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Ernest Swinton: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|British Army general and author}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} | ||
{{Infobox military person | {{Infobox military person | ||
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Swinton was born in [[Bangalore]], [[British India|India]], in 1868. His father was a judge with the [[Madras]] Civil Service. The family returned to England in 1874, and Swinton was educated at [[University College School]], [[Rugby School]], [[Cheltenham College]], [[Blackheath Proprietary School]], and the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]. He was commissioned a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Corps of Royal Engineers]] on 17 February 1888. Serving in [[British Raj|India]], he was promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 17 February 1891, and to [[Captain (BARM)|captain]] on 17 February 1899.<ref>Hart′s Army list, 1903</ref> | Swinton was born in [[Bangalore]], [[British India|India]], in 1868. His father was a judge with the [[Madras]] Civil Service. The family returned to England in 1874, and Swinton was educated at [[University College School]], [[Rugby School]], [[Cheltenham College]], [[Blackheath Proprietary School]], and the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]. He was commissioned a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Corps of Royal Engineers]] on 17 February 1888. Serving in [[British Raj|India]], he was promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 17 February 1891, and to [[Captain (BARM)|captain]] on 17 February 1899.<ref>Hart′s Army list, 1903</ref> | ||
He served as a captain during the [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902), and returned home in September 1902, two months after the end of the war.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times | | He served as a captain during the [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902), and returned home in September 1902, two months after the end of the war.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Army in South Africa - Troops returning Home|date=5 September 1902 |page=6 |issue=36865}}</ref> For his service, he received the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) in the September 1901 South African Honours list (the order was dated 29 November 1900).<ref name=LG27359>{{London Gazette |issue=27359 |date=27 September 1901 |page=6309}}</ref> Although principally concerned with railway construction, he took a keen interest in tactics, fortifications, and the effectiveness of modern weaponry, especially the recently introduced machine-gun. After the war, he wrote his book on small unit tactics, ''[[The Defence of Duffer's Drift]]'', a military classic on minor tactics that has been used by the [[Canadian Army|Canadian]] and [[British Army|British]] Armies to train their [[Non-commissioned officer|NCOs]] and officers, and by US military to train its officers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.benning.army.mil/MCoE/199th/OCS/content/pdf/The%20Defence%20of%20Duffers%20Drift.pdf |title=Duffer's Drift}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Frederic J. (Lt. Gen. (retd)) |title=Imperatives for Tomorrow |url=http://usacac.army.mil/CAC/milreview/English/SepOct02/SepOct02/brown.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624234629/http://usacac.army.mil/CAC/milreview/English/SepOct02/SepOct02/brown.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2007 |url-status=dead |journal=Military Review |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> In the years leading up to the [[First World War]], he served as a [[staff officer]] and as an official historian of the [[Russo-Japanese War]]. | ||
==First World War== | ==First World War== | ||
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==Post-war== | ==Post-war== | ||
In 1919 Swinton retired as a [[Major General]]. He subsequently served in the Civil Aviation department at the [[Air Ministry]]. He thereafter joined [[Citroën]] in 1922 as a director. He was [[Chichele Professor of Military History]] at the [[University of Oxford]] and a [[Oxbridge Fellow| | In 1919 Swinton retired as a [[Major General]]. He subsequently served in the Civil Aviation department at the [[Air Ministry]]. He thereafter joined [[Citroën]] in 1922 as a director. He was [[Chichele Professor of Military History]] at the [[University of Oxford]] and a [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellow]] of [[All Souls College, Oxford]], from 1925 to 1939; he was also a Colonel Commandant of the [[Royal Tank Corps]] from 1934 to 1938. In 1938, he edited ''Twenty Years After: the Battlefields of 1914–18: then and Now'', a publication of George Newnes Limited. This was planned for issue in 20 parts but ultimately amounted to 42. The magazine-style publication contained wartime and present-day (ca. 1938) images of France.<ref>[http://www.partworks.co.uk/contents/en-uk/d411.html Twenty Years After] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130421013350/http://www.partworks.co.uk/contents/en-uk/d411.html |date=21 April 2013 }} PartWorks – recycling classic collections</ref> | ||
==Family life== | ==Family life== | ||
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* '''KBE''' : [[Order of the British Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] – ''2 June 1923'' – in the King's Birthday Honours.<ref name="obit" /><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32830 |date=2 June 1923 |page=3947 |supp=y}}</ref> | * '''KBE''' : [[Order of the British Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] – ''2 June 1923'' – in the King's Birthday Honours.<ref name="obit" /><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32830 |date=2 June 1923 |page=3947 |supp=y}}</ref> | ||
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Legion of Honour|Croix de Chevalier of the Legion of Honour]] – ''1916'' – in recognition of distinguished service during the campaign<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29548 |date=14 April 1916 |page=3994 |supp=y}}</ref> | * {{flagicon|France}} [[Legion of Honour|Croix de Chevalier of the Legion of Honour]] – ''1916'' – in recognition of distinguished service during the campaign<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29548 |date=14 April 1916 |page=3994 |supp=y}}</ref> | ||
==Works== | |||
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210464 ''Eyewitness : Being Personal Reminicsences of Certain Phases of the Great War, Including the Genesis of the Tank]'' (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1932) | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
* Swinton, Ernest (under the pseudonym "Lieutenant Backsight Forethought"), [https://archive.org/details/defenceofduffers0000swin/page/n3/mode/2up ''The Defence of Duffer's Drift''], Oxford: United Service Magazine, 1905; Originally published in April 1905 in "The British Infantry Journal", . | |||
*''The Defence of Duffer's Drift'' | * Swinton, Ernest (as editor), [https://archive.org/details/truthaboutporta00swingoog/page/n7/mode/2up ''The Truth About Port Arthur''], London: Murray, 1908 | ||
*''The | * Swinton, Ernest (as editor), [https://archive.org/details/russianarmyandj00swingoog/page/n12/mode/2up ''The Russian Army and the Japanese War, Vol. I''], New York: Dutton, 1909 | ||
*''The | * Swinton, Ernest (as editor), [https://archive.org/details/russianarmyandj01kurogoog/page/n12/mode/2up ''The Russian Army and the Japanese War, Vol. II''], New York: Dutton, 1909 | ||
*''The Study of War'' (1926) | * McClure's Magazine (two articles under the pseudonym "Ole Luk-Oie"), [https://archive.org/details/McCluresMagazineV34n06191004/page/n7/mode/2up?q=tank ''Link''], 1910 | ||
*Swinton, Major-General Sir Ernest D. ''Eyewitness'' | * Swinton, Ernest (under the pseudonym "Ole Luk-Oie"), [https://archive.org/details/greencurveothers0000swin/page/n3/mode/2up ''The Green Curve''], New York: Doubleday, 1914, and as an added bonus, his [https://archive.org/details/greencurveothers0000swin/page/n1/mode/2up ''obituary'']. | ||
*''Over My Shoulder'' (1951, posthumously) | * Swinton, Ernest (under the pseudonym "Ole Luk-Oie"), [https://archive.org/details/greattabdopeothe00swiniala/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Great Tab Dope''], Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1916 | ||
* Swinton, Ernest, [https://archive.org/details/tanksbyrequestwi00swin/page/n1/mode/2up ''Tanks''], 1918, reprinted from "The Strand Magazine". | |||
* ''The Study of War'' (1926) | |||
* Swinton, Major-General Sir Ernest D., [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210464/page/n7/mode/2upv''Eyewitness''], London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1932 (includes the genesis of the tank) | |||
* ''Over My Shoulder'' (1951, posthumously) | |||
also: | also: | ||
*(translation) ''An Eastern Odyssey: The Third Expedition of Haardt and Audion-Dubreuil'' (1935) | * (translation) ''An Eastern Odyssey: The Third Expedition of Haardt and Audion-Dubreuil'' (1935) | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{ | {{Commonscatinline}} | ||
*[http://regimentalrogue.tripod.com/duffersdrift/Duffers_Drift.htm The Defence of Duffer's Drift] | * Internet Archive (Please create a free account to view the footnotes and references above), [https://archive.org/ ''Link''] | ||
* [http://regimentalrogue.tripod.com/duffersdrift/Duffers_Drift.htm The Defence of Duffer's Drift] | |||
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Swinton,+Ernest+Dunlop | name=Ernest Dunlop Swinton}} | * {{Gutenberg author | id=Swinton,+Ernest+Dunlop | name=Ernest Dunlop Swinton}} | ||
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ernest Dunlop Swinton}} | * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ernest Dunlop Swinton}} | ||
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[[Category:1868 births]] | [[Category:1868 births]] | ||
[[Category:1951 deaths]] | [[Category:1951 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]] | |||
[[Category:British Army major generals]] | |||
[[Category:Military personnel from Bangalore]] | [[Category:Military personnel from Bangalore]] | ||
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]] | [[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]] | ||