Deobandi: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Sunni revivalist movement}}

{{Redirect|Deobandism|the political ideologies associated with it|Islamism}}

| image = Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg

| population =

| founder =

| scrips = [[Quran]], [[hadith]] and [[sunnah]]

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{{Deobandi}}

[[File:Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg|thumb|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]]]

'''Deobandi''' is a [[Islamic revival|revival]]ist movement within [[Sunni]] [[Islam]], adhering to the [[Hanafi]] school of law,<ref>

{{citation |last=Commins |first=David |title=The Mission and the Kingdom: Wahhabi Power behind the Saudi throne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQN6q16dIjAC |year=2016 |orig-year=2006 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9781838609528 |page=144 |quote=That tendency [of reviving the community of believers] emerged in a town north of Delhi called Deoband and it is therefore known as the Deobandi movement. While they shared the Wahhabis' dedication to ritual correctness, their scrupulous adherence to the Hanafi legal school clearly set them apart from the Arabian Hanbalis.}}

</ref><ref name="Ingram 2018">

{{cite book |last=Ingram |first=Brannon D. |year=2018 |title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOVvDwAAQBAJ |location=[[Oakland, California|Oakland]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0520298002 |lccn=2018014045 }}

</ref> formed in the late 19th century around the [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Darul Uloom]] [[Madrassa]] in [[Deoband]], India, from which the name derives,<ref name="Luv Puri">

{{cite journal |last=Puri |first=Luv |date=3 November 2009 |title=The Past and Future of Deobandi Islam |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |journal=[[CTC Sentinel]] |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=19–22 |location=West Point, New York }}

</ref><ref name="Jawad Syed et al.">

{{cite book |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Jawad |editor2-last=Pio |editor2-first=Edwina |editor3-last=Kamran |editor3-first=Tahir |editor4-last=Zaidi |editor4-first=Abbas |year=2016 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |location=[[Basingstoke]] |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |page=139 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |lccn=2016951736 |quote=Some prominent founders of the Darul Uloom Deoband, such as [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], drew further inspiration from the religiopoliticial concept of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah]] as well as from Wahhabi ideology, and they set up an Islamic seminary at Deoband in UP on 30 May 1866}}

</ref><ref name="Urban Terrorism">

{{cite book |last1=Asthana |first1=N. C. |last2=Nirmal |first2=Anjali |year=2009 |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA66 |location=[[Jaipur]] |publisher=Shashi Jain for Pointer Publishers |page=66 |isbn=978-81-7132-598-6 }}

</ref> by [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]], [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], and several others,<ref name="Jawad Syed et al."/> after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion of 1857–58]].<ref name="Luv Puri" /><ref name="Urban Terrorism" /><ref name="Ingram 2009">

{{cite journal |last=Ingram |first=Brannon D. |date=June 2009 |title=Sufis, Scholars, and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |journal=The Muslim World |location=Chichester, West Sussex |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=478–501 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x |via=Academia.edu}}

</ref><ref>

{{cite book |editor1-last=Lewis |editor1-first=B. |editor2-last=Pellat |editor2-first=Ch. |editor3-last=Schacht |editor3-first=J. |editor3-link=Joseph Schacht |year=1991 |orig-year=1965 |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |volume=2 |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |edition=2nd |isbn=90-04-07026-5 |page=205}}

</ref> The movement pioneered education in religious sciences through the ''Dars-i-Nizami'' associated with the Lucknow-based ''[[ulema]]'' of [[Firangi Mahal]] with the goal of preserving Islamic teachings under [[British Raj|colonial rule]].<ref>

{{Cite book |last=L. Esposito |first=John |title=The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern Islamic world Volume 1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-509612-6 |location=New York|pages=362 |quote="DEOBANDIS... It was a pioneer effort to transmit the religious sciences, specifically the dars-i-nizami identified with the Lucknow-based 'ulama' of Farangi Mahal.. The goal of the school was to preserve the teachings of the faith in a period of non-Muslim rule and considerable social change..."}}

</ref> The Deobandi movement's political wing, [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], was founded in 1919 and played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement]] through its propagation of the doctrine of [[composite nationalism]].<ref name="Barbhuiya2020">{{cite book |last1=Barbhuiya |first1=Atiqur Rahman |title=Indigenous People of Barak Valley |year= 2020 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64678-800-2 |quote=Muslim politics in India opened a new chapter after the formation of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1919 A.D. under the initiative of Ulemas of Deoband. It was founded by the dedicated freedom figher Sheikh-Ul-Hindi Maulana Mahmudul Hasan of Darul-Uloom, Deoband. Jamiat played a very active role in India's freedom struggle.}}</ref><ref name="McDermottGordonEmbreeDalton2014">{{cite book |editor1-last=McDermott |editor1-first=Rachel Fell |editor2-last=Gordon |editor2-first=Leonard A. |editor3-last=Embree |editor3-first=Ainslie T. |editor4-last=Pritchett |editor4-first=Frances W. |editor5-last=Dalton |editor5-first=Dennis |year=2014 |title=Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |volume=2 |chapter=To Independence and Partition |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8qJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA457 |edition=3rd |location=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |series=Introduction to Asian Civilizations |isbn=978-0-231-13830-7 |jstor=10.7312/mcde13830.15 |page=457 }}</ref><ref name="Ali2011"/>  

Theologically, the Deobandis uphold the doctrine of ''[[taqlid]]'' (conformity to legal precedent) and adhere to the [[Hanafi]] school.<ref>{{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |title=Islamic revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900 |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-566049-8 |page=141 |edition=3rd impression.}}</ref> Founders of the Deobandi school Nanautavi and Gangohi drew inspiration from the religio-political doctrines of the prominent [[South Asia|South Asian]] [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]] and [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Islah|reformer]] [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] (1703–1762&nbsp;CE / 1114–1175&nbsp;AH) as well as from the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi movement]].<ref name="Jawad Syed et al." /> In its early years, the Deobandi school engaged in [[Interfaith dialogue|interfaith debates]] with [[Christianity in India|Christian]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] scholars in a peaceful manner,<ref name="Luv Puri"/> and Deobandi philosophers talked about [[Hindu-Muslim unity]], multiculturalism and [[opposition to the partition of India]].<ref name="Ali2011" />

Since 1979, the movement has been influenced by [[Salafi movement|Salafism]], particularly in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Luv Puri"/> From the early 1980s to the early 2000s, some Deobandis were [[International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism|heavily funded]] by [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="Sushant Sareen"/> The [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani government]] cultivated Deobandi militancy to fight the [[Soviet Union]] in [[Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] and India in [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir]]. The money and guns supplied later fuelled civil conflict.{{sfn|Moj|2015|p=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Crg1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 96]}} The movement has spread from India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh to the [[Islam in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]],<ref name="Timol 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Timol |first1=Riyaz |date=14 October 2019 |title=Structures of Organisation and Loci of Authority in a Glocal Islamic Movement: The Tablighi Jama'at in Britain |journal=[[Religions (journal)|Religions]] |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=573 |doi=10.3390/rel10100573 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and has a presence in [[Islam in South Africa|South Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Reetz |author-first=Dietrich |chapter=The Tablīghī Madrassas in Lenasia and Azaadville: Local Players in the Global 'Islamic Field' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWqjAoRGxUcC&pg=PA85 |editor1-last=Tayob |editor1-first=Abdulkader |editor2-last=Niehaus |editor2-first=Inga |editor3-last=Weisse |editor3-first=Wolfram |title=Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa |year=2011 |location=[[Münster]] |publisher=Waxmann Verlag |pages=85–88 |isbn=978-3-8309-7554-0 }}</ref> The Pakistani and Afghan branches and the original Indian seminaries have far less contact since the [[Partition of India]], for political reasons related to the India–Pakistan border.<ref name="Luv Puri"/> Followers of the Deobandi movement are extremely diverse; some advocate for non-violence and others are [[Militant Islamism|militant]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Templin |first=James D. |date=June 2015 |title=Religious Education of Pakistan's Deobandi Madaris and Radicalisation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26351354 |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |publisher=[[S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies|International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research]] |location=[[Nanyang Technological University]], [[Singapore]] |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=15–21 |jstor=26351354 |jstor-access=free }}</ref> The Darul Uloom Deoband has consistently supported the civil actions of the [[Taliban]],<ref name="Abbas2011">{{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Tahir |year=2011 |chapter=Islamic political radicalism: origins and destinations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdC90uc8PfQC&pg=PA33 |title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience |location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=33–34 |isbn=978-0-415-57224-8 }}</ref> but repeatedly condemned [[Islamic terrorism]] in the 2000s, issuing a ''[[fatwa]]'' against it in 2008.<ref name="Luv Puri"/>

[[British Raj|British colonialism]] in [[colonial India|India]]<ref name="Luv Puri"/> was seen by a group of Indian scholars—consisting of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], [[Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi]], Shah Rafi al-Din, [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]], Zulfiqar Ali, [[Fazlur Rahman Usmani]] and [[Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi]]—to be corrupting Islam.<ref>

</ref> The group founded an Islamic seminary (''[[madrassa]]'') known as [[Darul Uloom Deoband]],<ref name="Luv Puri"/><ref name="Jawad Syed et al."/><ref name="Ira M. Lapidus p 626">Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, p. 626. {{ISBN|0521779332}}</ref> where the [[Islamic revival]]ist and [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] [[ideology]] of the Deobandis began to develop. In time, the Darul Uloom Deoband became the second largest focal point of Islamic teaching and research after the [[Al-Azhar University]], [[Cairo]]. Towards the time of the [[Indian independence movement]] and afterward in post-colonial India, the Deobandis advocated a notion of [[composite nationalism]] by which Hindus and Muslims were seen as one nation who were asked to be [[Hindu–Muslim unity|united in the struggle]] against the British rule.<ref name="Ali2011"/>

In 1919, a large group of Deobandi scholars formed the political party [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] and [[Opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="Ali2011" /> Deobandi scholar [[Maulana Syed Husain Ahmad Madani]] helped to spread these ideas through his text ''[[Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam]]''.<ref name="Ali2011">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Asghar |title=Islamic identity in secular India |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/900-islamic-identity-in-secular-india-part-i |work=[[The Milli Gazette]] |date=9 April 2011|quote=The Ulama of Deoband opposed partition and stood by united nationalism. Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, then chief of Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Hind, wrote a tract Muttahida Qaumiyyat aur Islam i.e., the Composite Nationalism and Islam justifying composite nationalism in the light of Qur’an and hadith and opposing Muslim League’s separate nationalism. While the educated elite were aspiring for power and hence wanted their exclusive domain; the Ulama’s priority was an independent India where they could practice Islam without fear or hindrance.}}</ref> A group later dissented from this position and joined [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], including [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]] and [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]], who formed the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] in 1945.<ref>''A History of Pakistan and Its Origins'', Christophe Jaffrelot, p. 224</ref>

Through the organisations such as [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] and [[Tablighi Jamaat]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Burki |first=Shireen Khan |date=2013 |title=The Tablighi Jama'at: Proselytizing Missionaries or Trojan Horse? |journal=Journal of Applied Security Research|location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=98–117 |doi=10.1080/19361610.2013.738407 |s2cid=144466130 |issn=1936-1629}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kuiper |first=Matthew J. |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0250.xml |title=Tablighi Jamaʿat—Oxford Islamic Studies Online |date=22 February 2018 |website=www.oxfordbibliographies.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303040002/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0250.xml |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Deobandi movement began to spread.<ref>Lloyd Ridgeon (2015). ''Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age''. Bloomsbury Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1472532237}}. p. 191.</ref><ref>Youssef Aboul-Enein ''Militant Islamist Ideology: Understanding the Global Threat'' Naval Institute Press, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1612510156}} p. 223.</ref> Graduates of Darul Uloom Deoband in India from countries such as [[South Africa]], [[China]], and [[Malaysia]] opened thousands of ''madaaris'' throughout the world.<ref name="Abbas2011"/>

===India===

The Deobandi Movement in India is controlled by the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]]. About 15% of [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]] identify as Deobandi.<ref>

{{citation |url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/10NEWDELHI207_a.html |title=Indian Islam: Deobandi-Barelvi tension changing mainstream Islam in India |author=US Mission in India |date=2 February 2010 |publisher=Wikileaks}}<br />This says that "Over 85 percent of Indian Muslims are Sunni" and that "Deobandis... make up approximately 60 percent of India's Sunni population". This is about 60%.</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2020}}The Deobandis form the dominant group among Indian Muslims due to their access to state resources and representation in Muslim bodies.

===Pakistan===

An estimated 15-25 percent of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims consider themselves Deobandi.<ref name="globalsecurity.org2">{{cite web |last=Pike |first=John |date=5 July 2011 |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-barelvi.htm |title=Barelvi Islam |publisher=[[GlobalSecurity.org]] |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208063014/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-barelvi.htm |archive-date=8 December 2003 |url-status=live |quote=By one estimate, in Pakistan, the Shias are 18%, Ismailis 2%, Ahmediyas 2%, Barelvis 50%, Deobandis 20%, Ahle Hadith 4%, and other minorities 4%. [...] By another estimate some 15% of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims would consider themselves Deobandi, and some 60% are in the Barelvi tradition based mostly in the province of Punjab. But some 64% of the total seminaries are run by Deobandis, 25% by the Barelvis, 6% by the Ahle Hadith and 3% by various Shiite organisations.}}</ref><ref name=RohanBedi>{{citation|first1=Rohan |last1=Bedi |url=http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |title=Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions? |place=Singapore |publisher=International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at [[Nanyang Technological University]] |date=April 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091018/http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2013|page=3 }}.<br />This estimates that 15% of Pakistani Muslims are Deobandi and 20% Shia, which equates to about 19% of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims being Deobandi.</ref> According to Heritage Online, nearly 65% of the total seminaries ([[Madrasah]]) in Pakistan are run by Deobandis, whereas 25% are run by [[Barelvi]]s, 6% by [[Ahl-i Hadith]] and 3% by various [[Shia]] organizations. The Deobandi movement in Pakistan was a major recipient of funding from Saudi Arabia from the early 1980s up until the early 2000s, whereafter this funding was diverted to the rival [[Ahl al-Hadith]] movement.<ref name="Sushant Sareen">{{cite book |first=Sushant |last=Sareen |title=The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making |page=282 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Har Anand Publications |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSxZhFenUusC|isbn=978-8124110751 }}</ref> Having seen Deoband as a counterbalance to Iranian influence in the region, Saudi funding is now strictly reserved for the Ahl al-Hadith.<ref name="Sushant Sareen"/>

Deobandi-affiliated groups such as the [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|TTP]], [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan|SSP]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|Let]], etc. have a militant character<ref name="deobandi1">{{cite book |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Jawad |editor2-last=Pio |editor2-first=Edwina |editor3-last=Kamran |editor3-first=Tahir |editor4-last=Zaidi |editor4-first=Abbas |year=2016 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA371 |location=London |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |page=371 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |lccn=2016951736 }}</ref> and have [[Persecution of Sufis|attacked and destroyed Sufi sites]] holy to Sunni Muslims of the [[Barelvi]] movement, such as [[Data Darbar]] in [[Lahore]], [[Abdullah Shah Ghazi]]'s tomb in [[Karachi]], Khal Magasi in [[Balochistan]], and [[Rahman Baba]]'s tomb in [[Peshawar]].<ref name="deobandi1"/>

===Bangladesh===

As with the rest of the Indian subcontinent, the majority of [[Muslims]] in Bangladesh are traditional [[Sunni]], who mainly follow the [[Hanafi]] school of jurisprudence ([[madh'hab]]) and consequently the [[Maturidi]] school of theology.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-hanafi.htm |title = Hanafi Islam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic Family Law » Bangladesh, People's Republic of |url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/islamic-family-law/home/research/legal-profiles/bangladesh-people%ef%bf%bds-republic-of/ |access-date=2020-11-07 }}</ref> The majority of them are Deobandi along with [[Tabligh]] (51%){{Citation needed |date=June 2020}} and [[Barelvi]] or [[Sufi]] (26%); the Deobandi, in the form of Qawmi institutions, own the vast majority of private Islamic seminaries and produce the majority of the ulema in Bangladesh. Among Sunnis who are not traditional [[Hanafi]], the [[Salafi]]-influenced [[Ahle Hadith]] and the [[Jamaat e Islami]] (19%) have a substantial following.

===Afghanistan===

Deobandi Islam is the most popular form of pedagogy in the Pashtun belt on both sides of the [[Durand Line]] that separates [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]]. Moreover, prominent [[Afghans|Afghan]] and [[Pakistani]] [[Taliban]] leaders have studied in Deobandi seminaries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |title=The Past and Future of Deobandi Islam |date=3 November 2009 |website=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===

In the 1970s, Deobandis opened the first British-based Muslim religious seminaries (Darul-Ulooms), educating Imams and religious scholars.<ref name=Who/> Deobandis "have been quietly meeting the religious and spiritual needs of a significant proportion of British Muslims, and are perhaps the most influential British Muslim group."<ref name=Who>{{citation |url=http://www.onreligion.co.uk/who-are-britains-muslims/ |title=Who are Britain's Muslims? |date=12 August 2016 |work=On Religion magazine |first1=Abdul-Azim |last1=Ahmed |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809154515/http://www.onreligion.co.uk/who-are-britains-muslims/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015 [[Ofsted]] highlighted the Deobandi seminary in [[Holcombe, Greater Manchester|Holcombe]] as a good example of a school "promoting British values, preventing radicalisation and protecting children".<ref name=Ofsted201415>{{citation |title=The Annual Report of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills 2014/15 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/483347/Ofsted_annual_report_education_and_skills.pdf |date=1 December 2015 |publisher=House of Commons |pages=95–96}} [https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/24830/2/Ofsted_annual_report_education_and_skills_Redacted.pdf Alternative URL].</ref> The journalist, [[Andrew Norfolk]], did not agree with this assessment.<ref name=AndrewNorfolk19April2016>{{citation |title=Prisons chief praises extreme Islamic sect |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/prisons-chief-praises-islamic-sect-that-warns-of-repulsive-christian-women-srjb6cdc6 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=19 April 2016 |first1=Andrew |last1=Norfolk |author-link =Andrew Norfolk}}</ref>

According to a 2007 report by Andrew Norfolk, published in ''[[The Times]]'', about 600 of Britain's nearly 1,500 mosques were under the control of "a hardline sect", whose leading preacher loathed Western values, called on Muslims to "shed blood" for Allah and preached contempt for Jews, Christians and Hindus. The same investigative report further said that 17 of the country's 26 Islamic seminaries follow the ultra-conservative Deobandi teachings which ''The Times'' said had given birth to the Taliban. According to ''The Times'', almost 80% of all domestically trained [[Ulema]] were being trained in these hardline seminaries.<ref name=Hardline>{{cite news |title=Hardline takeover of British Masjid |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=7 September 2007 |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/faith/article2098578.ece |first1=Andrew |last1=Norfolk |author-link =Andrew Norfolk}}</ref> An opinion column in ''[[The Guardian]]'' described this report as "a toxic mixture of fact, exaggeration and outright nonsense."<ref>{{citation |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/07/atoxicmixoffactandnonsense |title=A toxic mix of fact and nonsense |first1=Inayat |last1=Bunglawala |date= 7 September 2007 }}</ref>

In 2014 it was reported that 45 per cent of Britain's mosques and nearly all the UK-based training of Islamic scholars are controlled by the Deobandi, the largest single Islamic group.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/06/who-runs-our-mosques/ |title=Who runs our mosques? |newspaper= [[The Spectator]] |date =14 June 2014 |first1=Innes |last1=Bowen}}</ref>

Most Muslim prison chaplaincies in Britain are Deobandi, and in 2016 [[Michael Spurr]] (chief executive of the [[National Offender Management Service]]) wrote to Britain's prison governors bringing to their attention that Ofsted had said that "the UK’s most influential Deobandi seminary promotes 'fundamental British values such as democracy, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance for those of different faiths'."<ref name=AndrewNorfolk19April2016/>

The Deobandi movement sees itself as a scholastic tradition that grew out of the Islamic scholastic traditions of Medieval [[Transoxania]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]], and it considers its visionary forefather to be [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] (1703-1762). Dehlawi, the most important scholarly inspiration for the Deobandi movement, was a contemporary of [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab|Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab]] (1703 - 1792), the leader of [[Wahhabi Movement|Wahhabi movement]] in [[Arabian Peninsula]]. The two studied together simultaneously for a period in [[Medina]] under a scholarly circle of hadith scholars such as [[Muhammad Hayyat ibn Ibrahim al-Sindhi|Muhammad Hayyat al-Sindhi]], Abu Tahir Muhammad Ibn Ibrahim al-Kurani, etc. who taught them the doctrines of the 14th century iconoclastic [[Syrians|Syrian]] theologian [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] ( 1263-1328 C.E/ 661-728 A.H ). Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab established the Wahhabi movement, while Shah Waliullah's reform endeavours would inspire the Deobandi, ''[[Ahl-i Hadith]]'' and [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] movements. Influenced by Shah Waliullah's teachings, Deobandi movement viewed Muslim political decline in [[India]] as a function of religious decay due to contamination of Muslim beliefs and practices with polytheistic customs ([[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]) and alien philosophies. The movement advocated that the ''[[Ulama|ulema]]'' should act as the vanguard of Islamic political restoration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bokhari |first=Kamran |date=23 November 2021 |title=The Long Shadow of Deobandism in South Asia |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123222852/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |archive-date=23 November 2021 |website=Newslines Magazine}}</ref>

In tenets of faith, the Deobandis follow the [[Maturidi]] school of [[Islamic theology]].<ref name="Spevack 2014 49"/><ref>David Emmanuel Singh, Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response, p 167.</ref><ref name="deoband.org">{{cite web |author=ibnummabd on 19 February 2009 at 6:04 pm |url=http://www.deoband.org/about-2/ |title=About |publisher=Deoband.org |date=2009-02-19 |access-date=29 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060851/http://www.deoband.org/about-2/ |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>

Deobandis are strong proponents of the doctrine of ''[[Taqlid]]''. In other words, they believe that a Deobandi must adhere to one of the four schools ([[madhhabs]]) of Sunni Islamic Law and generally discourage inter-school eclecticism.<ref>Martin Van Bruinessen, Julia Day Howell, Sufism and the 'Modern' in Islam, p 130, {{ISBN|1850438544}}</ref> They themselves claims the followers of the [[Hanafi]] school.<ref name="Spevack 2014 49">{{cite book |first=Aaron |last=Spevack |title=The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri |page=49 |publisher=State University of New York Press |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4384-5370-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htx8BAAAQBAJ&q=Hanafi}}</ref><ref>[http://essays.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/metcalf.htm Metcalf, Barabara. ''"Traditionalist" Islamic Activism: Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs'']. "These orientations – "Deobandi," "Barelvi" or "Ahl-i Hadith" – would come to define sectarian divisions among Sunni Muslims of South Asian background to the present."</ref> Students at madrasas affiliated with the Deobandi movement study the classic books of Hanafi Law such as ''Nur al-Idah'', ''Mukhtasar al-Quduri'', ''Sharh al-Wiqayah'', and ''Kanz al-Daqa’iq'', culminating their study of the madhhab with the ''Hidayah'' of ''al-Marghinani''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haque |first=Ziaul |title=Muslim Religious Education in Indo-Pakistan |journal=Islamic Studies |year=1975 |volume=14 |issue=4 |page=284 |publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad |quote=The following books and subjects are studied ... Fiqh: Hidayah, Quduri, Nur al-Idah, Sharh-i Waqayah, Kanz al-Daqa'iq}}</ref>

With regard to views on ''Taqlid'', one of their main opposing reformist groups are the [[Ahl-i Hadith|Ahl-i-Hadith]], also known as the ''[[Ghair Muqallid]]'', the nonconformists, because they eschewed ''taqlid'' in favor of the direct use of Quran and Hadith.<ref>{{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |title=Islamic revival in British India : Deoband, 1860–1900 |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-566049-8 |page=141 |edition=3rd impression.}}</ref> They often accuse those who adhere to the rulings of one scholar or legal school of blind imitation'','' and frequently demand scriptural evidence for every argument and legal ruling.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Khan |first=Fareeha |title=Traditionalist Approaches to Shari'ah Reform: Mawlana Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi's Fatwa on Women's Right to Divorce |year=2008 |page=59 |publisher=University of Michigan |quote=Polemicists from among the Ahl-i Hadith were especially being targeted in Thanawi's explanation, since they accused those who adhered to the rulings of one scholar or legal school of "blind imitation." It was the practice of the Ahl-i Hadith to demand and provide proofs for every argument and legal ruling.}}</ref> Almost since the very beginnings of the movement, Deobandi scholars have generated a copious amount of scholarly output in an attempt to defend their adherence to a ''madhhab'' in general. In particular, Deobandis have penned much literature in defense of their argument that the Hanafi madhhab is in complete accordance with the ''[[Quran]]'' and ''[[Hadith]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaman |first=Muhammad Qasim |title=The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change |year=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=24 |quote=The Deobandi sensitivity to the Ahl-i Hadith challenge is indicated by the polemics they engaged in with the Ahl-i Hadith and by the large commentaries on classical works of hadith written specifically to refute them}}</ref>  

In response to this need to defend their ''[[madhhab]]'' in the light of scripture, Deobandis became particularly distinguished for their unprecedented salience to the study of ''[[Hadith]]'' in their madrasas. Their ''[[madrasa]]'' curriculum incorporates a feature unique among the global arena of Islamic scholarship, the ''Daura-e Hadis'', the capstone year of a student's advanced madrasa training, in which all six canonical collections of the Sunni Hadith (the [[Kutub al-Sittah |''Sihah Sittah'']]) are reviewed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaman |first=Muhammad Qasim |title=The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change |year=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=39 |quote=...gave a new and, in the Indian context, unprecedented salience to the study of hadith in their madrasas. Hadith had, of course, been studied in precolonial Indian madrasas, but the Deobandis instituted the practice of studying (or, more exactly, "reviewing") all six of the Sunni canonical collections of hadith in the course of a single year; this practice has come to serve in Indian and Pakistani madrasas as the capstone of a student’s advanced madrasa}}</ref>

 

In a Deobandi madrasa, the position of ''Shaykh al-Hadith'', or the resident professor of [[Sahih Bukhari]], is held in much reverence. Equipped by their  proficiency in the field of [[Hadith studies |Hadith sciences]], the Deobandis opposed a number of celebrations and practices; which they regarded as excesses at saints’ tombs, elaborate lifecycle celebrations, and customs attributed to the influence of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and non-Muslim cultures. Their views were widely shared by a broad range of [[Islah|Islamic reform]] movements of the [[Colonial era|colonial period]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Metcalf |first=B.D. |date=2002 |title=Traditionalist' Islamic Activism:Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs |url=https://hdl.handle.net/1887/10068 |journal=International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World |pages=5-6 |via=Leiden University Scholarly Publications}}</ref>

{{Sufism |collapsed=1}}

{{see also |Persecution of Sufis|Sufi–Salafi relations}}

Deobandis oppose traditional [[Sufi]] practices such as [[Mawlid|celebrating the birthday]] of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and seeking help from him, the celebration of ''[[Urs]]'', [[Ziyarat|pilgrimage to the shrines]] of [[Saints in Islam|Sufi saints]], practice of ''[[Sema]]'', and loud ''[[dhikr]]''.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Jawad |editor2-last=Pio |editor2-first=Edwina |editor3-last=Kamran |editor3-first=Tahir |editor4-last=Zaidi |editor4-first=Abbas |year=2016 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 |location=London |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |page=377 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |lccn=2016951736 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CuWLhmn4JmYC&pg=PA76 |page=76 |title=Muslim Endowments and Society in British India |author=Gregory C. Kozlowski |isbn=978-0521259866 |date=21 November 1985}}</ref><ref name="db"/><ref name="sas">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8BmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |title=Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defence, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World |page=49 |author=Elizabeth Sirriyeh |publisher=Routledge Curzon |isbn=978-1136812767 |year= 2014}}</ref> Some Deobandi leaders incorporate elements of Sufism into their practices. Deoband's curriculum combined the study of [[Islamic holy books|Islamic holy scriptures]] ([[Quran]], [[hadith]] and [[Sharia|law]]) with rational subjects ([[Islamic logic|logic]], [[Islamic philosophy|philosophy]] and [[Islamic attitudes towards science|science]]). At the same time it was Sufi in orientation and affiliated with the [[Chishti Order|Chisti order]].<ref name="Ira M. Lapidus p 626"/>

[[Arshad Madani]], principal of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and an influential Deobandi scholar and leader of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], on the other hand rejected Sufism and said, "Sufism is no sect of Islam. It is not found in the Quran or Hadith. .... So what is Sufism in itself? This is a thing for those who don't know Quran and Hadith." He also said, "Sufism is nothing."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/modi-govt-trying-to-divide-muslims-says-maulana-syed-arshad-madani-314159-2016-03-21 |title=Modi govt trying to divide Muslims, says Maulana Syed Arshad Madani |first=Siddhartha |last=Rai |website=India Today |access-date=17 July 2019 |date=21 March 2016}}</ref>

Founders of the Deobandi school, [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], were inspired by the religio-political doctrine of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah]] and also by [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] ideology,<ref name="Jawad Syed et al."/> amongst other sources of inspiration. Gangohi studied under the Sufi shaykh [[Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]], although he differed with his views in many ways.<ref name=BrannonIngram479>{{citation |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |first1=Brannon D. |last1=Ingram |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=479}}</ref> Gangohi's ''Fatawa-yi Rashidiyya'' opposed traditional Sufi practices such as loud ''dhikr'', visiting the tombs of Sufi saints, celebrating ''Urs'', visualizing or contemplating on a Sufi master (''tasawwur-e-shaykh''), reciting the ''[[Fatihah]]'' on special occasions, and engaging in ''Sema''.<ref name="db">{{citation |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |first1=Brannon D. |last1=Ingram |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=480}}</ref>

==Organizations==

===Jamiat Ulema-I-Hind===

[[Jamiat Ulema-I-Hind]] is one of the leading Deobandi organizations in India. It was founded in British India in 1919 by Abdul Mohasim Sajjad, Qazi Hussain Ahmed, Ahmed Saeed Dehlvi, and Mufti Muhammad Naeem Ludhianvi and the most importantly [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]] who was elected the first president of Jamiat and remained in this post for 20 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/17pak1.htm |title=Why did the Pak Maulana visit Deoband |date=18 July 2003 |publisher=Rediff India Abroad |access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> The Jamiat has propounded a theological basis for its nationalistic philosophy. Their thesis is that Muslims and non-Muslims have entered upon a mutual contract in India since independence, to establish a secular state. The Constitution of India represents this contract.<ref>{{citation |last=Smith |first=Donald Eugene |title=India as a Secular State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zXWCgAAQBAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7778-2 |at=p.&nbsp;144, note&nbsp;7}}</ref>

[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] (JUI) is a Deobandi organization, part of the Deobandi movement.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2411683.stm |work=BBC News |title=Profile: Maulana Fazlur Rahman |date=2002-11-06 |first=Haroon |last=Rashid}}</ref> The '''JUI''' formed when members broke from the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] in 1945 after that organization backed the [[Indian National Congress]] against the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s lobby for a separate Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/jui.htm |title=Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam / Assembly of Islamic Clergy |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> The first president of the JUI was [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]].

[[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]] ({{lang-ur|مجلس احرارلأسلام}}), also known in short as '''Ahrar''', was a conservative Deobandi [[political party]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[British Raj]] (prior to the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]]) founded 29 December 1929 at [[Lahore]]. [[Chaudhry Afzal Haq]], [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]], [[Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi]], [[Mazhar Ali Azhar]], [[Zafar Ali Khan]] and Dawood Ghaznavi were the founders of the party.<ref>Ahmad, Syed N. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wzm36rEol3sC Origins of Muslim consciousness in India: a world-system perspective]''. New York u.a: Greenwood Press, 1991. p. 175</ref> The Ahrar was composed of Indian Muslims disillusioned by the [[Khilafat Movement]], which cleaved closer to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]].<ref name="jaf">Christophe Jaffrelot. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA243&dq=ahmadiyya+militia&hl=en&ei=fakbTP2SNaeWsQbiouTWBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=militia&f=false A history of Pakistan and its origins]''. Anthem Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-84331-149-2}}</ref>{{page needed |date=August 2014}} The party was associated with opposition to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and against establishment of an independent [[Pakistan]] as well as criticism of the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kalim |last=Bahadur |title=Democracy in Pakistan: crises and conflicts |page=176 |publisher=Har Anand Publications |year=1998}}</ref> After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, Majlis-e-Ahrar divided in two parts. Now, Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam is working for the sake of Muhammad{{vague|date=February 2014}}, nifaaz '''Hakomat-e-illahiyya''' and Khidmat-e-Khalq. In Pakistan, Ahrar secretariat is in [[Lahore]] and in [[India]] it is based in [[Ludhiana]].

[[Tablighi Jamaat]], a non-political Deobandi missionary organisation, began as an offshoot of the Deobandi movement.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Political Islam: a Critical Reader |last=Volpi |first=Frederic |year=2001 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1134722075 |oclc=862611173}}{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}</ref> Its inception is believed to be a response to Hindu reform movements, which were considered a threat to vulnerable and non-practising Deobandi Muslims. It gradually expanded from a local to a national organisation, and finally to a transnational movement with followers in over 200 countries. Although its beginnings were from the Deobandi movement, it has now established an independent identity though it still maintains close ties with Deobandi ulema in many countries with large South Asian Muslim populations such as the UK.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Timol |first1=Riyaz |title=Structures of Organisation and Loci of Authority in a Glocal Islamic Movement: The Tablighi Jama'at in Britain |journal=Religions |date=14 October 2019 |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=573 |doi=10.3390/rel10100573 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Associated political organizations===

* [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]]

* [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]

* [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]]

* [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]]

* [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]]

===Associated militant organizations===

====Lashkar-e-Jhangvi====

[[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] (LJ) (Army of [[Haq Nawaz Jhangvi|Jhangvi]]) was a Deobandi militant organization. Formed in 1996, it operated in [[Pakistan]] as an offshoot of [[Sipah-e-Sahaba]] (SSP). [[Riaz Basra]] broke away from the SSP over differences with his seniors.<ref name="roul20050602">{{Cite journal |last=Roul |first=Animesh |title=Lashkar-e-Jhangvi: Sectarian Violence in Pakistan and Ties to International Terrorism |journal=Terrorism Monitor |volume=3 |issue=11 |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |date=2 June 2005 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120850/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1 |archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> The group, now practically defunct since the unsuccessful [[Operation Zarb-e-Azab]], is considered a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist group]] by [[Pakistan]] and the [[United States]],<ref name=bbc20030130>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2711239.stm |title=Pakistani group joins US terror list |publisher=BBC News South Asia |date=30 January 2003}}</ref> It was involved in attacks on civilians and protectors of them.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ahmad, Tufail |date=21 March 2012 |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/6208.htm |title=Using Twitter, YouTube, Facebook and Other Internet Tools, Pakistani Terrorist Group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Incites Violence against Shi'ite Muslims and Engenders Antisemitism |publisher=The Middle East Media Research Insititue, memri.org |access-date=22 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-quetta-bombing-idUSBRE91I0Q420130219 |title=Pakistani Shi'ites call off protests after Quetta bombing arrests |date=19 February 2013 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is predominantly [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Shias killed in Gilgit sectarian attack |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19280339 |work=BBC News |date=16 August 2012 |quote=A predominantly Punjabi group, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is linked with the 2002 murder of US reporter Daniel Pearl and other militant attacks, particularly in the southern city of Karachi.}}</ref> The group has been labelled by intelligence officials in Pakistan as a major security threat.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/105710-iran-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-pakistan |title=Iran condemns terrorist attacks in Pakistan |newspaper=Tehran Times |date=17 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904022747/http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/105710-iran-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-pakistan |archive-date=4 September 2014}}</ref>

====Taliban====

The [[Taliban]] ("students"), alternative spelling Taleban,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/144382.stm |title=Analysis: Who are the Taleban? |date=2000-12-20 |work=BBC News}}</ref> is an [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] [[political]] and [[militant]] movement in [[Afghanistan]]. It spread into Afghanistan and formed a government, ruling as the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] from September 1996 until December 2001, with [[Kandahar]] as the capital.

While in power, it enforced its strict interpretation of [[Sharia|Sharia law]].<ref name=Abrams>{{cite book |last=Abrams |first=Dennis |title=Hamid Karzai |year=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-7910-9267-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hamidkarzai0000abra/page/14 14] |quote=As soon as it took power though, the Taliban imposed its strict interpretation of Islamic law on the country |url=https://archive.org/details/hamidkarzai0000abra/page/14 }}</ref> While many leading Muslims and Islamic scholars have been highly critical of the Taliban's interpretations of Islamic law,<ref name=Skain>{{cite book |last=Skain |first=Rosemarie |title=The women of Afghanistan under the Taliban |year=2002 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-1090-3 |page=41}}</ref> the Darul Uloom Deoband has consistently supported the Taliban in Afghanistan, including their 2001 destruction of the [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]],<ref name="Abbas2011"/> and the majority of the Taliban's leaders were influenced by Deobandi fundamentalism.<ref name=Maley2>{{cite book |last=Maley |first=William |title=Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban |year=2001 |publisher=C Hurst & Co |isbn=978-1-85065-360-8 |page=14}}</ref> [[Pashtunwali]], the Pashtun tribal code, also played a significant role in the Taliban's legislation.<ref name=Shaffer>{{cite book |last=Shaffer |first=Brenda |title=The limits of culture: Islam and foreign policy |year=2006 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-69321-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/limitsofculturei0000unse/page/277 277] |edition=illustrated |quote=The Taliban's mindset is, however, equally if not more deaned by Pashtunwali |url=https://archive.org/details/limitsofculturei0000unse/page/277 }}</ref> The Taliban were condemned internationally for their brutal [[Taliban treatment of women|treatment of women]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/18/news/mn-5602 |date=18 November 2001 |author1=James Gerstenzan |author2=Lisa Getter |title=Laura Bush Addresses State of Afghan Women |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/a-woman-among-warlords/womens-rights-in-the-taliban-and-post-taliban-eras/66/ |date=11 September 2007 |title=Women's Rights in the Taliban and Post-Taliban Eras |work=A Woman Among Warlords |publisher=[[PBS]] }}</ref>

[[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (the TTP), alternatively referred to as the Pakistani Taliban, is an [[umbrella organization]] of various [[Islamist]] militant groups based in the northwestern [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] along the [[Durand Line|Afghan border]] in Pakistan. In December 2007 about 13 groups united under the leadership of [[Baitullah Mehsud]] to form the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.<ref name=Bajoria/><ref name=abbash/> Among the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan's stated objectives are resistance against the Pakistani state, enforcement of their interpretation of [[sharia]] and a plan to unite against [[NATO]]-led forces in Afghanistan.<ref name=Bajoria>{{cite web |last=Bajoria |first=Jayshree |title=Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=6 February 2008 |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1%26hide%3D1%26id%3D13611%26filter%3D456 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514060717/http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1&hide=1&id=13611&filter=456 |archive-date=14 May 2009}}</ref><ref name=abbash>{{cite journal |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |title=A Profile of Tehrik-I-Taliban Pakistan |journal=CTC Sentinel |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=1–4 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |location=West Point, NY |date=January 2008 |url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17868/profile_of_tehrikitaliban_pakistan.html}}</ref><ref name=gall2009327>{{cite news |author=Carlotta Gall |author2=Ismail Khan |author3-link=Pir Zubair Shah |author3=Pir Zubair Shah |author4=Taimoor Shah |title=Pakistani and Afghan Taliban Unify in Face of U.S. Influx |work=The New York Times |date=26 March 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html |author-link=Carlotta Gall }}</ref>

The TTP is not directly affiliated with the Afghan Taliban movement led by [[Mullah Omar]], with both groups differing greatly in their histories, strategic goals and interests although they both share a primarily Deobandi interpretation of Islam and are predominantly [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]].<ref name=gall2009327/><ref name=scott>{{cite news |first=Scott |last=Shane |title=Insurgents Share a Name, but Pursue Different Goals |date=2009-10-22 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/23/world/asia/23taliban.html |work=The New York Times }}</ref>

====Sipah-e-Sahaba====

In October 2000 [[Masood Azhar]], another militant leader, and founder of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM), was quoted as saying that "Sipah-e-Sahaba stands shoulder to shoulder with Jaish-e-Muhammad in Jehad."<ref name=satp>{{Cite web |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/Ssp.htm |title=Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, Terrorist Group of Pakistan |website=www.satp.org}}</ref> A leaked U.S. diplomatic cable described JeM as "another SSP breakaway Deobandi organization."<ref name=cable>{{cite news |title=2009: Southern Punjab extremism battle between haves and have-nots |date=2011-05-22 |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/22/2009-southern-punjab-extremism-battle-between-haves-and-have-nots.html }}</ref>

Right after [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], the main center of Deobandism throughout the world, [[Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur]] is the second known Deobandi madrassa in India, which produced the scholars like [[Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]. [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]]'s established [[Madrasa Shahi, Moradabad]], the alma of scholars like [[Mufti Mahmud]] and [[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]] has its position. [[Darul Uloom Karachi]], founded by [[Mufti Shafi Usmani]], [[Jamia Binoria]] and [[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]] in [[Pakistani]] are top Deobandi institutions there. [[Darul Uloom Bury]], [[Holcombe, Greater Manchester|Holcombe]], established by [[Yusuf Motala]] during 1970s is the first Deobandi madrassa of the West<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Hamid |title=The Dars-e-Nizami and the Transnational Traditionalist Madaris in Britain |year=2012 |pages=7, 17 |url=http://hamidmahmood.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/the-dissertation.pdf |quote=In the UK the Dār al-'Ulūm al-'Arabiyyah al-Islāmiyyah (Bury madrasa) and Jāmi’at ta’līm al-Islām (Dewsbury madrasa) are considered the 'Oxbridge' of the traditional madrasa world....The need for leadership and imams increased alongside the increasing number of Mosques and in 1975 the first madrasa was established in a village called Holcombe situated near Bury – known as Dār al-'Ulūm Bury or Bury Madrasa.}}</ref> In [[South Africa]], Darul Ulum [[Newcastle, South Africa|Newcastle]], was founded in 1971 by [[Cassim Sema|Cassim Mohammed Sema]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mohamed |first=Yasien |journal=ISIM Newsletter |year=2002 |volume=9 |page=30 |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17556/ISIM_9_Islamic_Education_in_South_Africa.pdf?sequence=1 |quote=opportunities for studies were created locally when in 1971 the first Darul-Ulum was established in Newcastle, Kwazulu Natal. This Darul-Ulum was based on the Darsi-Nizami course from Deoband, India. |title=Islamic Education in South Africa }}</ref> and [[Darul Uloom Zakariyya|Dar al-Ulum Zakariyya]] in [[Lenasia]],<ref name="Eds. 85, 101">{{cite book |display-editors=etal |editor=Abdulkader Tayob |title=Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa |year=2011 |publisher=Waxmann |location=Münster ; München [u.a.] |isbn=978-3-8309-2554-5 |pages=85, 101 |url=http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf |quote=It became clear through field research by the author that Deobandi schools in several countries increasingly rely on graduates from Azaadville and Lenasia. The two schools and their graduates are functioning as network multiplicators between Deobandi schools worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |display-editors=etal |editor=Abdulkader Tayob |title=Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa |year=2011 |publisher=Waxmann |location=Münster ; München [u.a.] |isbn=978-3-8309-2554-5 |pages=85, 101 |url=http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf |quote=The Islamic schools in Lenasia and Azaadville in South Africa represent prominent examples of schools that provide religious education in a format which is firmly rooted in traditions and interpretations of Islam originating outside South Africa. Established by the Muslim minority community of the country, the schools follow the Deobandi interpretation of Islam from South Asia.}}</ref><ref name="zmo.de">{{cite book |display-editors=etal |editor=Abdulkader Tayob |title=Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa |year=2011 |publisher=Waxmann |location=Münster ; München [u.a.] |isbn=978-3-8309-2554-5 |pages=85, 101 |url=http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf |quote=For the Tablighi Jama’at, the two schools are important switchboards for their preaching activities in South Africa, in Africa proper and around the world.}}</ref> [[Madrasah In'aamiyyah]], [[Camperdown, KwaZulu-Natal|Camperdown]] is known for its Dar al-Iftaa (Department of Fatwa Research and Training) which runs the popular online fatwa service, Askimam.org.<ref name="themuslim500.com 2012">{{cite book |url=http://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2012-low.pdf |title=2012 Edition |work=[[The 500 Most Influential Muslims]] |publisher=[[Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-9957-428-37-2 |editor-last=Schleifer |editor-first=Prof. S. Abdallah |editor-link=Abdallah Schleifer |location=Jordan |page=110 |editor-last2=Al-Meheid |editor-first2=Dr Minwer |editor-link2=:de:Minwer al-Meheid |editor-last3=Al-Rawadieh |editor-first3=Dr AlMahdi |editor-last4=Ahmed |editor-first4=Dr Aftab |editor-last5=Asfour |editor-first5=Zeinab |department=[[Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913223248/http://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2012-low.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam]] is the first established Deobandi madrassa in [[Bangladesh]], which produced the scholars like&nbsp;[[Shah Ahmad Shafi]], [[Junaid Babunagari]]. [[Al-Rashid Islamic Institute]], [[Ontario, Canada]], [[Darul Uloom Al-Madania]] in [[Buffalo, New York]], [[Jamiah Darul Uloom Zahedan]] in [[Iran]] and [[Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah]] are some top Deobandi institutions.

* [[Mahmud Deobandi]] (died 1886) – First teacher of Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref name="david">{{citation |author1=David Emmanuel Singh |title=The Independent Madrasas of India: Dar al-'Ulum, Deoband and Nadvat al-'Ulama, Lucknow |url=http://www.ocms.ac.uk/docs/madrasas_deoband.pdf |publisher=[[Oxford Centre for Mission Studies]] |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>

* [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] (1851–1920) – popularly known as "Shaykh al-Hind".<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shoayb |title=Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Kawthar Publications |pages=35–37 |quote=He began teaching the basic subjects and was regularly promoted until he became the head-teacher and the Shaykh al-Hadith. He served the Darul Uloom until 1914 (1333)...The Shaykh was very active politically as well. A movement known as Reshmi Roomal was formed in India to remove the British. He played a major role in advancing this movement.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Abu Ghuddah |first=Abd al-Fattah |script-title=ar:تراجم ستة من فقهاء العالم الإسلامي في القرن الرابع عشر وآشارهم الفقهية |year=1997 |publisher=Dar al-Basha'ir al-Islamiyyah |location=Beirut |page=15 |language=ar |quote=وكان أكبر كبارها وشيخ شيوخها الشيخ محمود حسن الديوبندي الملقب بشيخ العالم، والمعروف بشيخ الهند، وكان في الحديث الشريف مسند الوقت ورحلة الأقطار الهندية. (Trans. And the greatest of its [Dar al-Ulum Deoband's] great ones, and the shaykh of its shaykhs was Shaykh Mahmud Hasan al-Deobandi, who is entitled (al-mulaqqab) Shaykh al-'Aalam, and popularly known (al-ma'ruf bi) as Shaykh al-Hind. In regards to the noble Hadith, he was the authority of his time (musnid al-waqt), whom students traveled from all parts of India [to study with].}}</ref>

* [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] (1863–1943)<ref>{{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |title=Perfecting women : Maulana Ashraf ọAlī Thanawi's Bihishti zewar : a partial translation with commentary |year=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-08093-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/perfectingwomenm00ashr/page/3 3–4] |quote=The Bihishti Zewar was written by Maulana Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi (1864–1943), a leader of the Deobandi reform movement that crystallized in north India in the late nineteenth century...Maulana Thanawi was an extraordinary successful exponent of reform. |url=https://archive.org/details/perfectingwomenm00ashr/page/3 }}</ref>

* [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] (1875–1933)<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shoayb |title=Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Kawthar Publications |pages=68–70 |quote=This great Hafiz of Hadith, excellent Hanafi jurist, legist, historian, linguist, poet, researcher and critic, Muhammad Anwar Shah Kashmiri...He went to the biggest Islamic University inIndia, the Darul Uloom al-Islamiyah in Deoband...He contributed greatly to the Hanafi Madhab...He wrote many books, approximately 40...Many renowned and erudite scholars praised him and acknowledged his brilliance...Many accomplished scholars benefited from his vast knowledge.}}</ref>

* [[Hussain Ahmed Madani]] (1879–1957)<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shoayb |title=Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Kawthar Publications |pages=215–216 |quote=After Shaykh al-Hind's demise, he was unanimously acknowledged as his successor. ..He was the President of the Jamiat Al-Ulama-Hind for about twenty years...He taught Sahih Al-Bukhari for about thirty years. During his deanship, the strength of the students academically impred...About 4483 students graduated and obtained a continuous chain of transmission (sanad) in Hadith during his period.}}</ref>

* [[Muhammad Ilyas al-Kandhlawi]] (1884–1944)– Founder of [[Tablighi Jamaat]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reetz |first=Dietrich |title=Keeping Busy on the Path of Allah: The Self-Organisation (Intizam) of the Tablighi Jama'at |journal=Oriente Moderno |year=2004 |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=295–305 |quote=In recent years, the Islamic missionary movement of the Tablighi Jama'at has attracted increasing attention, not only in South Asia, but around the globe...The Tablighi movement came into being in 1926 when Muhammad Ilyas (1885–1944) started preaching correct religious practices and observance of rituals...Starting with Ilyas' personal association with the Dar al-Ulum of Deoband, the movement has been supported by religious scholars, 'ulama', propagating the purist teachings of this seminary located in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. |doi=10.1163/22138617-08401018 }}</ref>

* [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] (1887–1949)<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shoayb |title=Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Kawthar Publications |pages=167–170 |quote=He completed his formal education [from Deoband] in 1907 (1325) with specialization in Hadith. Thereafter he taught for some time at the Dar al-Uloom Deoband...He supported the resolution for the independence of Pakistan and assisted Muhammad Ali Jinnah...He was given the task of hoisting the flag of Pakistan...Due to his tremendous effort, the first constitution of Pakistan was based on the Quraan and Sunnah...Fath Al-Mulhim bi Sharh Sahih Muslim. Even though he passed away before being able to complete the book it was accepted and praised by many renowned scholars. These include Shaykh Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari and Shaykh Anwar Shah Kashmiri.}}</ref>

* [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]] (1897–1976)<ref>{{cite web |last=Usmani |first=Muhammad Taqi |title=Shaykh Mufti Muhammad Shafi': The Grand Mufti of Pakistan |url=http://www.deoband.org/2011/12/history/biographies-of-scholars/shaykh-muhammad-shafi%E2%80%98-the-mufti-of-pakistan/ |work=Deoband.org |access-date=6 November 2013 |translator-first=Zameelur |translator-last=Rahman |date=December 2011 |quote=The scholar of great learning, Shaykh Mufti Muhammad Shafi' (Allah Almighty have mercy on him), is counted amongst the leading 'ulama of India and Pakistan...He completed his studies in the year 1325 H, and because he was from the advanced students in the period of his studies, the teachers of the Dar al-'Ulum selected him to become a teacher there...the teachers appointed him as the head of the Fatwa Department at Dar al-'Ulum...Ma‘arif al-Qur’an. This is a valuable exegesis of the Noble Qur’an which Shaykh [Muhammad Shafi'] compiled in the Urdu language in 8 large volumes.}}</ref>

* [[Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi]] (1898–1982)<ref>{{cite book |last=Bashir |first=Aamir |title=Shari'at and Tariqat: A Study of the Deobandi Understanding and Practice of Tasawwuf |year=2013 |publisher=Dar al-Sa'adah Publications |page=117 |url=http://ilmresources.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/shariat-tariqat-study-of-deobandi-understanding-practice-of-tasawwuf.pdf |quote=Muhammad Zakariyya can be termed as the "Reviver of Deobandi tasawwuf." He is the last in the long line of prominent scholar Sufis who epitomized Deobandi characteristics.}}</ref>

* [[Abdul Matin Chowdhury (scholar) |Abdul Matin Chowdhury]] (1915–1990)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=al-Mahmud |first1=A.H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Syed Mahmudul |title=সননাতে নববীর মরত পরতীক: মাওলানা আবদল মতিন চৌধরী শাযখে ফলবাডী রাহ |year=2008 |pages=78–81 |url=https://archive.org/details/AllamaFulbari/page/n79 }}</ref>

* [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]] (1916–2020), former Chief of [[Hefajat-e-Islam Bangladesh]], rector of [[Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam Hathazari]] and also the chairman of [[Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shah Ahmed Shafi, chief of Bangladesh Islamist group Hifazat-e Islam, dies |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2020/09/18/shah-ahmed-shafi-chief-of-bangladesh-islamist-group-hifazat-e-islam-dies |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref>

* [[Abdur Rahman Bangladeshi]] (1920–2015) – ''He was the founder director of [[Islamic Research Center Bangladesh]], [[Dhaka]] & Many Deobandi school.'' Ex '''chairman''' of the ''Shariah Council'' of Many [[Islamic banking and finance|Islamic Bank]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Noted Islamic scholar Mufti Abdur Rahman passes away |work=BD Chronicle |url=http://www.bdchronicle.com/detail/news/32/25208 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112173257/http://www.bdchronicle.com/detail/news/32/25208 |archive-date=12 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

* [[Muhammad Abdul Wahhab]] (1923–2018) – former (Amir of [[Tablighi Jamaat]] Pakistan Chapter).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |year=2012 |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |location=Amman |isbn=<!--978-9975-428-37-2 ISBN is invalid--> |page=69 |editor=S. Abdallah Schleifer |quote=Leader of the Pakistan chapter of the Tablighi Jamaat [...] Hajji Abd al-Wahhab is a prominent Pakistani scholar with a significant following in South Asia and the United Kingdom...Abd al-Wahhab's work[...] stems from the prominent Islamic institution Darul Uloom Deoband, in India, where the latter studied before establishing a following in Pakistan.}}</ref>

* [[Nur Uddin Gohorpuri]] (1924–2005)<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:আললামা গহরপরী পরিচিতি |language=bn |url=http://jamiagohorpur.com/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190817162703/http://jamiagohorpur.com/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A/ |website=jamiagohorpur.com |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>

* [[Allama Khalid Mahmood|Khalid Mahmood]] (1925–2020) – UK. He was the founder and Director of The Islamic Academy of Manchester.<ref>[http://www.islamicacademy.eu Islamic Academy of Manchester] The Islamic Academy of Manchester</ref> which was established in 1974. He served formerly as a Professor at Murray College Sialkot and also at MAO College Lahore. He obtained a PhD in Comparative Religion from [[University of Birmingham]] in 1970. He has authored over 50 books, and has served as the Justice of Supreme court of Pakistan (Shariat Appellate Bench).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_3-12-2003_pg7_27 |title=SC Shariat Bench to hear appeal on presidential remissions today |last=Kamran |first=Mohammad |date=3 December 2003 |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020155016/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_3-12-2003_pg7_27 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

*[[Muhammad Yunus Jaunpuri|Muhammad Yunus Jownpuri]] (1937-2017) - Senior hadith scholar and former Shaykh al-Hadith of Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur. He was among the senior students and disciples of Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi.

* [[Yusuf Motala]] (1946–2019) – UK; Founder and senior lecturer at Dar al-Ulum Bury, one of the oldest Deobandi Madrasas in the West; "He is a scholar's scholar – many of the United Kingdom's young Deobandi scholars have studied under his patronage."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |year=2012 |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |location=Amman |isbn=<!--978-9975-428-37-2 ISBN is invalid--> |page=114 |editor=S. Abdallah Schleifer}}</ref>

* [[Nur Hossain Kasemi]] (1945–2020) — former Secretary General of [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-14 |title=Nur Hossain Kasemi passes away at 75 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/nur-hossain-kasemi-passes-away-75-2010981 |work=The Daily Star }}</ref>

* [[Ebrahim Desai]], South Africa – Mufti and founder of [[Askimam]] fatwa portal.<ref name="themuslim500.com 2012"/>

* [[Muhammad Rafi Usmani]], Pakistan – President and senior lecturer of [[Jamia Darul Uloom, Karachi]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Azizur- |title=Introducing Darul-'Uloom Karachi |publisher=Public Information Department: Darul Uloom Karachi |page=21 |url=http://www.darululoomkarachi.edu.pk/ucms/books/Taaruf/(03)%20Taaruf%20English.pdf |editor=(Translated by Muhammad Shameem) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124133538/http://www.darululoomkarachi.edu.pk/ucms/books/Taaruf/(03)%20Taaruf%20English.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* [[Muhammad Taqi Usmani]], Pakistan – Vice-president of Dar al-Ulum Karachi, Former judge on the Shariah Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Deputy Chairman of the Islamic Fiqh Academy of the OIC, leading scholar of Islamic Finance,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mufti Taqi Usmani |url=http://www.albalagh.net/taqi.shtml |work=Albalagh |access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> and often considered to be a leading scholar and figurehead of the Deobandi movement.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |year=2012 |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |location=Amman |isbn=<!--978-9975-428-37-2 ISBN is invalid--> |page=89 |editor=S. Abdallah Schleifer |quote=Leading scholar for the Deobandis...Usmani is very important as a figurehead in the Deobandi movement}}</ref>

* [[Nurul Islam Jihadi]], Secretary General of [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]]. (born 1948)

* [[Allama Nurul Islam Olipuri]] – [[Mufassir]] from Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sylhet: Renowned Islamic scholar Allama Nurul Islam Olipuri speaking at the first day of the three daylong Tafsirul Quran Mahfil as Chief Guest in Sylhet organised by Khademul Quran Parishad, Sylhet recently. |work=The New Nation |url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/46221/sylhet---renowned--islamic-scholar-allama-nurul-islam-olipuri-speaking-at-the--first-day-of-the-three-daylong-tafsirul-quran-mahfil-as-chief-guest-in-sylhet--organised-by-khademul-quran-parishad-sylhet-recently.html}}</ref>

* [[Tariq Jameel]], Pakistan – Prominent scholar and preacher from the Tablighi Jama'at.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |year=2012 |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |location=Amman |isbn=<!--978-9975-428-37-2 ISBN is invalid--> |page=134 |editor=S. Abdallah Schleifer |quote=He has been very effective in influencing all types of the communities ranging from businessmen and landlords to ministers and sports celebrities.}}</ref>

*''[[Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900]]''

*''[[Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam]]''

*''[[The Deoband School And The Demand For Pakistan]]

* {{cite book |last=Zaman |first=Muhammad Qasim |title=The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-691-09680-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ulamainconte_zama_2002_000_9059584}}

* {{citation |last=Moj |first=Muhammad |title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-389-3}}

* [http://darululoom-deoband.com/urdu/books/index.php?content=categories&display=detail&id=27 The Beliefs of Darul Uloom Deoband Scholars ]

* [http://darululoom-deoband.com/urdu/books/index.php?content=categories&display=list&cat=2&cat_head=49736c616d69632042656c69656673207c7c202623313537353b2623313538373b2623313630343b2623313537353b2623313630353b2623313734303b202623313539333b2623313630323b2623313537353b2623313537343b2623313538333b20 Books on Deoband Scholars ]

* {{cite news |last1=Bennett Jones |first1=Owen |title=The Origins of the Deobandis, Part 1: India |type=radio broadcast |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=June 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03w5zz6}}

* {{cite news |last1=Bennett Jones |first1=Owen |title=The Deobandis (in Britain), Part 1 |type=radio broadcast |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=April 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06gqr66}}

* {{cite news |last1=Bennett Jones |first1=Owen |title=The Deobandis (in Britain), Part 2 |type=radio broadcast |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=April 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b076cg3d }}