the parliament in making presidential decisions. Song Jiaoren was assassinated in Shanghai in 1913. Members of the Nationalists, led by Sun Yat-sen, suspected that Yuan was behind the plot and thus staged the [[Second Revolution (China)|Second Revolution]] in July 1913, a poorly planned and ill-supported armed rising to overthrow Yuan, and failed. Yuan, claiming subversiveness and betrayal, expelled adherents of the KMT from the [[National Assembly (Republic of China)|parliament]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Hugh Chisholm |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA658 |access-date=13 June 2011 |year=1922 |publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd. |page=658 |editor=Hugh Chisholm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205085023/https://books.google.com/books?id=bAooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA658 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hugh Chisholm|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: Abbe to English history ("The first of the new volumes")|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf9aAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA658|access-date=13 June 2011|year=1922|publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd|page=658|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024143/https://books.google.com/books?id=lf9aAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA658|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Yuan dissolved the Nationalists, whose members had largely fled into exile in Japan, in November and dismissed the parliament early in 1914.
| |
| | |
| [[Yuan Shikai]] proclaimed himself emperor in December 1915. While exiled in Japan in 1914, Sun established the [[Chinese Revolutionary Party]] on 8 July 1914, but many of his old revolutionary comrades, including Huang Xing, [[Wang Jingwei]], [[Hu Hanmin]] and [[Chen Jiongming]], refused to join him or support his efforts in inciting armed uprising against Yuan. To join the Revolutionary Party, members had to take an oath of personal loyalty to Sun, which many old revolutionaries regarded as undemocratic and contrary to the spirit of the revolution. As a result, he became largely sidelined within the Republican movement during this period.
| |
| | |
| Sun returned to China in 1917 to establish a military junta at [[Guangzhou|Canton]] to oppose the [[Beiyang government]] but was soon forced out of office and exiled to [[Shanghai]]. There, with renewed support, he resurrected the KMT on 10 October 1919, under the name Kuomintang of China ({{zh|t=中國國民黨|labels=no}}) and established its headquarters in Canton in 1920.
| |
| | |
| In 1923, the KMT and its Canton government accepted aid from the [[Soviet Union]] after being denied recognition by the western powers. Soviet advisers—the most prominent of whom was [[Mikhail Borodin]], an agent of the [[Comintern]]—arrived in China in 1923 to aid in the reorganization and consolidation of the KMT along the lines of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], establishing a [[Leninist]] party structure that lasted into the 1990s. The Communist Party of China (CPC) was under Comintern instructions to cooperate with the KMT, and its members were encouraged to join while maintaining their separate party identities, forming the [[First United Front]] between the two parties. [[Mao Zedong]] and early members of the CPC also joined the KMT in 1923.
| |
| | |
| [[File:KMTfirstCongress1924.jpg|thumb|Venue of the [[1st National Congress of Kuomintang]] in 1924]]
| |
| Soviet advisers also helped the KMT to set up a political institute to train propagandists in mass mobilization techniques, and in 1923 [[Chiang Kai-shek]], one of Sun's lieutenants from the [[Tongmenghui]] days, was sent to Moscow for several months' military and political study. At the [[1st National Congress of Kuomintang|first party congress in 1924]] in [[Guangzhou|Kwangchow]], [[Kwangtung]], (Guangzhou, Guangdong) which included non-KMT delegates such as members of the CPC, they adopted Sun's political theory, which included the [[Three Principles of the People]]: nationalism, democracy and people's livelihood.
| |
| | |
| === Under Chiang Kai-shek in Mainland China ===
| |
| [[File:蔣中正肖像(上色).jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Chiang Kai-shek]], leader of the Kuomintang after Sun's death in 1925]]
| |
| [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-13-14-22, Tibetexpedition, Haus mit Glückszeichen.jpg|thumb|upright|KMT flag displayed in Lhasa, Tibet in 1938]]
| |
| When Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, the political leadership of the KMT fell to [[Wang Jingwei]] and [[Hu Hanmin]], respectively the left-wing and right-wing leaders of the party. However, the real power was in the hands of [[Chiang Kai-shek]], who was in near complete control of the military as the superintendent of the [[Whampoa Military Academy]]. With their military superiority, the KMT confirmed their rule on Canton, the provincial capital of [[Kwangtung]]. The Guangxi warlords pledged loyalty to the KMT. The KMT now became a rival government in opposition to the [[Warlord era|warlord]] [[Beiyang government]] based in [[Beijing|Peking]].<ref name="Nationalist China">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MODCHINA/NATIONAL.HTM|title=Nationalist China|publisher=Washington State University|date=6 June 1996|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906095406/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MODCHINA/NATIONAL.HTM|archive-date=6 September 2006}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Chiang assumed [[List of leaders of the Kuomintang|leadership]] of the KMT on 6 July 1926. Unlike Sun Yat-sen, whom he admired greatly and who forged all his political, economic, and revolutionary ideas primarily from what he had learned in Hawaii and indirectly through [[British Hong Kong]] and the [[Empire of Japan]] under the [[Meiji Restoration]], Chiang knew relatively little about the West. He also studied in Japan, but he was firmly rooted in his ancient [[Han Chinese]] identity and was steeped in [[Chinese culture]]. As his life progressed, he became increasingly attached to ancient Chinese culture and traditions. His few trips to the West confirmed his pro-ancient Chinese outlook and he studied the ancient [[Chinese classics]] and ancient Chinese history assiduously.<ref name="Nationalist China"/> In 1923, after the formation of the [[First United Front]], Sun Yat-sen sent Chiang to spend three months in Moscow studying the political and military system of the Soviet Union. Although Chiang did not follow the Soviet [[Communist]] doctrine, he, like the Communist Party, sought to destroy [[warlordism]] and foreign [[Western imperialism in Asia|imperialism in China]], and upon his return established the [[Whampoa Military Academy]] near Guangzhou, following the Soviet Model.<ref name="China in the 20th Century">{{cite web |last1=Bowblis |first1=J |title=China in the 20th Century |url=https://departments.kings.edu/history/20c/china.html#Chiang |website=Kings College History |publisher=King's College History Department |access-date=31 Oct 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231856/https://departments.kings.edu/history/20c/china.html#Chiang |url-status=live }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Chiang was also particularly committed to Sun's idea of "political tutelage". Sun believed that the only hope for a unified and better China lay in a military conquest, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. Using this ideology, Chiang built himself into the dictator of the Republic of China, both in the [[Chinese mainland]] and after the [[Government of the Republic of China|national government]] relocated to [[Taiwan]].<ref name="Nationalist China"/>
| |
| | |
| Following the death of Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the KMT leader and launched the [[Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition]] to defeat the [[Warlord era (China)|northern warlords]] and unite China under the party. With its power confirmed in the southeast, the [[Nationalist Government]] appointed Chiang Kai-shek commander-in-chief of the [[National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA), and the [[Northern Expedition]] to suppress the warlords began. Chiang had to defeat three separate warlords and two independent armies. Chiang, with Soviet supplies, conquered the southern half of China in nine months.
| |
| | |
| A split erupted between the [[Chinese Communist Party]] and the KMT, which threatened the Northern Expedition. Wang Jing Wei, who led the KMT leftist allies, took the city of [[Wuhan]] in January 1927. With the support of the Soviet agent [[Mikhail Borodin]], Wang declared the National Government as having moved to Wuhan. Having taken Nanking in March, Chiang halted his campaign and prepared a violent break with Wang and his communist allies. Chiang's expulsion of the CPC and their Soviet advisers, marked by the [[Shanghai massacre]] on 12 April, led to the beginning of the [[Chinese Civil War]]. Wang finally surrendered his power to Chiang. [[Joseph Stalin]] ordered the [[Chinese Communist Party]] to obey the KMT leadership.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Once this split had been healed, Chiang resumed his Northern Expedition and managed to take Shanghai.<ref name="Nationalist China"/>
| |
| | |
| [[File:Countermand concession.jpg|thumb|The [[National Revolutionary Army]] soldiers marched into the British concessions in [[Hankou]] during the [[Northern Expedition]]]]
| |
| During the [[Nanking incident of 1927|Nanking Incident]] in March 1927, the NRA stormed the consulates of the United States, United Kingdom (UK) and [[Empire of Japan]], looted foreign properties and almost assassinated the Japanese consul. An American, two British, one French, an Italian and a Japanese were killed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Foreign News: NANKING|work=Time|date=4 April 1927|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722979,00.html|access-date=11 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426030922/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722979,00.html|archive-date=26 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> These looters also stormed and seized millions of dollars worth of British concessions in [[Hankou]], refusing to hand them back to the UK.<ref>{{cite news|title=CHINA: Japan & France|work=Time|date=11 April 1927|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,730304,00.html|access-date=11 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426030508/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,730304,00.html|archive-date=26 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Both Nationalists and Communist soldiers within the army participated in the rioting and looting of foreign residents in Nanking.<ref name="beede">{{cite book|last=Beede|first=R. Benjamin|title=The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis Publishing|isbn=0-8240-5624-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2/page/355 355]|url=https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2/page/355}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| NRA took Peking in 1928. The city was the internationally recognized capital, even when it was previously controlled by warlords. This event allowed the KMT to receive widespread diplomatic recognition in the same year. The capital was moved from Peking to Nanking, the original capital of the [[Ming dynasty]], and thus a symbolic purge of the final Qing elements. This period of KMT rule in China between 1927 and 1937 was relatively stable and prosperous and is still known as the [[Nanjing decade]].
| |
| | |
| After the [[Northern Expedition]] in 1928, the [[Nationalist government]] under the KMT declared that China had been exploited for decades under the [[Unequal treaty|unequal treaties]] signed between the foreign powers and the Qing Dynasty. The KMT government demanded that the foreign powers renegotiate the treaties on equal terms.<ref>{{cite news|title=CHINA: Nationalist Notes|work=Time|date=25 June 1928|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786420,00.html|access-date=11 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426030536/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786420,00.html|archive-date=26 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Before the Northern Expedition, the KMT began as a heterogeneous group advocating American-inspired federalism and provincial autonomy. However, the KMT under Chiang's leadership aimed at establishing a centralized [[one-party state]] with one ideology. This was even more evident following Sun's elevation into a cult figure after his death. The control by one single party began the period of "political tutelage", whereby the party was to lead the government while instructing the people on how to participate in a democratic system. The topic of reorganizing the army, brought up at a military conference in 1929, sparked the [[Central Plains War]]. The cliques, some of them former warlords, demanded to retain their army and political power within their own territories. Although Chiang finally won the war, the conflicts among the cliques would have a devastating effect on the survival of the KMT. Muslim Generals in [[Gansu|Kansu]] waged war against the [[Guominjun]] in favor of the KMT during the [[Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–1930)|conflict in Gansu in 1927–1930]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|page=108|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704173905/http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[File:Kuomintang Party in Xinjiang 1942.jpg|thumb|left|The KMT in [[Ürümqi|Tihwa]], [[Sinkiang]] in 1942]]
| |
| [[File:kmtarmy.JPG|thumb|upright|[[National Revolutionary Army|Nationalist soldiers]] during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]]]
| |
| Although the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] officially broke out in 1937, Japanese aggression started in 1931 when they staged the [[Mukden Incident]] and occupied Manchuria. At the same time, the CPC had been secretly recruiting new members within the KMT government and military. Chiang was alarmed by the expansion of the communist influence. He believed that to fight against foreign aggression, the KMT must solve its internal conflicts first, so he started his second attempt to exterminate CPC members in 1934. With the advice from German military advisors, the KMT forced the Communists to withdraw from their bases in southern and central China into the mountains in a massive military retreat known as the [[Long March]]. Less than 10% of the communist army survived the long retreat to Shaanxi province, but they re-established their military base quickly with aid from the Soviet Union.
| |
| | |
| The KMT was also known to have used terror tactics against suspected communists, through the use of a secret police force, who were employed to maintain surveillance on suspected communists and political opponents. In ''The Birth of Communist China'', C.P. Fitzgerald describes China under the rule of the KMT thus: "the Chinese people groaned under a regime Fascist in every quality except efficiency."<ref>C.P. Fitzgerald, ''The Birth of Communist China'', Penguin Books, 1964, pp.106. ({{ISBN|978-0-14-020694-4}} / {{ISBN|978-0-14-020694-4}})</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[Zhang Xueliang]], who believed that the Japanese invasion was a greater threat, was persuaded by the CPC to take Chiang hostage during the [[Xi'an Incident]] in 1937 and forced Chiang to agree to an alliance with them in the total war against the Japanese. However, in many situations the alliance was in name only; after a brief period of cooperation, the armies began to fight the Japanese separately, rather than as coordinated allies. The [[New Fourth Army Incident]], where the KMT ambushed the New Fourth Army with overwhelming numbers and decimated it, effectively ended collaboration between the CPC and the KMT.
| |
| | |
| While the KMT army sustained heavy casualties fighting the Japanese, the CPC expanded its territory by guerrilla tactics within Japanese occupied regions, leading some{{Who|date=February 2016}} claims that the CPC often refused to support the KMT troops, choosing to withdraw and let the KMT troops take the brunt of Japanese attacks.{{Citation needed|date = February 2016}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/the-ccp-didnt-fight-imperial-japan-the-kmt-did/|title=The CCP Didn't Fight Imperial Japan; the KMT Did|last=Diplomat|first=Zachary Keck|work=The Diplomat|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524003640/https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/the-ccp-didnt-fight-imperial-japan-the-kmt-did/|archive-date=24 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[File:19451025 中國戰區臺灣省受降典禮後 臺灣省警備總司令部全體官兵合影.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Retrocession Day|retrocession of Taiwan]] in [[Taipei]] on 25 October 1945]]
| |
| [[Surrender of Japan|Japan surrendered]] in 1945, and [[Retrocession Day|Taiwan was returned]] to the Republic of China on 25 October of that year. The brief period of celebration was soon shadowed by the possibility of a civil war between the KMT and CPC. The Soviet Union declared war on Japan just before it surrendered and occupied [[Manchuria]], the north eastern part of China. The Soviet Union denied the KMT army the right to enter the region but allowed the CPC to take control of the Japanese factories and their supplies.
| |
| | |
| Full-scale civil war between the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]] and the [[Nationalist government|Nationalists]] erupted in 1946. The Communist Chinese armies, the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA), previously a minor faction, grew rapidly in influence and power due to several errors on the KMT's part. First, the KMT reduced troop levels precipitously after the Japanese surrender, leaving large numbers of able-bodied, trained fighting men who became unemployed and disgruntled with the KMT as prime recruits for the PLA. Second, the KMT government proved thoroughly unable to manage the economy, allowing hyperinflation to result. Among the most despised and ineffective efforts it undertook to contain inflation was the conversion to the gold standard for the national treasury and the [[Chinese gold yuan]] in August 1948, outlawing private ownership of gold, silver and foreign exchange, collecting all such precious metals and foreign exchange from the people and issuing the Gold Standard Scrip in exchange. As most farmland in the north were under CPC's control, the cities governed by the KMT lacked food supply and this added to the hyperinflation. The new scrip became worthless in only ten months and greatly reinforced the nationwide perception of the KMT as a corrupt or at best inept entity. Third, Chiang Kai-shek ordered his forces to defend the urbanized cities. This decision gave CPC a chance to move freely through the countryside. At first, the KMT had the edge with the aid of weapons and ammunition from the United States (US). However, with the country suffering from [[hyperinflation]], widespread corruption and other economic ills, the KMT continued to lose popular support. Some leading officials and military leaders of the KMT hoarded material, armament and military-aid funding provided by the US. This became an issue which proved to be a hindrance of its relationship with [[Federal government of the United States|US government]]. US President [[Harry S. Truman]] wrote that "[[Chiang family|the Chiangs]], [[HH Kung|the Kungs]] and [[Soong sisters|the Soongs]] (were) all thieves", having taken $750 million in US aid.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wesley Marvin Bagby|title=The Eagle-Dragon Alliance: America's Relations With China in World War II|year=1992|isbn=978-0-87413-418-6|page=65}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| At the same time, the suspension of American aid and tens of thousands of deserted or decommissioned soldiers being recruited to the PLA cause tipped the balance of power quickly to the CPC side, and the overwhelming popular support for the CPC in most of the country made it all but impossible for the KMT forces to carry out successful assaults against the Communists.
| |
| | |
| By the end of 1949, the CPC controlled almost all of [[mainland China]], as the KMT retreated to Taiwan with a significant amount of China's national treasures and 2 million people, including military forces and refugees. Some party members stayed in the mainland and broke away from the main KMT to found the [[Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang]], which still currently exists as one of the [[list of political parties in the People's Republic of China|eight minor registered parties]] of the People's Republic of China.
| |
| | |
| === In Taiwan since 1945 ===
| |
| {{more citations needed|section|date=August 2018}}<!--many paragraphs without citations-->
| |
| {{see also|North–South divide in Taiwan}}
| |
| [[File:KMT Headquarters, Taipei.JPG|thumb|The former KMT headquarters in [[Taipei City]] (1949–2006), whose imposing structure, directly facing the [[Presidential Office Building]], was seen as a symbol of the party's wealth and dominance]]
| |
| In 1895, Formosa (now called Taiwan), including the [[Penghu]] islands, became a Japanese colony via the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] following the [[First Sino-Japanese War]].
| |
| | |
| After Japan's defeat at the end of [[World War II]] in 1945, [[General Order No. 1]] instructed Japan to surrender its troops in Taiwan to Chiang Kai-shek. On 25 October 1945, KMT general [[Chen Yi (Kuomintang)|Chen Yi]] acted on behalf of the Allied Powers to accept Japan's surrender and proclaimed that day as [[Retrocession Day|Taiwan Retrocession Day]].
| |
| | |
| Tensions between the local Taiwanese and [[waishengren|mainlanders]] from Mainland China increased in the intervening years, culminating in a flashpoint on 27 February 1947 in [[Taipei]] when a dispute between a female cigarette vendor and an anti-smuggling officer in front of [[Tianma Tea House]] triggered civil disorder and protests that would last for days. The uprising turned bloody and was shortly put down by the [[Military of the Republic of China|ROC Army]] in the [[February 28 Incident]]. As a result of the 28 February Incident in 1947, Taiwanese people endured what is called the "[[White Terror (Taiwan)|White Terror]]", a KMT-led political repression that resulted in the death or disappearance of over 30,000 Taiwanese intellectuals, activists, and people suspected of opposition to the KMT.<ref>[http://englishnews.ftv.com.tw/read.aspx?sno=5B33122680FD5E65A32B8E335FE5727A "Ceremonies held to commemorate 228 Incident victims (2014/02/28)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211124818/http://englishnews.ftv.com.tw/read.aspx?sno=5B33122680FD5E65A32B8E335FE5727A |date=11 December 2014 }}. ''englishnews.ftv.com.tw''.</ref>
| |
| | |
| Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on 1 October 1949, the commanders of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) believed that [[Kinmen]] and [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]] had to be taken before a final assault on Taiwan. The KMT fought the [[Battle of Guningtou]] on 25–27 October 1949 and stopped the PLA invasion. The KMT headquarter was set up on 10 December 1949 at No. 11 Zhongshan South Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=108|title=Party's History|publisher=Kuomintang|quote=Following the government of the Republic of China, the Kuomintang relocates to Taiwan. Kuomintang Party headquarters are set up at No. 11 Zhongshan South Road.|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226232702/http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=108|archive-date=26 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1950, Chiang took office in Taipei under the [[Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion]]. The provision declared [[martial law in Taiwan]] and halted some democratic processes, including presidential and parliamentary elections, until the mainland could be recovered from the CPC. The KMT estimated it would take 3 years to defeat the Communists. The slogan was "prepare in the first year, start fighting in the second, and conquer in the third year." Chiang also initiated the [[Project National Glory]] to retake back the mainland in 1965, but was eventually dropped in July 1972 after many unsuccessful attempts.
| |
| | |
| However, various factors, including international pressure, are believed to have prevented the KMT from militarily engaging the CPC full-scale. The KMT backed Muslim insurgents formerly belonging to the [[National Revolutionary Army]] during the [[Kuomintang Islamic insurgency in China (1950–58)|KMT Islamic insurgency in 1950–1958]] in Mainland China. A cold war with a couple of minor military conflicts was resulted in the early years. The various government bodies previously in [[Nanjing]], that were re-established in Taipei as the KMT-controlled government, actively claimed sovereignty over all China. The Republic of China in Taiwan retained [[China and the United Nations|China's seat in the United Nations]] until 1971.
| |
| | |
| Until the 1970s, the KMT successfully pushed ahead with land reforms, developed the economy, implemented a democratic system in a lower level of the government, improved [[Cross-Strait relations|relations between Taiwan and the mainland]] and created the [[Taiwan economic miracle]]. However, the KMT controlled the government under a one-party authoritarian state until reforms in the late 1970s through the 1990s. The ROC in Taiwan was once referred to synonymously with the KMT and known simply as Nationalist China after its ruling party. In the 1970s, the KMT began to allow for "supplemental elections" in Taiwan to fill the seats of the aging representatives in the [[National Assembly (Republic of China)|National Assembly]].
| |
| | |
| Although opposition parties were not permitted, the pro-democracy movement ''[[Tangwai]]'' ("outside the KMT") created the [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) on 28 September 1986. Outside observers of Taiwanese politics expected the KMT to clamp down and crush the illegal opposition party, though this did not occur, and instead the party's formation marked the beginning of Taiwan's [[democratization]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-052318-025732|doi-access=free|title=Authoritarian-Led Democratization|year=2020|last1=Riedl|first1=Rachel Beatty|last2=Slater|first2=Dan|last3=Wong|first3=Joseph|last4=Ziblatt|first4=Daniel|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=23|pages=315–332}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| In 1991, [[martial law]] ceased when President [[Lee Teng-hui]] terminated the [[Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion]]. All parties started to be allowed to compete at all levels of elections, including the presidential election. [[Lee Teng-hui]], the ROC's first democratically elected president and the leader of the KMT during the 1990s, announced his advocacy of "special state-to-state relations" with the PRC. The PRC associated this idea with [[Taiwan independence movement|Taiwan independence]].
| |
| | |
| The KMT faced a split in 1993 that led to the formation of the [[New Party (Taiwan)|New Party]] in August 1993, alleged to be a result of Lee's "corruptive ruling style". The New Party has, since the purging of Lee, largely reintegrated into the KMT. A much more serious split in the party occurred as a result of the [[2000 Taiwan presidential election|2000 Presidential election]]. Upset at the choice of [[Lien Chan]] as the party's presidential nominee, former party Secretary-General [[James Soong]] launched an independent bid, which resulted in the expulsion of Soong and his supporters and the formation of the [[People First Party (Taiwan)|People First Party]] (PFP) on 31 March 2000. The KMT candidate placed third behind Soong in the elections. After the election, Lee's strong relationship with the opponent became apparent. To prevent defections to the PFP, Lien moved the party away from Lee's pro-independence policies and became more favorable toward [[Chinese reunification]]. This shift led to Lee's expulsion from the party and the formation of the [[Taiwan Solidarity Union]] (TSU) by Lee supporters on 24 July 2001.
| |
| | |
| [[File:Pan-blue supporters during 2004 ROC presidential election with ROC flags.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pan-Blue Coalition|Pan-blue]] supporters at a rally during the [[2004 Republic of China presidential election|2004 presidential election]]]]
| |
| Prior to this, the party's voters had defected to both the PFP and TSU, and the KMT did poorly in the [[2001 Taiwan legislative election|December 2001 legislative elections]] and lost its position as the largest party in the [[Legislative Yuan]]. However, the party did well in the 2002 local government mayoral and council election with [[Ma Ying-jeou]], its candidate for Taipei mayor, winning reelection by a landslide and its candidate for [[Kaohsiung]] mayor narrowly losing but doing surprisingly well. Since 2002, the KMT and PFP have coordinated electoral strategies. In 2004, the KMT and PFP ran a joint presidential ticket, with Lien running for president and Soong running for vice-president.
| |
| | |
| The loss of the presidential election of 2004 to DPP President [[Chen Shui-bian]] by merely over 30,000 votes was a bitter disappointment to party members, leading to large scale rallies for several weeks protesting alleged electoral fraud and the "odd circumstances" of the [[3-19 shooting incident|shooting of President Chen]]. However, the fortunes of the party were greatly improved when the KMT did well in the [[2004 Taiwan legislative election|legislative elections]] held in December 2004 by maintaining its support in southern Taiwan achieving a majority for the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]].
| |
| | |
| Soon after the election, there appeared to be a falling out with the KMT's junior partner, the People First Party and talk of a merger seemed to have ended. This split appeared to widen in early 2005, as the leader of the PFP, James Soong appeared to be reconciling with President [[Chen Shui-Bian]] and the [[Democratic Progressive Party]]. Many PFP members including legislators and municipal leaders have since defected to the KMT, and the PFP is seen as a fading party.
| |
| | |
| In 2005, Ma Ying-jeou became KMT chairman defeating speaker [[Wang Jin-pyng]] in the [[2005 Kuomintang chairmanship election|first public election for KMT chairmanship]]. The KMT won a decisive victory in the [[2005 Taiwanese local elections|3-in-1 local elections]] of December 2005, replacing the DPP as the largest party at the local level. This was seen as a major victory for the party ahead of legislative elections in 2007. There were elections for the two municipalities of the ROC, Taipei and [[Kaohsiung]] in December 2006. The KMT won a clear victory in Taipei, but lost to the DPP in the southern city of [[Kaohsiung]] by the slim margin of 1,100 votes.
| |
| | |
| On 13 February 2007, Ma was indicted by the Taiwan High Prosecutors Office on charges of allegedly embezzling approximately NT$11 million (US$339,000), regarding the issue of "special expenses" while he was mayor of Taipei. Shortly after the indictment, he submitted his resignation as KMT chairman at the same press conference at which he formally announced his candidacy for ROC President. Ma argued that it was customary for officials to use the special expense fund for personal expenses undertaken in the course of their official duties. In December 2007, Ma was acquitted of all charges and immediately filed suit against the prosecutors. In 2008, the KMT won a landslide victory in the [[2008 Taiwan presidential election|Republic of China Presidential Election on 22 March 2008]]. The KMT fielded former Taipei mayor and former KMT chairman [[Ma Ying-jeou]] to run against the DPP's Frank Hsieh. Ma won by a margin of 17% against Hsieh. Ma took office on 20 May 2008, with Vice-Presidential candidate Vincent Siew, and ended 8 years of the DPP presidency. The KMT also won a landslide victory in the [[2008 Taiwan legislative election|2008 legislative elections]], winning 81 of 113 seats, or 71.7% of seats in the [[Legislative Yuan]]. These two elections gave the KMT firm control of both the executive and legislative yuans.
| |
| | |
| On 25 June 2009, President Ma launched his bid to regain the KMT leadership and registered as the sole candidate for the [[2009 Kuomintang chairmanship election|charimanship election]]. On 26 July, Ma won 93.87% of the vote, becoming the new chairman of the KMT,<ref>[http://english.cna.com.tw/ReadNews/Detail.aspx?pSearchDate=&pNewsID=200907270004&pType1=PD&pType0=xPDCS&pTypeSel=0 President Ma elected KMT chairman]{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – CNA ENGLISH NEWS</ref> taking office on 17 October 2009. This officially allowed Ma to be able to meet with [[Xi Jinping]], the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]], and other PRC delegates, as he was able to represent the KMT as leader of a Chinese political party rather than as head-of-state of a political entity unrecognized by the PRC.<ref>[http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=986347&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou registers for KMT leadership race] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429035126/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=986347&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng |date=29 April 2011 }} – eTaiwan News</ref>
| |
| | |
| On 29 November 2014, the KMT suffered a heavy loss in the [[2014 Taiwanese local elections|local election]] to the DPP, winning only 6 municipalities and counties, down from 14 in the previous election in [[2009 Taiwanese local elections|2009]] and [[2010 Taiwanese municipal elections|2010]]. Ma Ying-jeou subsequently resigned from the party chairmanship on 3 December and replaced by acting Chairman [[Wu Den-yih]]. [[2015 Kuomintang chairmanship election|Chairmanship election]] was held on 17 January 2015 and [[Eric Chu]] was elected to become the new chairman. He was inaugurated on 19 February.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201411290001.aspx|title=Polls open for 9-in-1 local government elections|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706061952/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201411290001.aspx|archive-date=6 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Current issues and challenges ===
| |
| ==== Party assets ====
| |
| As the ruling party on Taiwan, the KMT amassed a vast business empire of banks, investment companies, petrochemical firms, and television and radio stations, thought to have made it the world's richest political party, with assets once estimated to be around US$2–10 billion.<ref name="KMT_asset">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=898158|newspaper=Economist|title=Taiwan's Kuomintang On the brink|date=6 December 2001|access-date=21 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908041252/http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=898158|archive-date=8 September 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> Although this war chest appeared to help the KMT until the mid-1990s, it later led to accusations of corruption (often referred to as "[[Black gold (politics)|black gold]]").
| |
| | |
| After 2000, the KMT's financial holdings appeared to be more of a liability than a benefit, and the KMT started to divest itself of its assets. However, the transactions were not disclosed and the whereabouts of the money earned from selling assets (if it has gone anywhere) is unknown. There were accusations in the [[2004 Taiwan presidential election|2004 presidential election]] that the KMT retained assets that were illegally acquired. During the 2000–2008 DPP presidency, a law was proposed by the DPP in the [[Legislative Yuan]] to recover illegally acquired party assets and return them to the government. However, due to the DPP's lack of control of the legislative chamber at the time, it never materialized.
| |
| | |
| The KMT also acknowledged that part of its assets were acquired through extra-legal means and thus promised to "retro-endow" them to the government. However, the quantity of the assets which should be classified as illegal are still under heated debate. DPP, in its capacity as ruling party from 2000 to 2008, claimed that there is much more that the KMT has yet to acknowledge. Also, the KMT actively sold assets under its title to quench its recent financial difficulties, which the DPP argues is illegal. Former KMT chairman [[Ma Ying-Jeou]]'s position is that the KMT will sell some of its properties at below market rates rather than return them to the government and that the details of these transactions will not be publicly disclosed.
| |
| | |
| [[File:Shilin Division, Kuomintang Taipei City Committee 20161231.jpg|thumb|Kuomintang public service center in Shilin, Taipei]]
| |
| In 2006, the KMT sold its headquarters at 11 Zhongshan South Road in [[Taipei]] to [[Evergreen Group]] for [[New Taiwan dollar|NT$]]2.3 billion (US$96 million). The KMT moved into a smaller building on Bade Road in the eastern part of the city.<ref>Mo, Yan-chih. "[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2006/03/23/2003298738 KMT headquarters sold for NT$2.3bn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413190732/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2006/03/23/2003298738 |date=13 April 2010 }}." ''[[Taipei Times]]''. Thursday 23 March 2006. Page 1. Retrieved 29 September 2009.</ref>
| |
| | |
| In July 2014, the KMT reported total assets of NT$26.8 billion (US$892.4 million) and interest earnings of NT$981.52 million for the year of 2013, making it one of the richest political parties in the world.<ref>2014-07-24, [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/07/24/2003595820 KMT is again 'world’s richest party'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726150524/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/07/24/2003595820 |date=26 July 2014 }}, Taipei Times</ref>
| |
| | |
| In August 2016, the [[Ill-gotten Party Assets Settlement Committee]] is set up by the ruling DPP government to investigate KMT party assets acquired during the [[Martial law in Taiwan|martial law]] period and recover those that were determined to be illegally acquired.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tai|first1=Ya-chen|last2=Hsieh|first2=Chia-chen|last3=Hsu|first3=Elizabeth|title=Commission to investigate KMT assets launched|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201608310021.aspx|access-date=31 August 2016|agency=Central News Agency|date=31 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901140008/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201608310021.aspx|archive-date=1 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==== Cross-strait relations ====
| |
| In December 2003, then-KMT chairman (present chairman emeritus) and presidential candidate Lien Chan initiated what appeared to some to be a major shift in the party's position on the linked questions of Chinese reunification and Taiwan independence. Speaking to foreign journalists, Lien said that while the KMT was opposed to "immediate independence", it did not wish to be classed as "pro-reunificationist" either.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
| |
| | |
| At the same time, [[Wang Jin-pyng]], speaker of the [[Legislative Yuan]] and the Pan-Blue Coalition's campaign manager in the 2004 presidential election, said that the party no longer opposed Taiwan's "eventual independence". This statement was later clarified as meaning that the KMT opposes any immediate decision on unification and independence and would like to have this issue resolved by future generations. The KMT's position on the cross-strait relations was redefined as hoping to remain in the current neither-independent-nor-united situation.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
| |
| | |
| However, there had been a warming of relations between the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] and the PRC, with prominent members of both the KMT and PFP in active discussions with officials on the mainland. In February 2004, it appeared that the KMT had opened a campaign office for the Lien-Soong ticket in Shanghai targeting Taiwanese businessmen. However, after an adverse reaction in Taiwan, the KMT quickly declared that the office was opened without official knowledge or authorization. In addition, the PRC issued a statement forbidding open campaigning in the mainland and formally stated that it had no preference as to which candidate won and cared only about the positions of the winning candidate.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
| |
| | |
| In 2005, then-party chairman Lien Chan announced that he was to leave his office. The two leading contenders for the position included [[Ma Ying-jeou]] and Wang Jin-pyng. On 5 April 2005, [[Mayor of Taipei|Taipei Mayor]] Ma Ying-jeou said he wished to lead the opposition KMT with Wang Jin-pyng. On 16 July 2005, Ma was elected KMT chairman in the [[2005 KMT chairmanship election|first contested leadership in the KMT's 93-year history]]. Some 54% of the party's 1.04 million members cast their ballots. Ma garnered 72.4% of the vote share, or 375,056 votes, against Wang's 27.6%, or 143,268 votes. After failing to convince Wang to stay on as a vice chairman, Ma named holdovers [[Wu Po-hsiung]], [[Chiang Pin-kung]] and [[Lin Cheng-chi]] ({{lang|zh|林澄枝}}), as well as long-time party administrator and strategist [[John Kuan]] as vice-chairmen. All appointments were approved by a hand count of party delegates.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
| |
| | |
| [[File:Kuomintang nanjing.jpg|thumb|[[Lien Chan]] (middle) and [[Wu Po-hsiung]] (second left) and the KMT touring the [[Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum]] in [[Nanjing]], People's Republic of China when the [[2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China|Pan-Blue coalition visited the mainland]] in 2005]]
| |
| On 28 March 2005, thirty members of the KMT, led by vice-chairman Chiang Pin-kung, [[2005 Kuomintang visits to Mainland|arrived in mainland China]]. This marked the first official visit by the KMT to the mainland since it was defeated by communist forces in 1949 (although KMT members including Chiang had made individual visits in the past). The delegates began their itinerary by paying homage to the revolutionary martyrs of the Tenth Uprising at [[Huanghuagang]]. They subsequently flew to the former ROC capital of [[Nanjing]] to commemorate Sun Yat-sen. <!-- The ''[[China Times]]'', a Taiwan-based newspaper, said the group was to meet Thursday with [[Jia Qinglin]], nominally fourth-ranking CPC politician and a deputy head of the cabinet-level [[Taiwan Affairs Office]]. A top agenda item for Chiang was the anti-secession law, passed by China's parliament earlier in the month that authorized the use of "non-peaceful means" against Taiwan if it were to move towards formal independence.--> During the trip, the KMT signed a 10-points agreement with the CPC. The proponents regarded this visit as the prelude of the third KMT-CPC cooperation, after the [[First United Front|First]] and [[Second United Front]]. Weeks afterwards, in May 2005, Chairman Lien Chan visited the mainland and met with [[Hu Jintao]], [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]]. This marked the first meeting between leaders of the KMT and CPC after the end of [[Chinese Civil War]] in 1949. No agreements were signed because incumbent [[Chen Shui-bian]]'s government threatened to prosecute the KMT delegation for treason and violation of [[Law of the Republic of China|ROC laws]] prohibiting citizens from collaborating with CPC.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
| |
| | |
| == Supporter base ==
| |
| Support for the KMT in Taiwan encompasses a wide range of social groups but is largely determined by age. KMT support tends to be higher in northern Taiwan and in urban areas, where it draws its backing from big businesses due to its policy of maintaining commercial links with mainland China. As of 2020 only 3% of KMT members are under 40 years of age.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200421/p2g/00m/0in/048000c|title=Taiwan's once-powerful Kuomintang faces make-or-break moment|work=[[The Mainichi]]|date=April 22, 2020|access-date=May 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429023403/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200421/p2g/00m/0in/048000c|archive-date=29 April 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The KMT also has some support in the labor sector because of the many labor benefits and insurance implemented while the KMT was in power. The KMT traditionally has strong cooperation with military officers, teachers, and government workers. Among the ethnic groups in Taiwan, the KMT has stronger support among [[waishengren|mainlanders]] and their descendants, for ideological reasons, and among [[Taiwanese aboriginals]]. The support for the KMT generally tend to be stronger in majority-[[Hakka]] and [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]-speaking counties of Taiwan, in contrast to the [[Hokkien]]-majority southwestern counties that tend to support the [[Democratic Progressive Party]].
| |
| | |
| The deep-rooted hostility between Aboriginals and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities effective KMT networks, contribute to Aboriginal skepticism towards the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and the Aboriginals' tendency to vote for the KMT.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1=Damm|first1=Jens|editor1-last=Damm|editor1-first=Jens|editor2-last=Lim|editor2-first=Paul|title=European perspectives on Taiwan|date=2012|publisher=Springer VS|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=9783531943039|page=95|chapter=Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe}}</ref> Aboriginals have criticized politicians for abusing the "indigenization" movement for political gains, such as aboriginal opposition to the DPP's "rectification" by recognizing the Taroko for political reasons, with the majority of mountain townships voting for [[Ma Ying-jeou]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOusAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false Simon 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520072855/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOusAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=20 May 2015 }}, p. 28.</ref> In 2005 the Kuomintang displayed a massive photo of the anti-Japanese Aboriginal leader [[Mona Rudao]] at its headquarters in honor of the 60th anniversary of Taiwan's retrocession from Japan to the Republic of China.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 October 2005 |script-title=zh:國民黨紀念光復稱莫那魯道抗日英雄 |url=http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-80741 |newspaper=[[:zh:台湾立报|Lihpao]] |language=zh-hant |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094925/http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-80741 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| On social issues, the KMT does not take an official position on [[Same-sex marriage in Taiwan|same-sex marriage]], though most members of legislative committees, mayors of cities, and the most recent presidential candidate ([[Han Kuo-yu]]) oppose it. The party does, however, have a small faction that supports same-sex marriage, consisting mainly of young people and people in the [[Taipei metropolitan area]]. The opposition to same-sex marriage comes mostly from [[Christianity in Taiwan|Christian]] groups, who wield significant political influence within the KMT.<ref>{{cite news |author=Agence France-Presse in Taipei |title=Taiwan pins same-sex marriage hopes on political change |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1892493/taiwan-pins-same-sex-marriage-hopes-political-change |newspaper=South China Morning Post |date=18 December 2015 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218004157/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1892493/taiwan-pins-same-sex-marriage-hopes-political-change |archive-date=18 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Organization ==
| |
| [[File:Kuomintang Central Committee 20050405.jpg|thumb|upright|KMT headquarters in Taipei City before the KMT Central Committee moved in June 2006 to a much more modest Bade building, having sold the original headquarters to private investors of the [[EVA Air]]ways Corporation]] | |
| [[File:KMT Kinmen 20141231.JPG|thumb|KMT Kinmen headquarters office in [[Jincheng, Kinmen|Jincheng Township]], [[Kinmen]] County]]
| |
| [[File:KMT Blg.jpg|thumb|right|KMT Building in [[Vancouver Chinatown|Vancouver's Chinatown]], British Columbia, Canada]]
| |
| [[File:Pingzhen Division, Kuomintang Taoyuan County Committee 20131023.jpg|thumb|KMT branch office in [[Pingzhen District]], [[Taoyuan City]]]]
| |
| [[File:KMT San Francisco Headquarters (6532).JPG|thumb|upright|The KMT maintains offices in some of the [[Chinatown]]s of the world and its United States party headquarters are located in [[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco Chinatown]], on [[Stockton Street (San Francisco)|Stockton Street]] directly across the [[Chinese Six Companies]]]]
| |
| [[File:kmtny.JPG|thumb|upright|KMT Eastern U.S. headquarters is in [[Chinatown, Manhattan|New York Chinatown]]]]
| |
| [[File:Chinese Nationalist Party of Australia building Ultimo Rd in Sydney.jpg|thumb|upright|KMT office of [[Australasia]] in Sydney, Australia]]
| |
| | |
| === Leadership ===
| |
| The Kuomintang's constitution designated Sun Yat-sen as party president. After his death, the Kuomintang opted to keep that language in its constitution to honor his memory forever. The party has since been headed by a director-general (1927–1975) and a chairman (since 1975), positions which officially discharge the functions of the president.
| |
| | |
| ==== Current Central Committee Leadership ====
| |
| {{see|List of leaders of the Kuomintang|List of Secretaries-General of the Kuomintang}}
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Position
| |
| ! Name(s)
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Chairman of the Kuomintang|Chairman]]
| |
| | [[Johnny Chiang]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Chairman of the Kuomintang#List of deputy party leaders|Vice Chairman]]
| |
| | Vacant
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[List of Secretaries-General of the Kuomintang|Secretary-General]]
| |
| | [[Lee Chien-lung]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | Deputy Secretaries-General
| |
| | {{ill|Lee Yen-Hsiu|zh|李彥秀}} (Full Time), [[Ko Chih-en]], {{ill|Hsieh Lung-chieh|zh|謝龍介}}, [[Yen Kuan-heng]], {{ill|Kwei-Bo Huang|zh|黃奎博}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | Policy Committee Executive Director
| |
| | {{ill|Lin Wei-chou|zh|林為洲}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Organizational Development Committee|zh|中國國民黨中央委員會組織發展委員會}} Director
| |
| | {{ill|Yeh Shou-shan|zh|葉壽山}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Culture and Communications Committee|zh|中國國民黨中央委員會文化傳播委員會}} Director
| |
| | {{ill|Wang Yu-Min|zh|王育敏}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | Administration Committee Director
| |
| | {{ill|Chiu Da-chan|zh|邱大展}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Party Disciplinary Committee|zh|中國國民黨中央委員會考核紀律委員會}} Director
| |
| | {{ill|Yeh Ching-Yuan|zh|葉慶元}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Institute of Revolutionary Practice]] Director
| |
| | [[Lo Chih-chiang]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Legislative Yuan leader (Caucus leader) ====
| |
| <!-- 國會領袖 -->
| |
| * {{ill|Hong Yuh-chin|zh|洪玉欽}} (1 February 1999 – 1 February 2004)
| |
| * [[Tseng Yung-chuan]] (1 February 2004 – 1 December 2008)
| |
| * [[Lin Yi-shih]] (1 December 2008 – 1 February 2012)
| |
| * [[Lin Hung-chih]] (1 February 2012 – 31 July 2014)
| |
| * {{ill|Alex Fai|zh|費鴻泰}} (31 July 2014 – 7 February 2015)
| |
| * [[Lai Shyh-bao]] (7 February 2015 – 7 July 2016)
| |
| * [[Liao Kuo-tung]] (7 July 2016 – 29 June 2017)
| |
| * {{ill|Lin Te-fu|zh|林德福 (中國國民黨)}} (29 June 2017 – 14 June 2018)
| |
| * [[Johnny Chiang]] (14 June 2018 – 2019)
| |
| * [[Tseng Ming-chung]] (2019 – 2020)
| |
| * {{ill|Lin Wei-chou|zh|林為洲}} (2020 – present)
| |
| | |
| === Party organization and structure ===
| |
| The KMT is organized as such:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=107|title=Kuomintang News Network|publisher=Kmt.org.tw|date=26 February 2009|access-date=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927081830/http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=107|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| * National Congress
| |
| ** Party chairman
| |
| *** Vice-Chairmen
| |
| ** {{ill|Central Committee of the Kuomintang|zh|中國國民黨中央委員會|lt=Central Committee}}
| |
| *** Central Steering Committee for Women
| |
| ** Central Standing Committee
| |
| ** Secretary-General
| |
| *** Deputy Secretaries-General
| |
| ** Executive Director
| |
| | |
| ====Standing committees and departments====
| |
| | |
| * Policy Committee
| |
| ** Policy Coordination Department
| |
| ** Policy Research Department
| |
| ** Mainland Affairs Department
| |
| * [[Institute of Revolutionary Practice]], formerly National Development Institute
| |
| ** [[Kuomintang Youth League]]
| |
| ** Research Division
| |
| ** Education and Counselling Division
| |
| *Party Disciplinary Committee
| |
| ** Evaluation and Control Office
| |
| ** Audit Office
| |
| * Culture and Communications Committee
| |
| ** Cultural Department
| |
| ** Communications Department
| |
| ** KMT Party History Institute
| |
| * Administration Committee
| |
| ** Personnel Office
| |
| ** General Office
| |
| ** Finance Office
| |
| ** Accounting Office
| |
| ** Information Center
| |
| * Organizational Development Committee
| |
| ** Organization and Operations Department
| |
| ** Elections Mobilization Department
| |
| ** Community Volunteers Department
| |
| ** Overseas Department
| |
| ** Youth Department
| |
| ** Women's Department
| |
| | |
| == Ideology in mainland China ==
| |
| {{main|History of the Kuomintang}}
| |
| === Chinese nationalism ===
| |
| The KMT was a nationalist revolutionary party that had been supported by the Soviet Union. It was organized on the [[Leninist]] principle of [[democratic centralism]].<ref name="Jonathan Fenby 2005 504"/>
| |
| | |
| The KMT had several influences upon its ideology by revolutionary thinking. The KMT and Chiang Kai-shek used the words [[feudal]] and [[counterrevolutionary]] as synonyms for evil and backwardness, and they proudly proclaimed themselves to be [[revolutionary|revolutionaries]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Edgar Snow|title=Red Star Over China – The Rise of the Red Army|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYUABRj8IDwC&pg=PA89|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2008|publisher=READ BOOKS|isbn=978-1-4437-3673-2|page=89|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143957/https://books.google.com/books?id=yYUABRj8IDwC&pg=PA89|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman|author2=Lloyd E. Eastman|title=Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Ch'en Chieh-ju|url=https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1993|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-1825-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen/page/19 19]}}</ref> Chiang called the [[warlord]]s feudalists, and he also called for feudalism and counterrevolutionaries to be stamped out by the KMT.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kai-shek Chiang|author2=Philip Jacob Jaffe|author-link2=Philip Jacob Jaffe|title=China's Destiny & Chinese Economic Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9e9wAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1947|publisher=Roy Publishers|page=225|editor=Philip Jacob Jaffe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205051802/https://books.google.com/books?id=9e9wAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google65">{{cite book|author=Simei Qing|title=From Allies to Enemies: Visions of Modernity, Identity, and U.S.–China Diplomacy, 1945–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpproKeP7cwC&pg=PA65|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02344-4|page=65|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205031825/https://books.google.com/books?id=PpproKeP7cwC&pg=PA65|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kai Shew Chiang Kai Shew 2007 225">{{cite book|author=Kai Shew Chiang Kai Shew|title=China's Destiny and Chinese Economic Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCAjnuU3z-sC&pg=PA225|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=READ BOOKS|isbn=978-1-4067-5838-2|page=225|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205145519/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCAjnuU3z-sC&pg=PA225|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google268">{{cite book|author=Hongshan Li, Zhaohui Hong|author2=Zhaohui Hong|title=Image, Perception, and the Making of U.S.–China Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnmxDpX7ZlsC&pg=PA268|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1998|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-1158-9|page=268|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103059/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnmxDpX7ZlsC&pg=PA268|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Chiang showed extreme rage when he was called a warlord, because of the word's negative and feudal connotations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman|author2=Lloyd E. Eastman|title=Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Ch'en Chieh-ju|url=https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1993|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-1825-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen/page/226 226]}}</ref> Ma Bufang was forced to defend himself against the accusations, and stated to the news media that his army was a part of "National army, people's power".<ref>{{cite book|author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&pg=PA47|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6|page=50|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926082915/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&pg=PA47|archive-date=26 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Chiang Kai-shek, the head of the KMT, warned the Soviet Union and other foreign countries about interfering in Chinese affairs. He was personally angry at the way China was treated by foreigners, mainly by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States.<ref name="google65"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Fenby|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1|page=413|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He and his [[New Life Movement]] called for the crushing of Soviet, Western, American and other foreign influences in China. Chen Lifu, a [[CC Clique]] member in the KMT, said "Communism originated from Soviet imperialism, which has encroached on our country." It was also noted that "the white bear of the North Pole is known for its viciousness and cruelty".<ref name="google268"/>
| |
| | |
| The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism|fascist]] paramilitary organization within the KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was [[Xenophobia|anti-foreign]] and [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book|author=Frederic E. Wakeman|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9|page=75|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Fenby|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1|page=414|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| KMT leaders across China adopted nationalist rhetoric. The Chinese Muslim general [[Ma Bufang]] of [[Qinghai]] presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to the people of China, fighting against British imperialism, to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities like Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He used his Chinese nationalist credentials to his advantage to keep himself in power.<ref>{{cite book|author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6|page=48|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107203538/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|archive-date=7 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6|page=49|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107203538/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|archive-date=7 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The KMT pursued a [[sinicization]] policy, it was stated that "the time had come to set about the business of making all natives either turn Chinese or get out" by foreign observers of KMT policy. It was noted that "Chinese colonization" of "Mongolia and Manchuria" led "to a conviction that the day of the barbarian was finally over".<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Orient: A Series of Monographs on Oriental Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/neworientserieso011newo|url-access=registration|access-date=29 May 2011|year=1933|publisher=New Orient Society of America|page=[https://archive.org/details/neworientserieso011newo/page/116 116]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Carus|title=The Open court, Volume 47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrjQAAAAMAAJ|access-date=29 May 2011|year=1934|publisher=The Open Court Pub. Co.|page=116|editor=Paul Carus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024227/https://books.google.com/books?id=rrjQAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Owen Lattimore|title=Frontier History|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinfrontie017780mbp|access-date=29 May 2011|year=1962|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/studiesinfrontie017780mbp/page/n202 197]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427063534/http://archive.org/details/studiesinfrontie017780mbp|archive-date=27 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === New Guangxi Clique ===
| |
| The KMT branch in Guangxi province, led by the [[New Guangxi Clique]] of [[Bai Chongxi]] and [[Li Zongren]], implemented anti-imperialist, anti-religious, and anti-foreign policies. During the Northern Expedition, in 1926 in Guangxi, Muslim General [[Bai Chongxi]] led his troops in destroying most of the Buddhist temples and smashing idols, turning the temples into schools and KMT headquarters. Bai led an anti-foreign wave in Guangxi, attacking American, European, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for non-natives. Westerners fled from the province, and some Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents.<ref name="google99">{{cite book|author=Diana Lary|title=Region and Nation: The Kwangsi Clique in Chinese Politics, 1925–1937|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-20204-6|pages=98–99|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204225209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The leaders clashed with Chiang Kai-shek, which led to the Central Plains War where Chiang defeated the clique.
| |
| | |
| === Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation ===
| |
| {{main|Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang|Canton Merchant Volunteers Corps Uprising}}
| |
| The KMT had a left wing and a right wing, the left being more radical in its pro-Soviet policies, but both wings equally persecuted merchants, accusing them of being counterrevolutionaries and reactionaries. The right wing under Chiang Kai-shek prevailed, and continued radical policies against private merchants and industrialists, even as they denounced communism.<ref name="Lee"/>
| |
| | |
| One of the Three Principles of the People of the KMT, Mínshēng, was defined as socialism by Dr. Sun Yat-sen. He defined this principle of saying in his last days "its socialism and its communism". The concept may be understood as [[social welfare]] as well. Sun understood it as an industrial economy and equality of land holdings for the Chinese peasant farmers. Here he was influenced by the American thinker [[Henry George]] (see [[Georgism]]) and German thinker [[Karl Marx]]; the [[land value tax]] in Taiwan is a legacy thereof. He divided livelihood into four areas: food, clothing, housing, and transportation; and planned out how an ideal (Chinese) government can take care of these for its people.<ref name="Lee">{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Edward Bing-Shuey|date=1930|title=The Three Principles of the Kuomintang|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1016560|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=152|pages=262–265|issn=0002-7162}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The KMT was referred to having a socialist ideology. "Equalization of land rights" was a clause included by Dr. Sun in the original Tongmenhui. The KMT's revolutionary ideology in the 1920s incorporated unique Chinese Socialism as part of its ideology.<ref>{{cite book|author=Arif Dirlik|title=The Marxism in the Chinese Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-aGLEtx7AYC&pg=PA20|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-3069-0|page=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042103/https://books.google.com/books?id=S-aGLEtx7AYC&pg=PA20|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}<br />{{cite book|author=Von KleinSmid Institute of International Affairs, University of Southern California. School of Politics and International Relations|title=Studies in comparative communism, Volume 21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHnmAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1988|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|page=134|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205084844/https://books.google.com/books?id=VHnmAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The Soviet Union trained KMT revolutionaries in the [[Moscow Sun Yat-sen University]]. In the West and in the Soviet Union, Chiang was known as the "Red General".<ref name="Hannah Pakula 2009 346">{{cite book|author=Hannah Pakula|title=The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the Birth of Modern China|url=https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku_0|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2009|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-4893-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku_0/page/346 346]}}</ref> Movie theaters in the Soviet Union showed newsreels and clips of Chiang, at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University Portraits of Chiang were hung on the walls, and in the Soviet May Day Parades that year, Chiang's portrait was to be carried along with the portraits of Karl Marx, Lenin, Stalin, and other socialist leaders.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jay Taylor|title=The Generalissimo's son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA42|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-00287-6|page=42|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205144819/https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA42|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The KMT attempted to levy taxes upon merchants in Canton, and the merchants resisted by raising an army, the Merchant's volunteer corps. Dr. Sun initiated this anti-merchant policy, and Chiang Kai-shek enforced it, Chiang led his army of [[Whampoa Military Academy]] graduates to defeat the merchant's army. Chiang was assisted by Soviet advisors, who supplied him with weapons, while the merchants were supplied with weapons from the Western countries.<ref name="google71">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Fenby|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1|page=71|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google128">{{cite book|author=Hannah Pakula|title=The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the Birth of Modern China|url=https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku_0|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2009|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-4893-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku_0/page/128 128]}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The KMT was accused of leading a "Red Revolution" in Canton. The merchants were conservative and [[reactionary]], and their Volunteer Corp leader Chen Lianbao was a prominent [[comprador]] trader.<ref name="google71"/>
| |
| | |
| The merchants were supported by the foreign, western Imperialists such as the British, who led an international flotilla to support them against Dr. Sun.<ref name="google128"/> Chiang seized the western supplied weapons from the merchants, and battled against them. A KMT General executed several merchants, and the KMT formed a Soviet inspired Revolutionary Committee.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Fenby|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1|page=72|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The British Communist party congratulated Dr. Sun for his war against foreign imperialists and capitalists.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Fenby|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1|page=73|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| In 1948, the KMT again attacked the merchants of Shanghai. Chiang Kai-shek sent his son [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] to restore economic order. Ching-kuo copied Soviet methods, which he learned during his stay there, to start a social revolution by attacking middle-class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the [[proletariat]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Fenby|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1|page=485|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shop owners, Ching-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster [[Du Yuesheng]] was arrested by him. Ching-kuo ordered KMT agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by [[H.H. Kung]] and his family. H.H. Kung's wife was [[Soong Ai-ling]], the sister of [[Soong Mei-ling]] who was Ching-kuo's stepmother. H.H. Kung's son David was arrested, the Kung's responded by blackmailing the Chiang's, threatening to release information about them, eventually he was freed after negotiations, and Ching-kuo resigned, ending the terror on the Shanghainese merchants.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Fenby|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&pg=PA339|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1|page=486|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205032642/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&pg=PA339|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The KMT also promotes [[government-owned corporation]]s. KMT founder Sun Yat-sen, was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of Henry George, who believed that the rents extracted from [[natural monopoly|natural monopolies]] or the usage of land belonged to the public. Dr. Sun argued for Georgism and emphasized the importance of a mixed economy, which he termed "The Principle of Minsheng" in his Three Principles of the People.
| |
| | |
| "The railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the State. With this money in hand, the State can therefore finance the social welfare programs."<ref>Simei Qing "From Allies to Enemies," 19</ref>
| |
| | |
| The KMT Muslim Governor of [[Ningxia]], [[Ma Hongkui]], promoted state-owned monopolies. His government had a company, Fu Ning Company, which had a monopoly over commerce and industry in Ningxia.<ref>{{cite book|author=A. Doak Barnett|title=China on the Eve of Communist Takeover|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt0gAAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1968|publisher=Praeger|page=190|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042025/https://books.google.com/books?id=kt0gAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Corporations such as [[CSBC Corporation, Taiwan]], [[CPC Corporation, Taiwan]] and [[Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation]] are owned by the state in the Republic of China.
| |
| | |
| [[Marxist]]s also existed in the KMT. They viewed the Chinese revolution in different terms than the CPC, claiming that China already went past its feudal stage and in a stagnation period rather than in another mode of production. These Marxists in KMT opposed the CPC ideology.<ref>{{cite book|author=T. J. Byres, Harbans Mukhia|author2=Harbans Mukhia|title=Feudalism and non-European Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usOMZjTWrJ0C&pg=PA207|access-date=28 November 2010|year=1985|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-3245-2|page=207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081542/https://books.google.com/books?id=usOMZjTWrJ0C&pg=PA207|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Confucianism and religion in its ideology ===
| |
| [[File:NRA Generals Northern Expedition.jpg|thumb|From left to right, KMT members pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition: Generals [[Cheng Jin]], [[Zhang Zuobao]], [[Chen Diaoyuan]], [[Chiang Kai-shek]], [[Woo Tsin-hang]], [[Yan Xishan]], General [[Ma Fuxiang]], [[Ma Sida]] and General [[Bai Chongxi]]]]
| |
| The KMT used traditional Chinese religious ceremonies. According to the KMT, the souls of party martyrs were sent to heaven. Chiang Kai-shek believed that these martyrs still witnessed events on Earth.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman|author2=Lloyd E. Eastman |title=Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Chʻen Chieh-ju|url=https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1993|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-1825-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen/page/236 236] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hans J. Van de Ven|title=War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tx5H_DC5V-MC&pg=PA100|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-14571-8|page=100|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205083832/https://books.google.com/books?id=tx5H_DC5V-MC&pg=PA100|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Linda Chao, Ramon H. Myers|author2=Ramon H. Myers|title=The First Chinese Democracy: Political Life in the Republic of China on Taiwan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSS4AAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1998|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5650-1|page=45|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205043822/https://books.google.com/books?id=LSS4AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kai-shek Chiang|title=President Chiang Kai-shek's Selected Speeches and Messages, 1937–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVNwAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1946|publisher=China Cultural Service|page=137|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205084741/https://books.google.com/books?id=TVNwAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The KMT backed the New Life Movement, which promoted Confucianism, and it was also against westernization. KMT leaders also opposed the [[May Fourth Movement]]. Chiang Kai-shek, as a nationalist, and Confucianist, was against the iconoclasm of the May Fourth Movement. He viewed some western ideas as foreign, as a Chinese nationalist, and that the introduction of western ideas and literature that the May Fourth Movement wanted was not welcome. He and [[Sun Yat-sen]] criticized these May Fourth intellectuals for corrupting morals of youth.<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph T. Chen|title=The May Fourth Movement in Shanghai: The Making of a Social Movement in Modern China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dc4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1971|publisher=Brill Archive|page=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081556/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dc4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The KMT also incorporated [[Confucianism]] in its [[jurisprudence]]. It pardoned [[Shi Jianqiao]] for murdering [[Sun Chuanfang]], because she did it in revenge since Sun executed her father Shi Congbin, which was an example of [[filial piety]] to one's parents in Confucianism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugenia Lean|title=Public Passions: The Trial of Shi Jianqiao and the Rise of Popular Sympathy in Republican China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC&pg=PA90|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24718-5|page=148|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205083802/https://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC&pg=PA90|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The KMT encouraged filial revenge killings and extended pardons to those who performed them.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugenia Lean|title=Public Passions: The Trial of Shi Jianqiao and the Rise of Popular Sympathy in Republican China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24718-5|page=150|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011112059/http://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC|archive-date=11 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==== Education ====
| |
| The KMT purged China's education system of Western ideas, introducing Confucianism into the curriculum. Education came under the total control of state, which meant, in effect, the KMT, via the Ministry of Education. Military and political classes on KMT's ''Three Principles of the People'' were added. Textbooks, exams, degrees and educational instructors were all controlled by the state, as were all universities.<ref>{{cite book|author=Werner Draguhn, David S. G. Goodman|author2=David S.G. Goodman|title=China's Communist Revolutions: Fifty Years of the People's Republic of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Caknr1VAqMC|access-date=9 April 2011|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1630-2|page=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143203/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Caknr1VAqMC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Soviet-style military ===
| |
| Chiang Ching-kuo, appointed as KMT director of Secret Police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet style military organization in the [[Republic of China Armed Forces]], reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and KMT activities were propagated throughout the whole of the armed forces. Opposed to this was [[Sun Li-jen]], who was educated at the American [[Virginia Military Institute]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jay Taylor|title=The Generalissimo's Son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA195|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-00287-6|page=195|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103039/https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA195|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Chiang Ching-kuo then arrested Sun Li-jen, charging him of conspiring with the American [[CIA]] of plotting to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT, Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter R. Moody|title=Opposition and Dissent in Contemporary China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW9yrtekFRkC&pg=PA302|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1977|publisher=Hoover Press|isbn=978-0-8179-6771-0|page=302|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143937/https://books.google.com/books?id=AW9yrtekFRkC&pg=PA302|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/patternsindustch00tuck|url-access=registration|title=Patterns in the dust: Chinese–American Relations and the Recognition Controversy, 1949–1950|author=Nancy Bernkopf Tucker|year=1983|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/patternsindustch00tuck/page/181 181]|isbn=0231053622|access-date=28 June 2010|author-link=Nancy Bernkopf Tucker}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang ==
| |
| === Malaysian Chinese Association ===
| |
| [[File:Flag of the Malaysian Chinese Association.svg|thumb|[[Malaysian Chinese Association]]]]
| |
| The [[Malaysian Chinese Association]] (MCA) was initially pro-ROC and mainly consisted of KMT members who joined as an alternative and were also in opposition to the [[Malayan Communist Party]], supporting the KMT in China by funding them with the intention of reclaiming the Chinese mainland from the communists.<ref name="Ching Fatt Yong, R. B. McKenna">{{cite book|author=Ching Fatt Yong|author2=R. B. McKenna|title=The Kuomintang Movement in British Malaya, 1912–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQkDmsTWnbIC&pg=PA1|year=1990|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-137-0|page=1|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021357/https://books.google.com/books?id=jQkDmsTWnbIC&pg=PA1|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Tibet Improvement Party ===
| |
| {{main|Tibet Improvement Party}}
| |
| The [[Tibet Improvement Party]] was founded by [[Pandatsang Rapga]], a pro-ROC and pro-KMT [[Kham]]pa revolutionary, who worked against the [[14th Dalai Lama]]'s Tibetan Government in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]]. Rapga borrowed Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People doctrine and translated his political theories into the Tibetan language, hailing it as the best hope for Asian peoples against imperialism. Rapga stated that "the Sanmin Zhuyi was intended for all peoples under the domination of foreigners, for all those who had been deprived of the rights of man. But it was conceived especially for the Asians. It is for this reason that I translated it. At that time, a lot of new ideas were spreading in Tibet," during an interview in 1975 by Dr. Heather Stoddard.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gray Tuttle|title=Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlOEi9C4T3QC&pg=PA152|access-date=27 December 2011|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13447-7|page=152|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104141628/http://books.google.com/books?id=KlOEi9C4T3QC&pg=PA152|archive-date=4 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> He wanted to destroy the feudal government in Lhasa, in addition to modernizing and secularizing Tibetan society. The ultimate goal of the party was the overthrow of the Dalai Lama's regime, and the creation of a Tibetan Republic which would be an [[autonomous Republic]] within the ROC.<ref>{{cite book|author=Melvyn C. Goldstein|title=A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist state|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA450|access-date=27 December 2011|edition=reprint, illustrated|volume=Volume 1 of A History of Modern Tibet|year=1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07590-0|page=450|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104143003/http://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA450|archive-date=4 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT funded the party and their efforts to build an army to battle the Dalai Lama's government.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&pg=PA95|access-date=27 December 2011|edition=illustrated|volume=Volume 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-58264-3|page=95|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610194850/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&pg=PA95|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The KMT was extensively involved in the Kham region, recruiting the Khampa people to both oppose the Dalai Lama's Tibetan government, fight the Communist Red Army, and crush the influence of local Chinese warlords who did not obey the central government.
| |
| | |
| === Vietnamese Nationalist Party ===
| |
| {{main|Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng}}
| |
| [[File:Flag of VNQDD.svg|thumb|[[Vietnamese Kuomintang]]]]
| |
| [[File:Flag of the People's Action Party of Vietnam.svg|thumb|[[People's Action Party of Vietnam]]]]
| |
| The KMT assisted the [[Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang]] party which translates literally into Chinese ({{lang|zh-hant|越南國民黨}}; {{zh|labels=no|p=Yuènán Guómíndǎng}}) as the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.<ref>{{cite book|author=Frances FitzGerald|title=Fire in the lake: the Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C31uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=27 December 2011|volume=Volume 927|year=1972|publisher=Little, Brown|page=238|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205070023/https://books.google.com/books?id=C31uAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Frances Fitzgerald|title=Fire in the lake: the Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld9W1NKBjzQC&pg=PA190|access-date=27 December 2011|edition=illustrated|year=2002|publisher=Hachette Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-316-28423-3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143911/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld9W1NKBjzQC&pg=PA190|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> When it was established, it was based on the Chinese KMT and was pro Chinese.<ref>{{cite book|author=Archimedes L. A. Patti|title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04156-1|page=530|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074701/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Keat Gin Ooi|title=Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA37|access-date=30 November 2010|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|page=37|editor=Keat Gin Ooi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205032541/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA37|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Chinese KMT helped the party, known as the VNQDD, set up headquarters in Canton and Yunnan, to aid their anti imperialist struggle against the French occupiers of [[Indo China]] and against the [[Vietnamese Communist Party]]. It was the first revolutionary nationalist party to be established in Vietnam, before the communist party. The KMT assisted VNQDD with funds and military training.
| |
| | |
| The VNQDD was founded with KMT aid in 1925, they were against [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s Viet Nam Revolutionary Youth League.<ref name="Archimedes%2525252520L%252525252E%2525252520A%252525252E%2525252520Patti%25252525201980%2525252520532">{{cite book|author=Archimedes L. A. Patti|title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04156-1|page=532|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074701/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> When the VNQDD fled to China after the failed uprising against the French, they settled in Yunnan and Canton, in two different branches.<ref name="Ellen%2525252520J%252525252E%2525252520Hammer%25252525201955%252525252084">{{cite book|author=Ellen J. Hammer|title=Struggle for Indochina, 1940–1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZeaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1955|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0458-8|page=84|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205031951/https://books.google.com/books?id=GZeaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Berch Berberoglu|title=The State and Revolution in the Twentieth Century: Major Social Transformations of Our Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2d0UDTYyByQC&pg=PA53|access-date=30 November 2010|year=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-3884-9|page=53|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081040/https://books.google.com/books?id=2d0UDTYyByQC&pg=PA53|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The VNQDD existed as a party in exile in China for 15 years, receiving help, militarily and financially, and organizationally from the Chinese KMT.<ref>{{cite book|author=Britannica Educational Publishing|title=The Korean War and the Vietnam War: People, Politics, and Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvfQpUoH5Z0C&pg=PA98|access-date=30 November 2010|year=2009|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-047-1|page=98|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042256/https://books.google.com/books?id=EvfQpUoH5Z0C&pg=PA98|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The two VNQDD parties merged into a single organization, the Canton branch removed the word "revolutionary" from the party name. [[Lu Han (general)|Lu Han]], a KMT official in Nanjing, who was originally from Yunnan, was contacted by the VNQDD, and the KMT Central Executive Committee and Military made direct contact with VNQDD for the first time, the party was reestablished in Nanjing with KMT help.<ref name="Archimedes%2525252520L%252525252E%2525252520A%252525252E%2525252520Patti%25252525201980%2525252520532"/>
| |
| | |
| The Chinese KMT used the VNQDD for its own interests in south China and Indo China. General [[Zhang Fakui]] (Chang Fa-kuei), who based himself in Guangxi, established the Viet Nam Cach Menh Dong Minh Hoi meaning "Viet Nam Revolutionary League" in 1942, which was assisted by the VNQDD to serve the KMT's aims. The Chinese Yunnan provincial army, under the KMT, occupied northern Vietnam after the Japanese surrender in 1945, the VNQDD tagging alone, opposing Ho Chi Minh's communist party.<ref>{{cite book|author=Archimedes L. A. Patti|title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04156-1|page=533|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074701/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDD. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the Three Principles of the People, created by KMT founder Dr. Sun and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists.<ref>{{cite book|author=James P. Harrison|title=The Endless War: Vietnam's Struggle for Independence|url=https://archive.org/details/endlesswarvietna00harr|url-access=registration|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1989|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-06909-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/endlesswarvietna00harr/page/81 81]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division|title=The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940–1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEDfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1982|publisher=Michael Glazier|page=56|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042117/https://books.google.com/books?id=uEDfAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyen Hai Than, who was born in China and could not speak Vietnamese. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indo China.<ref>{{cite book|author=Oscar Chapuis|title=The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RorGHF0fGIC&pg=PA106|access-date=30 November 2010|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31170-3|page=106|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081920/https://books.google.com/books?id=9RorGHF0fGIC&pg=PA106|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.<ref>{{cite book|author=William J. Duiker|title=The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofnationalis0000duik|url-access=registration|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1976|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-0951-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/riseofnationalis0000duik/page/272 272]}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| A KMT left-winger, General Chang Fa-kuei, worked with Nguyen Hai Than, a VNQDD member, against French Imperialists and Communists in Indo China.<ref name="google61">{{cite book|author=N. Khac Huyen|title=Vision Accomplished?: The Enigma of Ho Chi Minh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HxuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1971|publisher=Macmillan|page=61|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042300/https://books.google.com/books?id=-HxuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> General Chang Fa-kuei planned to lead a Chinese army invasion of [[Tonkin]] in Indochina to free Vietnam from French control, and to get Chiang Kai-shek's support.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Fitzsimmons|title=Lugano Review, Volume 2, Issues 4–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RAHAQAAIAAJ|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1975|publisher=J. Fitzsimmons.|page=6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205102951/https://books.google.com/books?id=_RAHAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The VNQDD opposed the government of [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] during the Vietnam War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Frances FitzGerald|title=Fire in the Lake: the Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C31uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=27 December 2011|volume=Volume 927|year=1972|publisher=Little, Brown|page=239|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205070023/https://books.google.com/books?id=C31uAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| After the [[Fall of Saigon]] in 1977 the party dissolved and was refounded in 1991 as [[People's Action Party of Vietnam]].
| |
| | |
| === Ryukyu Guomindang ===
| |
| On 30 November 1958, the establishment of the [[Ryukyu]] Guomindang took place. Tsugumasa Kiyuna headed its predecessor party, the Ryukyuan separatist Ryukyu Revolutionary Party which was backed by the Kuomintang in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite journal |last=石井 |first=明 |date=29 October 2010 |script-title=ja:中国の琉球・沖縄政策 : 琉球・沖縄の帰属問題を中心に |url=http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/61324/1/05Ishii_summary.pdf |journal=Japan Border Review |language=ja |volume=1 |page=196 |doi=10.14943/jbr.1.71 |access-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010446/http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/61324/1/05Ishii_summary.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Hong Kong Pro-ROC camp ===
| |
| The [[Pro-ROC camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-ROC camp]] is a political alignment in Hong Kong. It pledges allegiance to the Republic of China.
| |
| | |
| One of these members, the [[123 Democratic Alliance]], dissolved in 2000 due to the lack of financial support from the [[Taiwan government]], after the [[2000 Taiwan presidential election]].<ref name="Chan">{{cite book|title=Crisis and Transformation in China's Hong Kong|first1=Ming K.|last1=Chan|first2=Alvin Y.|last2=So|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=2002|page=142}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Sponsored organizations ==
| |
| [[File:TaipeiMosque.JPG|thumb|Taipei Grand Mosque]]
| |
| [[Ma Fuxiang]] founded Islamic organizations sponsored by the KMT, including the China Islamic Association ({{zh|labels=no|t=中國回教公會}}).<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA169|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=266|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205105000/https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA169|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| KMT Muslim General [[Bai Chongxi]] was Chairman of the Chinese Islamic National Salvation Federation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Dillon|title=China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA86|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3|page=208|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205035157/https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA86|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Muslim Chengda school and Yuehua publication were supported by the Nationalist Government, and they supported the KMT.<ref name="google375">{{cite book|author=Stéphane A. Dudoignon |author2=Hisao Komatsu|author3=Yasushi Kosugi|title=Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&pg=PA135|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-36835-3|page=375|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081618/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&pg=PA135|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The [[Chinese Muslim Association]] was also sponsored by the KMT, and it evacuated from the mainland to Taiwan with the party. The Chinese Muslim Association owns the [[Taipei Grand Mosque]] which was built with funds from the KMT.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islam in Taiwan|author=Peter G. Gowing|newspaper=SAUDI ARAMCO World|date=July–August 1970|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm|access-date=7 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911170917/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm|archive-date=11 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The [[Yihewani]] (Ikhwan al Muslimun a.k.a. Muslim brotherhood) was the predominant Muslim sect backed by the KMT. Other Muslim sects, like the [[Xidaotang]] were also supported by the KMT. The Chinese Muslim brotherhood became a Chinese nationalist organization and supported KMT rule. Brotherhood Imams like [[Hu Songshan]] ordered Muslims to pray for the Nationalist Government, salute KMT flags during prayer, and listen to nationalist sermons.
| |
| | |
| == Policy on ethnic minorities ==
| |
| The KMT considers all minorities to be members of the Chinese nation. Former KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek considered all the minority peoples of China, including the Hui, as descendants of [[Yellow Emperor]], the Yellow Emperor and semi mythical founder of the Chinese nation. Chiang considered all the minorities to belong to the Chinese Nation [[Zhonghua Minzu]] and he introduced this into KMT ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China, and the Constitution of the ROC considered Chiang's ideology to be true.<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray A. Rubinstein|title=The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-193-2|page=416|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205041927/https://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James A. Millward|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA208|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13924-3|page=208|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109033724/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA208|archive-date=9 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Hibbert Clyde, Burton F. Beers|author2=Burton F. Beers |title=The Far East: a history of the Western impact and the Eastern response (1830-1970)|url=https://archive.org/details/fareasthistoryof0000clyd|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1971|publisher=Prentice-Hall|page=[https://archive.org/details/fareasthistoryof0000clyd/page/409 409]}}</ref> In Taiwan, the President performs a ritual honoring the Yellow Emperor, while facing west, in the direction of the Chinese mainland.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cheong Ching|title=Will Taiwan break away: the rise of Taiwanese nationalism|url=https://archive.org/details/willtaiwanbreaka0000chin|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2001|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-4486-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/willtaiwanbreaka0000chin/page/188 188]}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The KMT kept the [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]] for dealing with Mongolian And Tibetan affairs. A Muslim, Ma Fuxiang, was appointed as its chairman.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA168|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=266|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205023520/https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA168|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The KMT was known for sponsoring Muslim students to study abroad at Muslim universities like [[Al-Azhar University]] and it established schools especially for Muslims, Muslim KMT warlords like Ma Fuxiang promoted education for Muslims.<ref name="Masumi">{{cite web|url=http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr |title=The Completion of the Idea of Dual Loyalty towards China and Islam |last=Masumi |first=Matsumoto |access-date=28 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054724/http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref> KMT Muslim Warlord [[Ma Bufang]] built a girls' school for Muslim girls in [[Linxia City]] which taught modern secular education.<ref>{{cite book|author=Maria Jaschok, Jingjun Shui|author2=Jingjun Shui|title=The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA96|access-date=29 June 2010|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7007-1302-8|page=361|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728100745/http://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA96|archive-date=28 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Tibetans and Mongols refused to allow other ethnic groups like [[Kazakhs]] to participate in the Kokonur ceremony in Qinghai, but KMT Muslim General [[Ma Bufang]] allowed them to participate.<ref>{{cite book|author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&pg=PA54|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6|page=273|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143252/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&pg=PA54|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Chinese Muslims were among the most hardline KMT members. [[Ma Chengxiang]] was a Muslim KMT member, and he refused to surrender to the Communists.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeremy Brown, Paul Pickowicz|author2=Paul Pickowicz|title=Dilemmas of Victory: The Early years of the People's Republic of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg=PA192|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02616-2|page=462|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205025333/https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg=PA192|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David D. Wang|title=Under the Soviet Shadow: The Yining Incident: Ethnic Conflicts and International Rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeBxAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1999|publisher=The Chinese University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-962-201-831-0|page=577|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704172901/http://books.google.com/books?id=XeBxAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The KMT incited anti-[[Yan Xishan]] and [[Feng Yuxiang]] sentiments among [[Hui people|Chinese Muslims]] and Mongols, encouraging for them to topple their rule during the Central Plains War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-58264-3|page=22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103201/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[Masud Sabri]], a Uyghur was appointed as Governor of [[Xinjiang]] by the KMT, as was the [[Tatar]] [[Burhan Shahidi]] and the Uyghur [[Yulbars Khan]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang, 1911–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|page=376|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704173905/http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The Muslim General Ma Bufang also put KMT symbols on his mansion, the [[Ma Bufang Mansion]] along with a portrait of party founder Dr. Sun Yatsen arranged with the KMT flag and the Republic of China flag.
| |
| | |
| General Ma Bufang and other high ranking Muslim Generals attended the [[Kokonuur Lake]] Ceremony where the God of the Lake was worshipped, and during the ritual, the Chinese national anthem was sung, all participants bowed to a Portrait of KMT founder Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and the God of the Lake was also bowed to, and offerings were given to him by the participants, which included the Muslims.<ref name="google51">{{cite book|author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6|page=51|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107203538/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|archive-date=7 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> This cult of personality around the KMT leader and the KMT was standard in all meetings. Sun Yat-sen's portrait was bowed to three times by KMT party members.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Fenby|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1|page=325|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Dr. Sun's portrait was arranged with two flags crossed under, the [[Blue Sky with a White Sun|KMT flag]] and the [[flag of the Republic of China]].
| |
| | |
| The KMT also hosted conferences of important Muslims like Bai Chongxi, Ma Fuxiang, and Ma Liang. Ma Bufang stressed "racial harmony" as a goal when he was Governor of Qinghai.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nihon Gaiji Kyōkai|title=Chiang Contemporary Japan: A Review of Japanese affairs, Volume 11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0nVAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1942|publisher=The Foreign Affairs Association of Japan|page=1626|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024059/https://books.google.com/books?id=K0nVAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| In 1939, [[Isa Yusuf Alptekin]] and Ma Fuliang were sent on a mission by the KMT to the Middle Eastern countries such as [[Egypt]], [[Turkey]] and [[Syria]] to gain support for the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Chinese War against Japan]], they also visited Afghanistan in 1940 and contacted [[Muhammad Amin Bughra]], they asked him to come to [[Chongqing]], the capital of the Nationalist Government. Bughra was arrested by the British in 1942 for spying, and the KMT arranged for Bughra's release. He and Isa Yusuf worked as editors of KMT Muslim publications.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-58264-3|page=90|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103201/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Ma Tianying ({{lang|zh-hant|馬天英}}) (1900–1982) led the 1939 mission which had 5 other people including Isa and Fuliang.<ref>{{cite book|author=Aliya Ma Lynn|title=Muslims in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC&pg=PA27|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=University Press|isbn=978-0-88093-861-7|page=45|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143128/https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC&pg=PA27|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Stance on separatism ==
| |
| The KMT is anti-separatist. During its rule on mainland China, it crushed Uyghur and Tibetan separatist uprisings. The KMT claims sovereignty over [[Outer Mongolia]] and [[Tuva]] as well as the territories of the modern People's Republic and Republic of China.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320|title= Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview|access-date= 26 May 2020|archive-date= 25 May 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200525131807/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320|url-status= live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang waged war on the invading Tibetans during the [[Sino-Tibetan War]] with his Muslim army, and he repeatedly crushed Tibetan revolts during bloody battles in Qinghai provinces. Ma Bufang was fully supported by President Chiang Kai-shek, who ordered him to prepare his Muslim army to invade Tibet several times and threatened aerial bombardment on the Tibetans. With support from the KMT, Ma Bufang repeatedly attacked the Tibetan area of [[Golog]] seven times during the [[Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai|KMT Pacification of Qinghai]], eliminating thousands of Tibetans.<ref name="google54">{{cite book|author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6|page=273|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107203538/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|archive-date=7 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| General [[Ma Fuxiang]], the chairman of the [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]] stated that Mongolia and Tibet were an integral part of the Republic of China, arguing:
| |
| <blockquote>Our Party [the Guomindang] takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task. This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind [Ch. fei wo zulei zhe]. Now the people of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us, and we have great affection for one another: our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years. [...] Mongolia and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA167|access-date=2010-06-28|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=266|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205041900/https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA167|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>
| |
| | |
| Under orders from Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai-shek, the [[Hui people|Hui]] General Ma Bufang, Governor of Qinghai (1937–1949), repaired Yushu airport to prevent Tibetan separatists from seeking independence.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} Ma Bufang also crushed Mongol separatist movements, abducting the Genghis Khan Shrine and attacking Tibetan Buddhist Temples like Labrang, and keeping a tight control over them through the Kokonur God ceremony.<ref name="google51"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Kocot Nietupski|title=Labrang: a Tibetan Buddhist Monastery at the Crossroads of Four Civilizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&pg=PA35|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1999|publisher=Snow Lion Publications|isbn=978-1-55939-090-3|page=35|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205084013/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&pg=PA35|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| During the [[Kumul Rebellion]], the KMT [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)]] crushed a separatist Uyghur [[First East Turkestan Republic]], delivering it a fatal blow at the [[Battle of Kashgar (1934)]]. The Muslim General Ma Hushan pledged allegiance to the KMT and crushed another Uyghur revolt at [[Charkhlik Revolt]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}
| |
| | |
| During the [[Ili Rebellion]], the KMT fought against Uyghur separatists and the Soviet Union, and against Mongolia.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}
| |
| | |
| == Election results ==
| |
| ===Presidential elections===
| |
| {|class=wikitable
| |
| !Election
| |
| !Candidate
| |
| !Running mate
| |
| !Total votes
| |
| !Share of votes
| |
| !Outcome
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2020 Taiwan presidential election|2020]]
| |
| |[[Han Kuo-yu]]
| |
| |[[Chang San-cheng]] ([[File:Black-nill.png|15x15px]] {{small|[[Independent (politician)|independent]]}})
| |
| |5,522,119
| |
| |38.6%
| |
| |Defeated {{N}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2016 Taiwan presidential election|2016]]
| |
| |[[Eric Chu]]
| |
| |[[Wang Ju-hsuan]] ([[File:Black-nill.png|15x15px]] {{small|[[Independent (politician)|independent]]}})
| |
| |3,813,365
| |
| |31.0%
| |
| |Defeated {{N}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2012 Taiwan presidential election|2012]]
| |
| |[[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| |
| |[[Wu Den-yih]]
| |
| |6,891,139
| |
| |51.6%
| |
| |Elected {{Y}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2008 Taiwan presidential election|2008]]
| |
| |[[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| |
| |[[Vincent Siew]]
| |
| |7,658,724
| |
| |58.4%
| |
| |Elected {{Y}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2004 Taiwan presidential election|2004]]
| |
| |[[Lien Chan]]
| |
| |[[James Soong]] ([[File:LogoPFP.svg|15px|link=People First Party (Republic of China)]] {{small|[[People First Party (Republic of China)|PFP]]}})
| |
| |6,423,906
| |
| |49.8%
| |
| |Defeated {{N}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2000 Taiwan presidential election|2000]]
| |
| |[[Lien Chan]]
| |
| |[[Vincent Siew]]
| |
| |2,925,513
| |
| |23.1%
| |
| |Defeated {{N}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1996 Taiwan presidential election|1996]]
| |
| |[[Lee Teng-hui]]
| |
| |[[Lien Chan]]
| |
| |5,813,699
| |
| |54.0%
| |
| |Elected {{Y}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1948 Chinese presidential election|1948]]
| |
| |[[Chiang Kai-shek]]
| |
| |[[Li Zongren]]
| |
| |2,430
| |
| |90.03%
| |
| |Elected {{Y}}
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Legislative elections ===
| |
| <!-- Note that the Legislative Yuan is the legislature of the Republic of China only. The members of the Executive Yuan which can form the government of the Republic of China are appointed by the President of the Republic of China and irrelevant to the Legislative Yuan. -->
| |
| {|class=wikitable
| |
| !Election
| |
| !Total seats won
| |
| !Total votes
| |
| !Share of votes
| |
| !Changes
| |
| !Election leader
| |
| !Status
| |
| !President
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1969 Taiwanese legislative election|1969]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|8|11|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |[[Chiang Kai-shek]]
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Chiang Kai-shek {{KMT/logo}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1972 Taiwanese legislative election|1972]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|41|51|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |[[Chiang Kai-shek]]
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1975 Taiwanese legislative election|1975]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|42|52|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |[[Chiang Ching-kuo]]
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |Yen Chia-kan {{KMT/logo}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1980 Taiwanese legislative election|1980]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|79|97|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |[[Chiang Ching-kuo]]
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |rowspan="3"| Chiang Ching-kuo {{KMT/logo}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1983 Taiwanese legislative election|1983]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|83|98|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |[[Chiang Ching-kuo]]
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1986 Taiwanese legislative election|1986]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|79|100|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |[[Chiang Ching-kuo]]
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1989 Taiwanese legislative election|1989]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|94|130|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |[[Lee Teng-hui]]
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |rowspan="4"|[[Lee Teng-hui]] {{KMT/logo}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1992 Taiwan legislative election|1992]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|95|161|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |5,030,725
| |
| |53.0%
| |
| |{{decrease}} 7 seats
| |
| |[[Lee Teng-hui]]
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1995 Taiwan legislative election|1995]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|85|164|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |4,349,089
| |
| |46.1%
| |
| |{{decrease}} 12 seats
| |
| |[[Lee Teng-hui]]
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"|[[1998 Taiwan legislative election|1998]]
| |
| |rowspan="2"|{{composition bar|123|225|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |rowspan="2"|4,659,679
| |
| |rowspan="2"|46.4%
| |
| |rowspan="2"|{{increase}} 7 seats<br />{{small|(adjusted)}}
| |
| |rowspan="2"|[[Lee Teng-hui]]
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{yes2|Opposing majority}}
| |
| |rowspan="4"|[[Chen Shui-bian]] {{DPP/logo}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2001 Taiwan legislative election|2001]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|68|225|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |2,949,371
| |
| |31.3%
| |
| |{{decrease}} 46 seats
| |
| |[[Lien Chan]]
| |
| |{{partial|Opposing plurality}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2004 Taiwan legislative election|2004]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|79|225|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |3,190,081
| |
| |34.9%
| |
| |{{increase}} 11 seats
| |
| |[[Lien Chan]]
| |
| |{{partial|Opposing plurality}}
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"|[[2008 Taiwan legislative election|2008]]
| |
| |rowspan="2"|{{composition bar|81|113|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |rowspan="2"|5,291,512
| |
| |rowspan="2"|53.5%
| |
| |rowspan="2"|{{increase}} 41 seats<br />{{small|(adjusted)}}
| |
| |rowspan="2"|[[Wu Po-hsiung]]
| |
| |{{yes2|Opposing majority}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |rowspan="2"|[[Ma Ying-jeou]] {{KMT/logo}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2012 Taiwan legislative election|2012]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|64|113|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |5,863,379
| |
| |44.5%
| |
| |{{decrease}} 17 seats
| |
| |[[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2016 Taiwan legislative election|2016]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|35|113|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |3,280,949
| |
| |26.9%
| |
| |{{decrease}} 29 seats
| |
| |[[Eric Chu]]
| |
| |{{no|Minority}}
| |
| |rowspan="2"|[[Tsai Ing-wen]] {{DPP/logo}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2020 Taiwan legislative election|2020]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|38|113|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |4,723,504
| |
| |33.3%
| |
| |{{increase}} 3 seats
| |
| |[[Wu Den-yih]]
| |
| |{{no|Minority}}
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Local elections ===
| |
| {|class=wikitable
| |
| !Election
| |
| !Magistrates and mayors
| |
| !Councillors
| |
| !Township/city mayors
| |
| !Township/city council representatives
| |
| !Village chiefs
| |
| !Party leader
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2018 Taiwanese local elections|2018]]<br />{{small|unified}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|15|22|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|394|912|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|83|204|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|390|2148|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|1120|7744|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |[[Wu Den-yih]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2014 Taiwanese local elections|2014]]<br />{{small|unified}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|6|22|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|386|906|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|80|204|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|538|2137|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|1794|7836|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |[[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2010 Taiwanese local elections|2010]]<br />{{small|municipalities only}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|3|5|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|130|314|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|1195|3757|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |[[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2009 Taiwanese local elections|2009]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|12|17|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|289|587|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|121|211|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |[[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2006 Taiwanese local elections|2006]]<br />{{small|municipalities only}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|1|2|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|41|96|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |[[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2005 Taiwanese local elections|2005]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|14|23|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|408|901|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|173|319|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |[[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2002 Taiwanese local elections|2002]]<br />{{small|municipalities only}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|1|2|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|32|96|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |[[Lien Chan]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2001 Taiwanese local elections|2001]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|9|23|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|382|897|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|195|319|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |[[Lien Chan]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1998 Taiwanese municipal elections|1998]]<br />{{small|municipalities only}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|1|2|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|48|96|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |[[Lee Teng-hui]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1997 Taiwanese local elections|1997]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|8|23|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|522|886|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|236|319|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |[[Lee Teng-hui]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1994 Taiwanese municipal elections|1994]]<br />{{small|province-level only}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|2|3|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{composition bar|91|175|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |[[Lee Teng-hui]]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === National Assembly elections ===
| |
| {|class=wikitable
| |
| !Election
| |
| !Total seats won
| |
| !Total votes
| |
| !Share of votes
| |
| !Changes
| |
| !Party leader
| |
| !Status
| |
| !President
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[2005 Taiwan National Assembly election|2005]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|117|300|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |1,508,384
| |
| |38.92%
| |
| |{{decrease}} 66 seats
| |
| |[[Lien Chan]]
| |
| |{{partial|Plurality}}
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1991 Taiwan National Assembly election|1991]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|254|325|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |6,053,366
| |
| |69.1%
| |
| |{{increase}} 186 seats
| |
| |[[Lee Teng-hui]]
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |rowspan="2"|[[Lee Teng-hui]] {{KMT/logo}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[1996 Taiwan National Assembly election|1996]]
| |
| |{{composition bar|183|334|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}}
| |
| |5,180,829
| |
| |49.7%
| |
| |{{decrease}} 71 seats
| |
| |[[Lee Teng-hui]]
| |
| |{{yes|Majority}}
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == See also ==
| |
| {{Div col|small=yes}}
| |
| * [[1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border]]
| |
| * [[Chinese nationalism]]
| |
| * [[Conservatism in Taiwan]]
| |
| * [[Elections in Taiwan]]
| |
| * [[February 28 Incident]]
| |
| * [[Index of Taiwan-related articles]]
| |
| * [[History of the Kuomintang cultural policy]]
| |
| * [[History of the Republic of China]]
| |
| * [[Joseph Stilwell#Disagreements with Chiang and the Allies|Joseph Stilwell]]
| |
| * [[KMT retreat to Taiwan in 1949]]
| |
| * [[Kuomintang Islamic insurgency]]
| |
| * [[Military of the Republic of China]]
| |
| * [[National Revolutionary Army]]
| |
| * [[Nationalist government]]
| |
| * [[New Kuomintang Alliance]]
| |
| * [[Political status of Taiwan]]
| |
| * [[Politics of the Republic of China]]
| |
| * [[Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang]]
| |
| * [[Whampoa Military Academy]]
| |
| * [[White Terror (Taiwan)]]
| |
| {{Div col end}}
| |
| | |
| == References ==
| |
| {{Reflist}}
| |
| | |
| == Further reading ==
| |
| {{refbegin}}
| |
| * {{cite book |last1=Bergere |first2=Janet |last2=Lloyd |first1=Marie-Claire |title = Sun Yat-sen |year=2000 |publisher = Stanford University Press |location = Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-4011-1 |url = https://archive.org/details/sunyatsen00berg }}
| |
| * {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Denny |title = Taiwan: A Political History |url = https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn |url-access=registration |year=2003 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn=978-0-8014-8805-4}}
| |
| * John F. Copper. ''The KMT Returns to Power: Elections in Taiwan, 2008 to 2012'' (Lexington Books; 2013) 251 pages. How Taiwan's Nationalist Party regained power after losing in 2000.
| |
| {{refend}}
| |
|
| |
|
| == External links ==
| | '''Kuomintang''' ('''KMT'''; {{zh|t=中國國民黨}}; [[English language|English]]: Chinese Nationalist Party) is the main [[political party]] in [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan). It was ruling in [[Mainland China]] until [[1949]] when [[Communists]] captured the mainland and the KMT moved to [[Taiwan]]. It was founded by [[Song Jiaoren]] and [[Sun Yat-sen]]. [[Chiang Kai-shek]] later led for decades. |
| {{Sister project links}} | | ==References== |
| * [http://www.kmt.org.tw/ Kuomintang Official Website] {{in lang|zh}}
| | {{reflist}} |
| ** [http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=111 Kuomintang News Network]
| |
| * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091028051800/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563041/Kuomintang.html The History of Kuomintang] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20091028051800/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563041/Kuomintang.html Archived] 31 October 2009)
| |
|
| |
|
| {{portalbar|Conservatism|Taiwan|China|Politics}} | | {{Asia-stub}} |
| {{Chinese Civil War}}
| |
| {{Cold War}}
| |
| {{International Democrat Union}}
| |
| {{KMTleaders}}
| |
| {{Taiwanese political parties}}
| |
| {{Warlord era}}
| |
| {{Chinese Nationalist Party}}
| |
| {{Taiwan topics}}
| |
| {{China topics}}
| |
| {{Authority control}}
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Kuomintang| ]]
| |
| [[Category:1912 establishments in China]]
| |
| [[Category:History of China]]
| |
| [[Category:History of the Republic of China]]
| |
| [[Category:History of Taiwan]]
| |
| [[Category:International Democrat Union member parties]]
| |
| [[Category:Neoliberal parties]]
| |
| [[Category:Liberal conservative parties]]
| |
| [[Category:National conservative parties]]
| |
| [[Category:Nationalist parties in Asia]]
| |
| [[Category:Organizations based in Taipei]]
| |
| [[Category:Parties of one-party systems]]
| |
| [[Category:Political parties established in 1912]]
| |
| [[Category:Political parties in the Republic of China]]
| |
| [[Category:Political parties in Taiwan]] | | [[Category:Political parties in Taiwan]] |
| [[Category:Republic of China (1912–1949)]] | | [[Category:Conservative parties]] |
| | [[Category:Nationalist organizations]] |
