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Gauda and Kunbi: Difference between revisions
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{{about|the [[Gauḍa brahmins|Gauda]] and [[Kunbi]] communities in Goa|other groups labeled ''Kunbi''|Kunbi (disambiguation)}} | {{about|the [[Gauḍa brahmins|Gauda]] and [[Kunbi]] communities in Goa|other groups labeled ''Kunbi''|Kunbi (disambiguation)}} | ||
{{use Indian English|date=December 2017}} | {{use Indian English|date=December 2017}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}} | ||
'''Gaudas''' and '''Kunbis''' are aboriginal people residing in the coastal Indian state of [[Goa]]. They are believed to be the original inhabitants of [[Konkan]]. Most follow [[folk Hinduism]], but many were converted to [[Catholicism]] by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] missionaries during the [[Christianisation of Goa]] while still keeping their folk tradition and culture alive.<ref> | '''Gaudas''' and '''Kunbis''' are aboriginal people residing in the coastal Indian state of [[Goa]]. They are believed to be the original inhabitants of [[Konkan]]. Most follow [[folk Hinduism]], but many were converted to [[Catholicism]] by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] missionaries during the [[Christianisation of Goa]] while still keeping their folk tradition and culture alive.<ref> | ||
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|last=Kerkar | |last=Kerkar | ||
|title=Back to the cradle of tribal civilization | |title=Back to the cradle of tribal civilization | ||
| | |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/goa/back-to-the-cradle-of-tribal-civilization/articleshow/56709454.cms | ||
|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> | |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> | ||
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==Current social status== | ==Current social status== | ||
They are categorised as Scheduled Tribes by Government of India along with Velip community. Original Gaud (गौड) community is now known as Gawada (गावडा) community.<ref>Gazette of India Extra-ordinary part-II, section-I dated 08-01-2003 by Ministry of Law and Justice and Official Gazette of Government of Goa, Supplement Series | They are categorised as Scheduled Tribes by Government of India along with Velip community. Original Gaud (गौड) community is now known as Gawada (गावडा) community.<ref>Gazette of India Extra-ordinary part-II, section-I dated 08-01-2003 by Ministry of Law and Justice and Official Gazette of Government of Goa, Supplement Series – I, No.3 dated 17-04-2003.</ref> | ||
==Modern organisations== | ==Modern organisations== | ||
Gaudas, Kunbis, Velip and another shepherding tribe called the [[Dhangar]], have organised themselves into an aboriginal-focussed network, called ''The Gauda, Kunbi, Velip and Dhangar Federation'' (GAKUVED). Another [[Adivasi]]-rights resource center, called ''MAND'', also works for their betterment.<ref name="gakuved">{{cite book|last=Mani|first=Kalanand|author2=Frederick Noronha|author2-link=Frederick Noronha|title=Picture-Postcard Poverty: Unheard voices, forgotten issues from rural Goa|publisher=Goa1556|year=2008|series=Poverty,Rural poor,Social Science / Poverty|page=9|isbn=81-905682-8- | Gaudas, Kunbis, Velip and another shepherding tribe called the [[Dhangar]], have organised themselves into an aboriginal-focussed network, called ''The Gauda, Kunbi, Velip and Dhangar Federation'' (GAKUVED). Another [[Adivasi]]-rights resource center, called ''MAND'', also works for their betterment.<ref name="gakuved">{{cite book|last=Mani|first=Kalanand|author2=Frederick Noronha|author2-link=Frederick Noronha|title=Picture-Postcard Poverty: Unheard voices, forgotten issues from rural Goa|publisher=Goa1556|year=2008|series=Poverty,Rural poor,Social Science / Poverty|page=9|isbn=978-81-905682-8-9 |id={{ISBN|9788190568289}}}}</ref> | ||
==Shuddhi movement== | ==Shuddhi movement== | ||
In the late 1920s, prominent Goan Hindu Brahmins | In the late 1920s, prominent Goan Hindu Brahmins requested Vinayak Maharaj Masurkar, the prelate of a [[Vaishnava]] [[ashram]] in [[Masur, India|Masur]], [[Satara district]]; to actively campaign for the 're-conversion' of Catholic Gaudas to Hinduism.<ref name="Masurkar">{{harvnb|Kreinath|Hartung|Deschner|2004|p=163}}</ref> Masurkar accepted, and together with his disciples, subsequently toured Gauda villages singing devotional ''[[bhakti]]'' songs and performing ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s''.<ref name="Masurkar"/> | ||
On 23 February 1928, many Catholic Gaudas were re-converted to Hinduism notwithstanding the opposition of the Church and the Portuguese government.<ref name=shuddhi>{{cite book|last=Ghai|first=R. K.|title=Shuddhi movement in India: a study of its socio-political dimensions|year=1990|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|isbn= 9788171690428|page=103}}</ref> The converts were given Hindu names but the Portuguese government put impediments in their way to get legal sanction to their new Hindu names.<ref name=opo>{{cite book|last=Ralhan|first=Om Prakash|title=Post-independence India: Indian National Congress, Volumes 33-50|year=1998|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|isbn= 9788174888655|pages=304–305}}</ref> 4851 Catholics from [[Tiswadi]], 2174 from [[Ponda, India|Ponda]], 250 from [[Bicholim]] and 329 from [[Sattari]] Catholic Gaudas were re-converted to Hinduism | On 23 February 1928, many Catholic Gaudas were re-converted to Hinduism notwithstanding the opposition of the Church and the Portuguese government.<ref name=shuddhi>{{cite book|last=Ghai|first=R. K.|title=Shuddhi movement in India: a study of its socio-political dimensions|year=1990|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|isbn= 9788171690428|page=103}}</ref> The converts were given Hindu names but the Portuguese government put impediments in their way to get legal sanction to their new Hindu names.<ref name=opo>{{cite book|last=Ralhan|first=Om Prakash|title=Post-independence India: Indian National Congress, Volumes 33-50|year=1998|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|isbn= 9788174888655|pages=304–305}}</ref> 4851 Catholics from [[Tiswadi]], 2174 from [[Ponda, India|Ponda]], 250 from [[Bicholim]] and 329 from [[Sattari]] Catholic Gaudas were re-converted to Hinduism after nearly 400 years. The total number of the converts to Hinduism was 7815.<ref name=godbole>{{cite book |last=Godbole |first=Shriranga |title=Sanskrutik Vartapatra |language=marathi |year=2010 |publisher=Sanskrutik Vartapatra |location=Pune |pages=61–66}}</ref> The existing Hindu Gauda community refused to accept these neo-Hindus back into their fold because their Catholic ancestors had not maintained caste purity, and the neo-Hindus were now alienated by their former Catholic coreligionists.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|Mandal|1993|p=23}}</ref> These neo-Hindus developed into a separate endogamous community, and are now referred to as ''Nav-Hindu Gaudas'' (New Hindu Gaudas).<ref name="Gauda">{{harvnb|Lusotopie|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e-0qpQGi0R4C&pg=PA458 458]}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
===Works cited=== | |||
* {{Cite book |last3=Deschner |first3=Annette |last2=Hartung |first2=Constance |last1=Kreinath |first1=Jens |editor3-last=Deschner |editor3-first=Annette |editor2-last=Hartung |editor2-first=Constance |editor1-last=Kreinath |editor1-first=Jens |title=The dynamics of changing rituals: the transformation of religious rituals within their social and cultural context |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8204-6826-6}} | |||
* {{cite book |title=Lusophonies asiatiques, Asiatiques en lusophonies |date=1 January 2001 |publisher=KARTHALA Editions |isbn=978-2-84586-146-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-0qpQGi0R4C&pg=PA458 |ref={{harvid|Lusotopie|2001}} |language=fr}} | |||
* {{Citation |last1=Shirodkar |first1=Dr Prakashchandra |last2=Mandal |first2=H. K. |title=Anthropological Survey of India |volume=21: Goa |series=People of India |editor=Kumar Suresh Singh |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-7154-760-9}} | |||
{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and Konkan}} | {{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and Konkan}} | ||
Latest revision as of 20:12, 23 July 2023
Gaudas and Kunbis are aboriginal people residing in the coastal Indian state of Goa. They are believed to be the original inhabitants of Konkan. Most follow folk Hinduism, but many were converted to Catholicism by the Portuguese missionaries during the Christianisation of Goa while still keeping their folk tradition and culture alive.[1]
Current social status[edit]
They are categorised as Scheduled Tribes by Government of India along with Velip community. Original Gaud (गौड) community is now known as Gawada (गावडा) community.[2]
Modern organisations[edit]
Gaudas, Kunbis, Velip and another shepherding tribe called the Dhangar, have organised themselves into an aboriginal-focussed network, called The Gauda, Kunbi, Velip and Dhangar Federation (GAKUVED). Another Adivasi-rights resource center, called MAND, also works for their betterment.[3]
Shuddhi movement[edit]
In the late 1920s, prominent Goan Hindu Brahmins requested Vinayak Maharaj Masurkar, the prelate of a Vaishnava ashram in Masur, Satara district; to actively campaign for the 're-conversion' of Catholic Gaudas to Hinduism.[4] Masurkar accepted, and together with his disciples, subsequently toured Gauda villages singing devotional bhakti songs and performing pujas.[4] On 23 February 1928, many Catholic Gaudas were re-converted to Hinduism notwithstanding the opposition of the Church and the Portuguese government.[5] The converts were given Hindu names but the Portuguese government put impediments in their way to get legal sanction to their new Hindu names.[6] 4851 Catholics from Tiswadi, 2174 from Ponda, 250 from Bicholim and 329 from Sattari Catholic Gaudas were re-converted to Hinduism after nearly 400 years. The total number of the converts to Hinduism was 7815.[7] The existing Hindu Gauda community refused to accept these neo-Hindus back into their fold because their Catholic ancestors had not maintained caste purity, and the neo-Hindus were now alienated by their former Catholic coreligionists.[8] These neo-Hindus developed into a separate endogamous community, and are now referred to as Nav-Hindu Gaudas (New Hindu Gaudas).[9]
References[edit]
- ↑ Kerkar, Rajendra (22 January 2017). "Back to the cradle of tribal civilization". The Times of India.
- ↑ Gazette of India Extra-ordinary part-II, section-I dated 08-01-2003 by Ministry of Law and Justice and Official Gazette of Government of Goa, Supplement Series – I, No.3 dated 17-04-2003.
- ↑ Mani, Kalanand; Frederick Noronha (2008). Picture-Postcard Poverty: Unheard voices, forgotten issues from rural Goa. Poverty,Rural poor,Social Science / Poverty. Goa1556. p. 9. ISBN 978-81-905682-8-9. ISBN 9788190568289.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kreinath, Hartung & Deschner 2004, p. 163
- ↑ Ghai, R. K. (1990). Shuddhi movement in India: a study of its socio-political dimensions. Commonwealth Publishers. p. 103. ISBN 9788171690428.
- ↑ Ralhan, Om Prakash (1998). Post-independence India: Indian National Congress, Volumes 33-50. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. pp. 304–305. ISBN 9788174888655.
- ↑ Godbole, Shriranga (2010). Sanskrutik Vartapatra (in marathi). Pune: Sanskrutik Vartapatra. pp. 61–66.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ Shirodkar & Mandal 1993, p. 23
- ↑ Lusotopie 2001, p. 458
Works cited[edit]
- Kreinath, Jens; Hartung, Constance; Deschner, Annette (2004). Kreinath, Jens; Hartung, Constance; Deschner, Annette (eds.). The dynamics of changing rituals: the transformation of religious rituals within their social and cultural context. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-6826-6.
- Lusophonies asiatiques, Asiatiques en lusophonies (in français). KARTHALA Editions. 1 January 2001. ISBN 978-2-84586-146-6.
- Shirodkar, Dr Prakashchandra; Mandal, H. K. (1993), Kumar Suresh Singh (ed.), Anthropological Survey of India, People of India, vol. 21: Goa, Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7154-760-9