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→The Bodhisattva Doctrines in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature: replaced: 1930's → 1930s
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|caption = Mathur on a 1987 stamp of India | |caption = Mathur on a 1987 stamp of India | ||
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1884|10|14}} | |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1884|10|14}} | ||
|birth_place = [[Delhi]], Delhi Division, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Panjab Province]], [[British India|British Indian Empire]] <br/>{{small|(present-day | |birth_place = [[Delhi]], Delhi Division, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Panjab Province]], [[British India|British Indian Empire]] <br/>{{small|(present-day India)}} | ||
|birth_name = Har Dayal Singh Mathur | |birth_name = Har Dayal Singh Mathur | ||
|Current Place = | |Current Place = | ||
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Lala '''Har Dayal Singh Mathur''' (Punjabi: ਲਾਲਾ ਹਰਦਿਆਲ; 14 October 1884 – 4 March 1939) was an [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] revolutionary and freedom fighter.<ref name=emily-brown>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Emily C.|title=Har Dayal: Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist|year=1975|publisher=University of Arizona Press|location=Tucson|isbn=0-8165-0422-9}}</ref> He was a [[polymath]] who turned down a career in the [[Indian Civil Service]]. His [[simple living]] and intellectual acumen inspired many [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|expatriate Indians]] living in Canada and the U.S. in their campaign against [[British Raj|British rule in India]] during the | Lala '''Har Dayal Singh Mathur''' (Punjabi: ਲਾਲਾ ਹਰਦਿਆਲ; 14 October 1884 – 4 March 1939) was an [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] revolutionary and freedom fighter.<ref name=emily-brown>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Emily C.|title=Har Dayal: Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist|year=1975|publisher=University of Arizona Press|location=Tucson|isbn=0-8165-0422-9}}</ref> He was a [[polymath]] who turned down a career in the [[Indian Civil Service]]. His [[simple living]] and intellectual acumen inspired many [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|expatriate Indians]] living in Canada and the U.S. in their campaign against [[British Raj|British rule in India]] during the First World War. | ||
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
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===Early years=== | ===Early years=== | ||
Har Dayal Mathur was born in a Hindu [[Mathur ( | Har Dayal Mathur was born in a Hindu [[Mathur (name)|Mathur Kayastha]] family on 14 October 1884 at Delhi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sareen|first=Tilakraj|title=Select Documents on the Ghadr Party |year=1994|publisher=Mounto Publishing House|page=20|quote= Hardayal was a Delhi man, a high caste Hindu of the Mathur, Kayastha Community}}</ref> He was the sixth of seven children of Bholi Rani and Gauri Dayal Mathur. His father was a district court [[Reader (Inns of Court)|reader]]. Lala is not so much a surname as a sub-caste designation, within the [[Kayastha]] community, but it is generally termed as an honorific title for writers such as the word Pandit which is used for knowledgeable persons in other Hindu communities. At an early age, he was influenced by [[Arya Samaj]]. He was associated with [[Shyam Krishnavarma]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] and [[Bhikaiji Cama]]. He also drew inspiration from [[Giuseppe Mazzini]], [[Karl Marx]] and [[Mikhail Bakunin]]. He was, according to Emily Brown as quoted by Juergensmeyer, "in sequence an [[atheist]], a revolutionary, a Buddhist, and a pacifist". | ||
He studied at the Cambridge Mission School and received his [[bachelor's degree]] in [[Sanskrit]] from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi | He studied at the Cambridge Mission School and received his [[bachelor's degree]] in [[Sanskrit]] from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] and his [[master's degree]] also in Sanskrit from [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]]. In 1905, he received two scholarships of [[Oxford University]] for his higher studies in Sanskrit: [[Boden Scholarship]], 1907 and Casberd Exhibitioner, an award from [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]], where he was studying.<ref>{{cite web|title=Making of Britain|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/lala-har-dayal|publisher=Open University|access-date=24 October 2013}}</ref> In a letter to ''[[The Indian Sociologist]]'', published in 1907, he started to explore [[anarchism|anarchist]] ideas, arguing that "our object is not to reform government, but to reform it away, leaving, if necessary only nominal traces of its existence." The letter led to him being put under surveillance by the police. Later that year, saying "To Hell with the [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]", he gave up the prestigious Oxford scholarships and returned to India in 1908 to live a life of austerity. But in India too, he started writing harsh articles in the leading newspapers, When the British government decided to [[Censorship|censor]] his works, Lala Lajpat Rai advised him to leave and go abroad. It was during this period that he came into the friendship of the anarchist [[Guy Aldred]], who was put on trial for printing ''The Indian Sociologist''. | ||
[[File:Paris Bande Mataram 17 August 1909.jpg|thumb|August 1909 issue of the [[Vande Mataram]] published from | [[File:Paris Bande Mataram 17 August 1909.jpg|thumb|August 1909 issue of the [[Vande Mataram]] published from Paris]]He moved to Paris in 1909 and became editor of the ''[[Bande Mataram (Paris publication)|Vande Mataram]]''. But he was not very happy in Paris, so he left Paris and moved to [[Algeria]]. There too, he was unhappy and pondered over to going to either [[Cuba]] or Japan. After all, he went to [[Martinique]], where he started living a life of austerity. An Arya Samaj Missionary, [[Bhai Parmanand]] went there to look for him and found him lonely and isolated. The two discussed founding a new religion modeled on Buddhism. Har Dayal was living an [[ascetic]] life eating only boiled grain and potatoes, sleeping on the floor and meditating in a secluded place. Guy Aldred later related that this religion's motto was to be [[Atheism]], [[Cosmopolitanism]] and [[Normative ethics|moral law]]. Emily Brown and Erik Erikson have described this as a crisis of "ego-identity" for him. Parmanand says that Har Dayal agreed to go to the United States to propagate the ancient culture of the [[Aryan race]]. | ||
Hardayal went straight from [[Boston]] to [[California]], where he wrote an [[idyll]]ic account of life in the | Hardayal went straight from [[Boston]] to [[California]], where he wrote an [[idyll]]ic account of life in the United States. He then moved on to [[Honolulu]] in Hawaii where he spent some time meditating on [[Waikiki Beach]]. During his stay, he made friends with [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhists]]. He also started studying the works of [[Karl Marx]]. Whilst here he wrote ''Some Phases of Contemporary Thought in India'' subsequently published in ''[[Modern Review (Calcutta)|Modern Review]]''. Parmanand persuaded him by letter to return to California. | ||
=== Anarchist activism in America === | === Anarchist activism in America === | ||
[[File:Guru Govind Singh Sahib educational scholarships brochure.jpg|left|thumb|Brochure of the ''Guru Govind Singh Sahib Educational Scholarship'']] | [[File:Guru Govind Singh Sahib educational scholarships brochure.jpg|left|thumb|Brochure of the ''Guru Govind Singh Sahib Educational Scholarship'']] | ||
{{Anarchism sidebar}} | {{Anarchism sidebar}} | ||
He moved to the United States in 1911, where he became involved in [[industrial unionism]]. He had also served as secretary of the [[San Francisco]] branch of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] alongside [[Fritz Wolffheim]], (later a [[National Bolshevik]] after he had left IWW and joined the [[Communist Workers Party of Germany]]). In a statement outlining the principles of the ''Fraternity of the Red Flag'', he said they proposed "the establishment of Communism, and the abolition of private property in land and capital through an industrial organization and the [[general strike]], ultimate abolition of the coercive organization of government". A little over a year later, this group was given {{convert|6|acre|m2}} of land and a house in [[Oakland]], where he founded the ''[[Mikhail Bakunin|Bakunin]] Institute of California'', which he described as "the first [[monastery]] of anarchism".<ref>{{cite book | last = Avrich | first = Paul | author-link=Paul Avrich| title = Anarchist Portraits | url = https://archive.org/details/anarchistportrai00avri | url-access = registration | publisher = | He moved to the United States in 1911, where he became involved in [[industrial unionism]]. He had also served as secretary of the [[San Francisco]] branch of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] alongside [[Fritz Wolffheim]], (later a [[National Bolshevik]] after he had left IWW and joined the [[Communist Workers' Party of Germany]]). In a statement outlining the principles of the ''Fraternity of the Red Flag'', he said they proposed "the establishment of Communism, and the abolition of private property in land and capital through an industrial organization and the [[general strike]], ultimate abolition of the coercive organization of government". A little over a year later, this group was given {{convert|6|acre|m2}} of land and a house in [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], where he founded the ''[[Mikhail Bakunin|Bakunin]] Institute of California'', which he described as "the first [[monastery]] of anarchism".<ref>{{cite book | last = Avrich | first = Paul | author-link=Paul Avrich| title = Anarchist Portraits | url = https://archive.org/details/anarchistportrai00avri | url-access = registration | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton | year = 1988 | isbn = 0-691-00609-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anarchistportrai00avri/page/30 30]}}</ref> The organisation aligned itself with the ''[[Regeneración]]'' movement founded by the exiled Mexicans [[Ricardo Flores Magón|Ricardo]] and [[Enrique Flores Magón]]. He had a designated post of a lecturer in Indian philosophy and Sanskrit at [[Stanford University|Leland Stanford University]]. However, he was forced to resign because of embarrassment about his activities in the [[anarchist]] movement. | ||
In California, he soon developed contacts with Punjabi Sikh farmers in [[Stockton, California|Stockton]]. Punjabis, a great majority of whom were Sikhs, had started emigrating to the West Coast around the turn of the century. Having experienced hostility by the Canadians in Vancouver, they had already become disaffected with the British. Hardayal tapped into this sentiment of these energetic Sikhs and other Punjabis. Having developed an Indian [[nationalist]] perspective, he encouraged young Indians to gain scientific and [[sociological]] education.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Farquhar|first=J.N.|url=https://archive.org/stream/thecrownofhindui00farquoft/thecrownofhindui00farquoft_djvu.txt|title=The Crown Of Hinduism|isbn=978-1375792240|pages= | In California, he soon developed contacts with Punjabi Sikh farmers in [[Stockton, California|Stockton]]. Punjabis, a great majority of whom were Sikhs, had started emigrating to the West Coast around the turn of the century. Having experienced hostility by the Canadians in Vancouver, they had already become disaffected with the British. Hardayal tapped into this sentiment of these energetic Sikhs and other Punjabis. Having developed an Indian [[nationalist]] perspective, he encouraged young Indians to gain scientific and [[sociological]] education.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Farquhar|first=J.N.|url=https://archive.org/stream/thecrownofhindui00farquoft/thecrownofhindui00farquoft_djvu.txt|title=The Crown Of Hinduism|isbn=978-1375792240|pages=36–37|quote=Metaphysics has been the curse of India. It has blighted her history and compassed her ruin. ... It has blinded her seers and led them to mistake phantoms for realities. ... ''Young men of India, look not for wisdom in the musty parchments of your metaphysical treatises. There is nothing but an endless round of verbal jugglery there. Read Rousseau and Voltaire, Plato and Aristotle, Haeckel and Spencer, Marx and Tolstoi, Ruskin and Comte, and other European thinkers, if you wish to understand life and its problems.'' India has hundreds of really sincere and aspiring young men and women, who are free from all taint of greed and worldliness, but they are altogether useless for any purpose that one may appreciate. They have established monasteries in remote, nooks in the mountains in order to realize the Brahman.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-16|title=The Inanity of Brahman and the Vedantic Worldview|url=http://nirmukta.com/2012/02/16/deconstructing-the-inanity-of-brahman-and-the-vedantic-worldview/|access-date=2020-07-26|website=Nirmukta|language=en-GB|quote=We keep moving in the old rut; we edit and re-edit the old books instead of translating the classics of European social thought. Indian pundits and graduates seem to suffer from a kind of mania for what is effete and antiquated. Thus an institution, established by progressive men, aims at leading our youths through Sanskrit grammar to the Vedas via the Six Darshanas! What a false move in the quest for wisdom!}}</ref> With the personal help of Teja Singh, [[Tarak Nath Das]] and [[Arthur Pope]] and funding from Jwala Singh, a rich farmer from Stockton, he set up ''Guru Govind Singh Sahib Educational Scholarship'' for Indian students. With Shyamji Krishna Verma's ''India House'' in London, he established his house as a home for these students. Amongst the six students who responded to the offer were Nand Singh Sehra, Darisi Chenchiah and [[Gobind Behari Lal]], his wife's cousin. They lived together in a rented apartment close to the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. | ||
=== Assassination attempt on Viceroy of India === | === Assassination attempt on Viceroy of India === | ||
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Take care of your [[turban]] Mr Mir ! (Note: Here Mir is Quoted for Britishers.) | Take care of your [[turban]] Mr Mir ! (Note: Here Mir is Quoted for Britishers.) | ||
This is not just any town, this is Delhi, | This is not just any town, this is Delhi, India Okay !! | ||
</poem></blockquote> | </poem></blockquote> | ||
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HOW GREAT WE FEEL WHEN SOMEONE DOES THE HEROIC DEED? WE SHARE IN HIS MORAL POWER. WE REJOICE IN HIS ASSERTION OF HUMAN EQUALITY AND DIGNITY.|''Lala Hardayal'' (Yugantar Circular:1913)}} | HOW GREAT WE FEEL WHEN SOMEONE DOES THE HEROIC DEED? WE SHARE IN HIS MORAL POWER. WE REJOICE IN HIS ASSERTION OF HUMAN EQUALITY AND DIGNITY.|''Lala Hardayal'' (Yugantar Circular:1913)}} | ||
In April 1914, he was arrested by the United States government for spreading [[anarchist]] literature and fled to [[Berlin, Germany | In April 1914, he was arrested by the United States government for spreading [[anarchist]] literature and fled to [[Berlin]], Germany. In Berlin he became instrumental to the formation of the [[Berlin Committee]] (later: Indian Independence Committee) and cooperated with the German [[Intelligence Bureau for the East]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liebau|first=Heike|date=2019|title=„Unternehmungen und Aufwiegelungen“: Das Berliner Indische Unabhängigkeitskomitee in den Akten des Politischen Archivs des Auswärtigen Amts (1914–1920)|url=https://www.projekt-mida.de/reflexicon/unternehmungen-und-aufwiegelungen-das-berliner-indische-unabhaengigkeitskomitee-in-den-akten-des-politischen-archivs-des-auswaertigen-amts-1914-1920/|journal=MIDA Archival Reflexicon|pages=3-4}}</ref> He subsequently lived for a decade in Sweden. He received his [[Ph.D.]] degree in 1930 from the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] at the [[University of London]]. In 1932, he got his book ''Hints For Self Culture'' published and embarked on a lecture circuit covering Europe, India, and the United States. | ||
He died in Philadelphia on 4 March 1939. In the evening of his death, he delivered a lecture as usual where he had said: "I am in peace with all". But a very close friend of Lala Hardayal and the founder member of ''Bharat Mata Society'' (established in 1907), [[Lala Hanumant Sahai]] did not accept the death as natural, he suspected it as poisoning.<ref>{{Cite book|title=''Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas'' (Vol-2)|last=Dr.'Krant'|first=M.L.Verma|year=2006|publisher=Praveen Prakashan|location=New Delhi-110002 (India)|page=452|isbn=81-7783-120-8}}</ref> | He died in Philadelphia on 4 March 1939. In the evening of his death, he delivered a lecture as usual where he had said: "I am in peace with all". But a very close friend of Lala Hardayal and the founder member of ''Bharat Mata Society'' (established in 1907), [[Lala Hanumant Sahai]] did not accept the death as natural, he suspected it as poisoning.<ref>{{Cite book|title=''Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas'' (Vol-2)|last=Dr.'Krant'|first=M.L.Verma|year=2006|publisher=Praveen Prakashan|location=New Delhi-110002 (India)|page=452|isbn=81-7783-120-8}}</ref> | ||
In 1987, the India Department of Posts issued a commemorative stamp in his honor, within the series of "India's Struggle for Freedom".<ref>{{cite book|author=Jain, Manik|year=2018| title= Phila India Guide Book| publisher= Philatelia| pages=114}}</ref> | In 1987, the India Department of Posts issued a commemorative stamp in his honor, within the series of "India's Struggle for Freedom".<ref>{{cite book|author=Jain, Manik|year=2018| title= Phila India Guide Book| publisher= Philatelia| pages=114}}</ref> | ||
The | The article "Karl Marx: Modern Rishi", written by him for the March 1912 issue of the ''Modern Review'' was translated to [[Malayalam]] and printed by Swadesabhimani Ramakishna Pillai after four months (August 1912). Since there was no proper attribution of authorship, this can be considered an instance of plagiarism. This was exposed by reputed Editor and Writer Ramachandran in the January 2018 issue of ''Granthalokam,the Kerala Library Council publication.{{Citation needed|reason=A book is mentioned, but a page number might be nice|date=June 2020}}'' The similarity between the two has been noticed by Kiran Moitra in his book "Marxism in India".{{Citation needed|reason=A book is mentioned, but a page number might be nice|date=June 2020}} | ||
==Works by Lala Har Dayal== | ==Works by Lala Har Dayal== | ||
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*The last Chapter VII relates the events of the [[Gautama Buddha|Gautama]] Buddha's past lives as Bodhisattva. | *The last Chapter VII relates the events of the [[Gautama Buddha|Gautama]] Buddha's past lives as Bodhisattva. | ||
This book contains comprehensive notes and references besides a general index appended at the end. This book has been written in a particularly lucid style which exhibits scholarly acumen and the mastery of Lala Hardayal in literary art. It proved influential with [[Edward Conze]], a [[German people|German]] [[Marxist]] refugee from [[Nazi Germany]] who made Har Dayal 's acquaintance in London in the | This book contains comprehensive notes and references besides a general index appended at the end. This book has been written in a particularly lucid style which exhibits scholarly acumen and the mastery of Lala Hardayal in literary art. It proved influential with [[Edward Conze]], a [[German people|German]] [[Marxist]] refugee from [[Nazi Germany]] who made Har Dayal 's acquaintance in London in the 1930s.<ref name="De Jong">{{cite journal |last1=De Jong |first1=J. W. |title=Edward Conze 1904–1979 |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |date=1980 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=143–146 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24653324 |access-date=5 December 2020 |issn=0019-7246}}</ref> | ||
==Appreciations== | ==Appreciations== | ||
According to [[Swami Rama Tirtha]], Lala Har Dayal was the greatest | According to [[Swami Rama Tirtha]], Lala Har Dayal was the greatest Hindu who ever came to America, a great sage and saint, whose life mirrored the highest spirituality as his soul reflected the love of the 'Universal Spirit' whom he tried to realize.<ref>{{Cite book|title=''Thoughts On Education'' by L. Har Dayal|last=Pandit|first=Vardachari|year=1969|publisher=Vivek Swadhyay Mandal|location=New Delhi-110024 (India)|page=70}}</ref> | ||
In another appreciation ''Prof. Dharmavira'' has sketched the picture of Lala Har Dayal which is being quoted here in verbatim: {{Quotation|''Har Dayal dedicated his whole life to the sacred cause of the motherland. Surely from such a person alone could one ask: "Good Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life?" Let us drink deep at this spring and wax glad and strong and brave in every nerve and fibre of our being. He was one of the race of those who wrote the New Era in blood. His course was laborious, truthful, simple, independent, noble; and all these in an eminent degree. His experience of the inward and the outward battle was not inconsiderable and it was not confined to his early manhood, but was spread over his whole life. Lala Har Dayal had the [[Janak]] and [[Dadhichi]] touch and his life demonstrated that he had what it takes.''|'''Prof. Dharmavira'''<ref>{{Cite book|title=''Thoughts On Education'' by L. Har Dayal|last=Pandit|first=Vardachari|year=1969|publisher=Vivek Swadhyay Mandal|location=New Delhi-110024 (India)|page=76}}</ref> (9 July 1969)}} | In another appreciation ''Prof. Dharmavira'' has sketched the picture of Lala Har Dayal which is being quoted here in verbatim: {{Quotation|''Har Dayal dedicated his whole life to the sacred cause of the motherland. Surely from such a person alone could one ask: "Good Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life?" Let us drink deep at this spring and wax glad and strong and brave in every nerve and fibre of our being. He was one of the race of those who wrote the New Era in blood. His course was laborious, truthful, simple, independent, noble; and all these in an eminent degree. His experience of the inward and the outward battle was not inconsiderable and it was not confined to his early manhood, but was spread over his whole life. Lala Har Dayal had the [[Janak]] and [[Dadhichi]] touch and his life demonstrated that he had what it takes.''|'''Prof. Dharmavira'''<ref>{{Cite book|title=''Thoughts On Education'' by L. Har Dayal|last=Pandit|first=Vardachari|year=1969|publisher=Vivek Swadhyay Mandal|location=New Delhi-110024 (India)|page=76}}</ref> (9 July 1969)}} | ||
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*''Har Dayal: Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist'', review by [[Mark Juergensmeyer]]. ''The Journal of Asian Studies'', 1976 | *''Har Dayal: Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist'', review by [[Mark Juergensmeyer]]. ''The Journal of Asian Studies'', 1976 | ||
*''The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature'' by Har Dayal, 1932; Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1970 | *''The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature'' by Har Dayal, 1932; Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1970 | ||
* Pandit Vardachari ''Thoughts On Education by L. Har Dayal'' 1969 New Delhi-110024 | * Pandit Vardachari ''Thoughts On Education by L. Har Dayal'' 1969 New Delhi-110024 India Vivek Swadhyay Mandal. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
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{{Ghadar Conspiracy}} | {{Ghadar Conspiracy}} | ||
{{Indian independence movement}} | {{Indian independence movement}} | ||
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||