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{{Short description|Legendary 16th-century courtesan}} | |||
{{other uses}} | {{other uses}} | ||
{{Use | {{Use Indian English|date=October 2012}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} | ||
{{multiple issues| | {{multiple issues| | ||
{{original research|date=June 2012}} | {{original research|date=June 2012}} | ||
{{more citations needed|date=December 2010}} | {{more citations needed|date=December 2010}} | ||
{{fiction|date=August 2013}} | {{fiction|date=August 2013}} | ||
{{confusing|date=March 2019}} | {{confusing|date=March 2019}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[File:Anarkali_tomb_sarcophagus,_November_2008.jpg|thumb|The richly carved white [[marble]] [[cenotaph]] at the | [[File:Anarkali_tomb_sarcophagus,_November_2008.jpg|thumb|The richly carved white [[marble]] [[cenotaph]] at the [[Tomb of Anarkali]] bears inscription: '''Could I behold the face of my beloved once more, I would thank God until the day of resurrection.''' ]] | ||
'''Anarkali''' ({{ | '''Anarkali''' ({{lit|[[pomegranate]] blossom}}) is a [[Legend|legendary]] woman said to be loved by the 16th-century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Prince Salim, who later became Emperor [[Jahangir]]. According to some accounts, Anarkali was the nickname of the [[tawaif]] '''Sharf-un-Nisa''',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-02-11 |title=Legend: Anarkali: myth, mystery and history |url=https://www.dawn.com/2012/02/11/legend-anarkali-myth-mystery-and-history/ |access-date=2021-11-02 |work=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Munir |first=Sana |date=June 16, 2019 |title=The chronicles of Anarkali |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/567960-chronicles-anarkali |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=The News |language=en}}</ref> though scholars hold varying opinions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |title=Imagining Lahore: the city that is, the city that was |date=17 August 2018 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |isbn=978-93-5305-199-0 |chapter=Humble Origins |oclc=1051299628}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |title=Nur Jahan, empress of Mughal India |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=1-4237-3663-X |location=New York |pages=123 |oclc=191946585}}</ref> | ||
According to | According to speculative and fictional accounts, Anarkali had an illicit relationship with Salim, whose father, Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]], had her executed by [[immurement]]. The character often appears in movies, books and historical fiction, most notably depicted in the 1960 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' in which she is portrayed by [[Madhubala]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Balabanlilar |first=Lisa |title=The emperor Jahangir: power and kingship in mughal india |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-83860-045-7 |location=London |pages=122, 123, 124 |oclc=1151195232}}</ref> | ||
==Historicity and development== | ==Historicity and development== | ||
[[File:Tomb of Anar Kali Lahore.jpg|thumb|The possible [[Tomb of Anarkali]], in the Pakistani city of [[Lahore]].]]{{See also|Tomb of Anarkali}} | [[File:Tomb of Anar Kali Lahore.jpg|thumb|The possible [[Tomb of Anarkali]], in the Pakistani city of [[Lahore]].]]{{See also|Tomb of Anarkali}} | ||
Anarkali was first mentioned in the journal of English tourist and trader [[William Finch (merchant)|William Finch]], who visited the [[Mughal Empire]] on 24 August 1608.<ref>{{cite web|title=Legend: Anarkali: myth, mystery and history|date=11 February 2012 |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/694833/legend-anarkali-myth-mystery-and-history|access-date=2013-09-05}}</ref> | |||
=== Western traveler | === Western traveler accounts === | ||
The earliest Western | The earliest Western accounts about the relationship between Salim and Anarkali were written by British travellers William Finch and Edward Terry. Finch reached Lahore in February 1611, 11 years after the supposed death of Anarkali, to sell [[Indigo dye|indigo]] he had purchased at [[Bayana]] on behalf of the [[East India Company]]. His account, which was written in early 17th-century English, gives the following information.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Flinch|first=William|url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10154077840246675.pdf|title=William Flinch|work=Early Travels in India 1583 to1619|publisher=Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press|year=1921|editor-last=Foster|editor-first=William|pages=166}}</ref> | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote>... is a faire monument for Don Sha his mother, one of the Akbar his wives, with whom it is said Sha Selim had to do ( her name was Immaeque Kelle, or Pomgranate kernell); upon notice of which the King [Akbar] caused her to be inclosed quicke within a wall in his moholl, where she died, and the King [Jahangir], in token of his love commands a sumptuous tomb to be built of stone in the midst of four square garden richly walled, with a gate and divers roomes over it. The convexity of the tomb he hath willed to be wrought in workes of gold with a large faire jounter with roomes over—head... ([[sic]]) ~ [[William Finch (merchant)|William Finch]].{{refn|group=nb|Don Sha his mother→ Mother of Daniyal Mirza<br /> Acbar→Emperor Akbar, Sha Selim Prince Salim i.e. Emperor Jahangir, Immaeque Kelle → Most probable misspelling of Anarkali by ~ [[William Finch (merchant)|William Finch]] (Later traveler [[Edward Terry (author)|Edward Terry]] spells it clear enough so they are referring to name 'Anarkali' William Finch is referring to Mother of Daniyal Mirza, While no proof she was a Akbar's wife but both the travellers seem to refer her as Akbar's wife.<br /> moholl→ Misspelling of word 'Mahal' meaning 'palace' From William Finch is referring to the tomb separately So not clear if place of death and tomb are same or different from his account<br />Most likely construction of the tomb was incomplete until 1615 while Finch visited in 1611<br /> * Also see [[Anarkali#Personalities and timeline]] section below }}</blockquote> | ||
Anarkali had a relationship with Prince Salim (Jahangir). Upon notice of the relationship, King Akbar ordered her to be enclosed within a wall of his palace, where she died. Jahangir, as a token of his love, ordered a stone tomb to be built in the centre of a walled, four-square garden surrounded by a gate. As per description given by Finch, Jahangir ordered the dome of the tomb to be wrought in works of gold.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chida-Razvi |first=Mehreen |chapter=Where is the "greatest city in the East"? The Mughal city of Lahore in European travel accounts (1556–1648) |date=2015 |title=The city in the Muslim world: depictions by Western travel writers |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-54822-5 |editor-last=Gharipour |editor-first=Mohammad |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon |page=90 |oclc=904547599 |editor-last2=Özlü |editor-first2=Nilay}}</ref> | |||
[[Edward Terry (author)|Edward Terry]], who visited a few years after William Finch, wrote Akbar had threatened to disinherit Jahangir for his relationship with Anarkali, the emperor's most-beloved wife, but on his death-bed he repealed the threat.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Terry|first=Edward|url=https://archive.org/details/avoyagetoeastin00terrgoog/page/n7/mode/1up?ref=ol&view=theater&q=Lahore|title=A Voyage to East-India|publisher=J. Wilkir|year=1655|location=London|pages=408}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=L. D. B. |date=February 1923 |title=History of Jahangir. By Beni Prasad, M.A. With foreword by Shafaat Ahmad Khan, Litt.D. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45–46 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00000161 |issn=0041-977X}}</ref> | |||
[[ | === The legends === | ||
According to Lisa Balabanlilar, the majority of legends present maid Anarkali of Akbar's harem as a spouse, a concubine or a servant.<ref name=":62" /> As per Muni Lal, Anarkali was a maidservant in the household of Salim's mother, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]].{{sfn|Lal|1980|p=300}} A common thread in multiple accounts is after realizing the likelihood of amour between his son Salim and Anarkali, suspicious Akbar got incensed and ordered to ensepulchre Anarkali alive in a wall. This brutality to Anarkali by Akbar caused enraged Salim to rebel against his father. Balabanlilar continues, however, that while captivating and widely believed, the legend cannot be verified and most likely does not reference a historical event.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Balabanlilar |first=Lisa |title=The emperor Jahangir: power and kingship in Mughal India |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-83860-045-7 |location=London |pages=122, 123, 124 |oclc=1151195232 |quote=Most versions of the legend assert that the young Anarkali was a member of Akbar’s household, either in the harem as a favourite wife or a beloved concubine or a palace servant. The various accounts agree that on discovering the relationship between his son and Anarkali, the enraged and jealous Akbar had the woman entombed alive within a wall in the fort, an act of such cruelty that it was credited by some for inspiring Salim’s rebellion. ... The enticing and romantic gossip became popular legend, and even today the story of Salim and Anarkali is widely believed, however unsubstantiated and unlikely.}}</ref> | |||
=== Scholarly claims and discourse === | === Scholarly claims and discourse === | ||
==== Inscription ==== | ==== Inscription ==== | ||
The gravestone in the [[Tomb of Anarkali|tomb for Anarkali]] bears | The gravestone in the [[Tomb of Anarkali|tomb for Anarkali]] bears the inscription:<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Koch|first=Ebba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hs1YQ-RO7lwC&pg=PA303|title=The Mughal Emperor as Soloman, Majnun, and Orpheus, or The album as think tank for allegory|work=Muqarnas|publisher=BRILL|others=Leal Karen|year=2010|isbn=978-90-04-18511-1|editor-last=Necipoğlu|editor-first=Gülru|pages=277–312 & Footnote:62|language=en}}</ref> | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
Could I behold the face of my beloved once more, | Could I behold the face of my beloved once more, | ||
I would thank God until the day of resurrection. | I would thank God until the day of resurrection. | ||
~ Majnun Salim Akbar</poem>According to [[Andrew Topsfield]], in his book ''Paintings from Mughal India'', p. 171 n. 18) [[Robert Skelton]] has identified these verses as being from the 13th-century poet [[Saadi Shirazi|Saʿdī]].<ref name=":1" /> | ~ Majnun Salim Akbar</poem> | ||
According to [[Andrew Topsfield]], in his book ''Paintings from Mughal India'', (p. 171 n. 18) [[Robert Skelton]] has identified these verses as being from the 13th-century poet [[Saadi Shirazi|Saʿdī]].<ref name=":1" /> | |||
==== Jahangir as Majnun ==== | ==== Jahangir as Majnun ==== | ||
According to [[Ebba Koch]], Jahangir perceived himself as a Majnun prince king, who is almost mad in his love for his beloved ones. | According to [[Ebba Koch]], Jahangir perceived himself as a Majnun prince king, who is almost mad in his love for his beloved ones. Ebba Koch have his name inscribed as Majnun on the Anarkali's sarcophagus and had pictorials of himself painted as Majnun king; as late as 1618, he reared a pair of [[Sarus crane]]s, which are considered in Indian culture to be love birds named [[Layla and Majnun]]. Koch observed their breeding and wrote about them with keen interest.<ref name=":1" /> According to art historian [[Ram Nath]] the Salim Anarkali love legend can not be entirely fabricated myth since nobody would have had courage to inscribe his name in public as a [[Layla and Majnun|Majnun]] (passionate lover) without his own approval.<ref name=":11" /> Nath says, Jahangir held his father Akbar in very high regard in his autobiography, still in 1599 he seems to have rebelled against Akbar and one most possible reason could be his tender romance with Anarkali was probably frustrated by the later (i.e. by Akbar).<ref name=":11" /> | ||
==== Prominent guesses about who the Anarkali was ==== | |||
{{See also|#Personalities and timeline}} | |||
* It was just a pomegranate garden | |||
* Anarkali as a wife of Emperor Akbar who fall in love with his son Jahangir. | |||
* Anarkali was a concubine of Emperor Akbar(and Prince Daniyal's mother) who fell in love with his son Jahangir. | |||
* Anarkali was one of the wife of Jahangir speculated either Sahib-i Jamal or Nur Jahan | |||
==== | ===== Just a pomegranate garden ===== | ||
According to Haroon Khalid, irrespective of incestuous relationship in popular imagination, it is very unlikely that an emperor's [[History of concubinage in the Muslim world|concubine]] would have fallen in love with his rebellious son.<ref name=":2" /> Khalid says pomegranate garden is mentioned by [[Dara Shikoh]], the grandson of Jahangir, in his work "Sakinat al-Auliya" as a location where the saint Mian Mir used to sit.<ref name=":2" /> According to Subhash Parihar, Dara also mentions the existence of a tomb in the garden but does not give it a name.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Parihar |first=Subhash |date=2022-04-08 |title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000408/windows/main5.htm |url-status=live |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> According to Muhammed Baqir, the author of "Lahore Past and Present", Anarkali was originally just the name of the garden in which the tomb of [[Sahib Jamal|Sahib-i-Jamal]], one of the wife of Jahangir, was situated. The tomb later came to be named as that of Anarkali.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
===== Sahib-i Jamal ===== | |||
{{Refimprove section|date=July 2022}} | |||
According to Muhammed Baqir, the tomb of Anarkali belonged to a woman named [[Sahib Jamal|Sahib-i Jamal]], another wife of Salim; the mother of the prince's second son Sultan Parvez and a daughter of the noble [[Zain Khan Koka]]. The daughter of Zain Khan was married to Salim on 18 June 1596.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} | |||
According to Akbar Nama, Jahangir "became violently enamoured of the daughter of Zain Khan Koka. Akbar was displeased at the impropriety, but he saw that his heart was immoderately affected, he, of necessity, gave his consent"<ref name="henry">{{cite book |last=Beveridge |first=Henry |title=Akbarnama of Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak - Volume III |publisher=Asiatic Society, Calcutta |year=1907 |pages=1058–9 n. 3}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=July 2022}} The translator of Akbar Nama, H. Beveridge, said Akbar objected to the marriage because the Prince was already married "to Zain Khan's niece" (actually the daughter of paternal uncle of Zain Khan, and hence Zain Khan's cousin). Akbar objected to marrying near relations.<ref name="henry" />{{Additional citation needed|date=July 2022}} | |||
According to Aniruddha Ray, inscribed year 1599 and name Salim are important since if it would have been built after he became emperor his alias name Jahangir would have been written. Ray says according to historians Akbar left Lahore on 1598 November 6, so it would be difficult to assume Akbar giving order of entombment in 1599. Ray says Jahangir's wife Sahib-i Jamal died in 1599 so tomb may of hers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Aniruddha |title=Towns and cities of medieval India: a brief survey |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-351-99730-0 |location=London |oclc=960038823}}</ref> | |||
==== | ===== Sharf-un-Nissa ===== | ||
According to Haroon Khalid, a chronicler named Noor Ahmad Chishti in his Tehqiqat–i–Chishti first published in 1849 notes Anarkali or Sharf–un–Nissa as emperor Akbar's favorite concubine. According to Tehqiqat–i–Chishti Anarkali expired when Akbar was on [[Akbar#Deccan Sultans|Deccan campaign]]. Khalid says while Chishti's book does not speak about any love affair with Jahangir, but those were same times when Jahangir rebelled against his father Akbar. Khalid says one possibility is Akbar might have built mausoleum after his return from [[Akbar#Deccan Sultans|Deccan campaign]].<ref name=":2" /> | |||
Khalid says popular narrative remains to be that of Anarkali was Akbar's concubine who crossed the red line and fell in love with Jahangir the Akbar's son.<ref name=":2" /> Khalid says many historians too use the same narrative. Khalid says, according to Tareekh''-''e''-''Lahore, a 1892 book by Sayed Abdul Latif, Anarkali's original name was Sharf-un-Nissa.<ref name=":2" /> According to Ellison Banks Findly Anarkali's another name was Nadira Begum.<ref name=":3" /> Findly reminds that according to European traveler Finch she was mother of Daniyal.<ref name=":3" /> Findly quotes Latif to have described Anarkali just as concubine and as legend given by him, Akbar observed Anarkali's return a smile to Jahangir in a mirror and he suspected worst and buried the lady alive in a wall,<ref name=":2" /> the same too had been mentioned by Finch ".. upon notice of which the King [Akabar] caused her to be inclosed quicke within a wall in his moholl, where shee dyed, .."<ref name=":3" /> According to Lisa Balabanlilar, usually it is considered that Jahangir married at least 20 times.<ref name=":6" /> Findly says if assumed dating of death of Anarkali to be correct then already several marriages of Jahangir were taken place, he had three sons by then and married later too, then in that case, it should have been out of character for Jahangir to have been madly in love in an incestuous relationship but still the legend of Jahangir and Anarkali persists.<ref name=":3" /> Khalid says same narrative as of Latif was developed by later fiction writers beginning with Imtiaj Ali Taj's 1922 play 'Anarkali'.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
* | |||
* | |||
===== Prince Daniyal's mother ===== | |||
Basing his analysis on the above two accounts, [[Abraham Eraly]], the author of ''The Last Spring: The Lives and Times of the Great Mughals'', wrote there "seems to have been an [[Oedipal complex|oedipal]] conflict between Akbar and Salim". He also considers it probable that Anarkali was the mother of Prince [[Daniyal Mirza]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |title=The last spring: the lives and times of the great Mughals |date=1997 |isbn=978-93-5118-128-6 |location=New Delhi |oclc=983835171}}</ref> | |||
= | Eraly supports his hypothesis by quoting an incident recorded by Abul Fazl, Akbar's court historian, according to whom, Salim was assaulted one evening by guards of Akbar's royal harem. A mad man wandered into Akbar's harem because of the carelessness of the guards. According to Abul Fazl, Salim caught the man but was himself mistaken for the intruder.<ref name=":4" /> The emperor arrived and was about to strike with his sword when he recognised Salim. It is likely the intruder was Prince Salim and that the story of the mad man was concocted to hide the prince's indecency.<ref name=":4" /> | ||
According to Subhash Parihar, the accounts of the British travellers, and consequently the presumption of Eraly, is unlikely because Prince Daniyal's mother died in 1596, which does not match the dates inscribed on the sarcophagus.<ref name=":9" /> | |||
===== Nur Jahan ===== | |||
{{Refimprove section|date=July 2022}} | |||
A good deal of fiction has been written about Nur Jahan, obscuring her personality and social and political roles. Her first husband Sher Afghan died in a skirmish with Jahangir's foster brother Qutbuddin Koka in 1607. Jahangir fell in love with Nur Jahan and married her on 25 May 1611.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":63">{{Cite book |last=Balabanlilar |first=Lisa |title=The emperor Jahangir: power and kingship in mughal india |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-83860-045-7 |location=London |pages=122, 123, 124 |oclc=1151195232 |quote=.. Popular legend, once again drawn to the romantic life of the Mughal king, suggests that Jahangir had met and fallen in love with Mihrunnisa long before her husband’s death, some versions even directly implicating Jahangir in his murder. These stories have no credibility. Had Jahangir been jealous of Istajlu’s marriage to Mihrunnisa, it would be very hard to explain Jahangir’s years of patronage and extravagant reward for the warrior, or the nearly four years between the death of her husband and her subsequent marriage to the emperor. Mughal accounts support the claim that Jahangir had met Mihrunnisa when she was a widow residing in the imperial harem, during the Nowruz festivities when the women of the Mughal family, joined by wives and daughters of the nobility, created a private Meena bazaar for themselves, selling small items to each other and donating the proceeds to charity ... The Emperor Jahangir married Mihrunnisa on the 25th of May 1611.}}</ref> According to Masudul Hasan and also Lisa Balabanlilar, a popular legend exists that Jahangir had seen Nur Jahan in childhood and attracted to her but Akbar had not given the permission to marry with her, when Jahangir ascended the throne he got her husband killed and married her.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Masudul |title=History of Islam |date=2009 |publisher=Adam Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7435-019-0 |edition=Rev. |location=New Delhi |page=425 |oclc=241437504}}</ref> Art historian [[Ram Nath]] gives credence to this theory saying for unknown reasons Nur Jahan's first marriage to Sher Afghan took place in 1599 when she was almost 22 in a way age wise too delayed marriage of girls of historical times. Nath says it is quite possible that Jahangir might have seen her, shown interest but his father Akbar denied permission taking political considerations into account. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Ram |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9944798 |title=History of Mughal architecture |date=1982–2005 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=0-391-02650-X |volume=III |location=New Delhi |pages=75–78 |oclc=9944798 |author-link=Ram Nath}}</ref> Nath says while modern biographers like [[Banarsi Prasad Saxena|Beniprasad]] do not put faith in this legend, but to say no contemporary traveler mentioned this legend is incorrect. Nath points out that [[Joannes de Laet|De Laet]] mentions his another contemporary traveler [[Francisco Pelsaert|Pelsaert]] saying Jahangir loved Nur Jahan even before her marriage to Sher Afghan but Akbar intervened otherwise.<ref name=":10" /> According to Nath it is not impossible for Jahangir to have engineered murder of Nur Jahan's first husband (1607) and suppressed the real cause of the conflict of his love interest.<ref name=":10" /> | |||
Hasan and also Balabanlilarsay say this legend is historically proved to be false and he got attracted to her and married with her when Nur Jahan was already widowed and she was in her 30s and Jahangir in his 40s.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":63" /> According to Archana Garodia Gupta the legend of prior love with Nur Jahan is unlikely because after Nur Jahan's first marriage with Sher Afgan, Jahangir had accompanied with him on campaign Mewar and also awarded a title on Shera Afgan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Archana Garodia |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1274799925 |title=The Women Who Ruled India : Leaders. Warriors. Icons. |date=2019 |isbn=978-93-5195-153-7 |location=Gurugram |oclc=1274799925}}</ref> | |||
According to other accounts{{Which|date=July 2022}}, after Akbar's death, Salim (Jahangir) recalled Anarkali and they married. She was given a new name, [[Nur Jahan]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} | |||
Nur Jahan's father went to the sub-continent during the reign of Akbar and entered into his service, and was quickly promoted through the ranks on merit. In 1607, Nur Jahan was taken to the court as a royal ward. She was beautiful and intelligent, and attracted Jahangir's attention.<ref name=":63" /> | |||
Nur Jehan, died in 1645, 16 years after Jahangir's death and she was buried near the tomb of Jahangir in [[Tomb of Nur Jahan|tomb]] at [[Shahdara Bagh|Shahdara]], Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-16 |title=Restoration of Nur Jahan's Tomb to begin soon |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/409285/restoration-of-nur-jahans-tomb-to-begin-soon |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> {{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=July 2022}} | |||
==== Opinion of historian Ram Nath ==== | |||
Art historian [[Ram Nath|R. Nath]] said Jahangir had no wife on record bearing the name or title Anarkali, to whom the emperor could have built a tomb and dedicated a couplet with a suffix ''[[Majnun]]''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Parihar |first=Subhash |date=2000-04-08 |title=The Tribune - Windows - Featured story |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000408/windows/main5.htm |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> He writes: <blockquote> [it is] absolutely improbable that the grand Mughal emperor would address his married wife as ''yar'', designate himself as ''majnun'' and aspire to see her face once again. Had he not seen her enough? Obviously she was not his married wife but only his beloved, to whom he would take the liberty to be romantic and a little poetic too, and it appears to be a case of an unsuccessful romance of a disappointed lover... The prince could not save her, though it is on record that he was so unhappy with his father in this year 1599 that he defied his orders and revolted. It may be recalled that Mehrunissa (later Nurjahan Begum) was also married to Sher Afgan the same year and the young Prince was so dejected and disturbed on the failure of his two romances and annihilation of his tender feelings of love that he went as far as to defy Akbar.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Ram |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9944798 |title=History of Mughal architecture |date=1982–2005 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=0-391-02650-X |volume=III |location=New Delhi |pages=79 |oclc=9944798 |author-link=Ram Nath}}</ref> </blockquote> | |||
== Personalities and timeline == | == Personalities and timeline == | ||
| Line 96: | Line 104: | ||
!Respective Time line | !Respective Time line | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Anarkali | ||
|The | | | ||
* The lover in the legend of Emperor Jahangir ''-'' Anarkali; | |||
* Alternatively just a name of a historic pomegranate garden in Lahore. | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 106: | Line 116: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Akbar]] | |[[Akbar]] | ||
|[[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] | |[[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] and father of Jahangir | ||
|October 1542– 27 October 1605) | |October 1542– 27 October 1605) | ||
Reign:1556 to 1605 | Reign:1556 to 1605 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Daniyal Mirza]] | |[[Daniyal Mirza]] | ||
| Line 119: | Line 125: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Sahib Jamal|Sahib i-Jamal]] | |[[Sahib Jamal|Sahib i-Jamal]] | ||
|Wife of Jahangir {{sfnp|Hasan|2001|p=117}} mother of Salim's second son, Prince [[Parviz (Mughal prince)|Parviz]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Balabanlilar|first=Lisa|title=Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire : Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2012|isbn=9781848857261|location=London|page=10}}</ref>daughter of | |Wife of Jahangir {{sfnp|Hasan|2001|p=117}} mother of Salim's second son, Prince [[Parviz (Mughal prince)|Parviz]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Balabanlilar|first=Lisa|title=Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2012|isbn=9781848857261|location=London|page=10}}</ref> daughter of Khwaja Hasan of [[Herat]], making her the cousin of [[Zain Khan Koka]] | ||
|died {{circa}} 25 June 1599 | |died {{circa}} 25 June 1599 | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|[[Nur Jahan|<span lang="fr">Nur</span> Jahan]] (born Mehr-un-Nissa, | |[[Nur Jahan|<span lang="fr">Nur</span> Jahan]] (born Mehr-un-Nissa, | ||
|The twentieth (and last) wife of the Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] married | |The twentieth (and last) wife of the Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] married him in 1611. She was the favourite wife of Jahangir. | ||
|31 May 1577 – 18 December 1645{{sfn|Banks Findly|1993|page=8}} | |31 May 1577 – 18 December 1645{{sfn|Banks Findly|1993|page=8}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Fictional portrayals == | == Fictional portrayals == | ||
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2022}} | |||
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Anarkali has been the subject of a number of Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani books, plays and films. The earliest, most-celebrated historical play about her, ''Anarkali'', was written by [[Imtiaz Ali Taj]] in [[Urdu]] and performed in 1922. The play was made into a film ''[[Loves of a Mughal Prince]]'', which was released in India in 1928 and stars Taj as Akbar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0256895/ |title=Loves of a Moghul Prince |via=imdb.com}}</ref> Another Indian silent film about the courtesan, ''Anarkali'', was released in 1928 by R.S. Choudhury, who remade it in Hindi with the same title in 1935. [[Bina Rai]] portrayed Anarkali in [[Anarkali (1953 film)|''Anarkali'']], a 1953 Indian film. In 1955, [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Anjali Devi]] starred in [[Anarkali (1955 film)|''Anarkali'']]. [[Kunchacko]] directed [[Anarkali (1966 film)|''Anarkali'']], an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, in 1966.<ref name="encyc"/> | |||
<!-- Who was the legend lady's is unkown to the history, no real picture exists; so please keep any fictional images to fiction section only and do not shift to lead or scholarly section. --> | |||
[[File:Madhubala1960.jpg|thumb|[[Madhubala]]'s role of Anarkali in ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960) is considered one of the finest depictions of the courtesan.]] | |||
In 1960, [[K. Asif]]'s landmark film ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' was released in India with [[Madhubala]] in the role of Anarkali and [[Dilip Kumar]] as Prince Salim. According to Katherine Butler Schofield, while as per rumor peddled by European travelers'', the emperor Akbar ensepulchred Anarkali alive, the movie Mughal‐e‐Azam gives the historical legend a twist wherein Akbar himself lets Anarkali run away clandestinely''.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Schofield |first=Katherine Butler |date=April 2012 |title=The Courtesan Tale: Female Musicians and Dancers in Mughal Historical Chronicles, c.1556-1748 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01673.x |journal=Gender & History |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=150–171 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01673.x |s2cid=161453756 |quote=.. The most famous tale of a brave love and a horrible death is probably that of Salim and Anarkali, although there are no contemporary Mughal sources for the story, just gossipy European travel tales; ... Salim's father, the emperor Akbar, walled Anarkali up alive to punish the pair for defying his will. There is a twist in perhaps the most important film version of the tale, Mughal‐e‐Azam, wherein Akbar secretly lets Anarkali go. This seems to have been necessitated by the film‐makers' inability to reconcile modern notions of justice and tolerance, of which the nationalist hero Akbar was meant to be the epitome, with the patent cruelty of walling a woman up alive. ..}}</ref> Schofield says in this case film producer seemingly twists the plot finding it difficult to reconcile idealized national hero of modern times had been ''legendarily cruel to entomb a woman alive.''<ref name=":7" /> In 1979, Telugu superstar [[N. T. Rama Rao]] directed and acted in the film ''[[Akbar Salim Anarkali]]'', featuring himself as Akbar, [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Salim and [[Unni Mary|Deepa]] as Anarkali.<ref name="encyc">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|publisher=British Film Institute|year=1999|isbn=9780851706696 |url-access=registration}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Prince Salim (the future Jahangir) and his legendary illicit love.jpg|thumb|[[Jahangir]] and Anarkali. (A fictional depiction 1940)]] | |||
In Pakistan, ''[[Anarkali (1958 film)|Anarkali]]'' was released in 1958 with [[Noor Jehan]] in the titular role, based on the Imtiaz Ali Taj play/script as adapted by [[Qamar Ajnalvi]] for [[Anwar Kamal Pasha]]'s direction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/805349/the-fascinating-tale-of-the-many-anarkalis|title=The fascinating tales of the many Anarkalis|date=19 March 2016|work=Scroll.in|author=Karan Bai|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="TNS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/118242-Anarkali-screened-at-Mandwa|title=‘Anarkali’ screened at Mandwa|date=8 May 2016|work=The News International (newspaper)|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223093304/https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/118242-Anarkali-screened-at-Mandwa|access-date=10 April 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Iman Ali]] portrayed Anarkali in [[Shoaib Mansoor]]'s short music video series on the theme ''Ishq'' ({{translation|love}}) in 2003.<ref name="TNS"/> | |||
In | In the 2013 [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s television series ''[[Jodha Akbar]]'', she was portrayed by [[Heena Parmar]] while [[Saniya Touqeer]] played young Anarkali.<ref>[https://timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/jodha-akbar-zeroes-in-on-lil-anarkali-and-haider/articleshow/44930938.cms Jodha Akbar zeroes in on li'l Anarkali and Haider]. ''[[Times of India]]''.</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/heena-parmar-is-salims-anarkali/articleshow/45616962.cms Heena Parmar is Salim's Anarkali]. ''[[Times of India]]''.</ref><ref>[https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/jodha-akbar/0-6-4z531922 Jodha Akbar]. ''[[Zee5]]''.</ref> A daily soap titled "[[Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali|Dastan-e-Mohabbat...Salim Anarkali]]" in which Prince Salim is played by [[Shaheer Sheikh]] and his beloved Anarkali by [[Sonarika Bhadoria]], was aired on [[Colors TV]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/salim-anarkali-fame-sonarika-bhadoria-writes-a-love-filled-note-for-her-former-co-star-shaheer-sheikh/articleshow/69111496.cms Salim Anarkali fame Sonarika Bhadoria writes a love-filled note for her former co-star Shaheer Sheikh]. ''[[Times of India]]''</ref><ref>[https://www.voot.com/shows/salim-anarkali/100392 Salim Anarkali]. ''[[Voot]]''.</ref> | ||
In | In 2022 [TAJ] a webseries started following the [first season] 'Anarkali' played a prominent role in first half of the serie. | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
| Line 148: | Line 165: | ||
* [[Anarkali Bazaar]] | * [[Anarkali Bazaar]] | ||
* [[Madhubala]] | * [[Madhubala]] | ||
== Bibliography non-fictional == | |||
* Dad, Aisha. 2022. [https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/37372092 'Through the Looking Glass': The Narrative Performance of Anarkali]. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. | |||
* Nath, Prof R.. India As Seen by William Finch (1608-11 A.D): (With an Introduction to Medieval Travelogue). N.p., Independently Published, 2020. | |||
* Sen Gupta, Subhadra. MAHAL: Power and Pageantry in the Mughal Harem. India, Hachette India, 2019. | |||
* Early Travels in India, 1583-1619. India, Alpha Editions, 2020. | |||
* Choudhry, Zulfiqar Ali. Anarkali. United Kingdom, Whyte Tracks publishing, 2017. | |||
* Khawaja, Mabel Deane. “The Entombed Slave Girl of the Moguls: A Victim of Imperialism.” ''International Journal of Critical Cultural Studies'', vol. 14, no. 2, June 2016, pp. 1–9. ''EBSCOhost'', <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-0055/cgp/v14i02/1-9</nowiki>. | |||
* Moosvi, Shireen. The invention and persistence of a legend—The Anārkalī story. ''Studies in People's History,'' Volume: 1 issue: 1, page(s): 63-68. Article first published online''':''' June 1, 2014; Issue published: June 1, 2014 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/2348448914537345</nowiki> | |||
* Schofield, Katherine Butler. (2012), The Courtesan Tale: Female Musicians and Dancers in Mughal Historical Chronicles, ''c''.1556–1748. Gender & History, 24: 150-171. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01673.x</nowiki> | |||
* Sharma, Sunil. “Forbidden Love, Persianate Style: Re-Reading Tales of Iranian Poets and Mughal Patrons.” ''Iranian Studies'', vol. 42, no. 5, 2009, pp. 765–779., {{doi|10.1080/00210860903306044.}} | |||
* Glover, William J.. Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. United Kingdom, U of Minnesota Press, 2008. | |||
* Lal, Ruby. Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2005. | |||
* Chaudhry, Nazir Ahmad. Anarkali, Archives and Tomb of Sahib Jamal: A Study in Perspective. Pakistan, Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2002. | |||
* Bāqir, Muḥammad. Lahore: Past And Present (being An Account Of Lahore Compiled From Original Sources). India, Low Price Publications, 1996. | |||
* | |||
* Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard, et al. Architecture of Mughal India. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 1992. p 118. | |||
* Quayum, Mohammad A. "From A String of Sweet Pearls, Vol. II (1922)". ''The Essential Rokeya''. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2013. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004255876_004</nowiki> Web. | |||
* H.Beveridge, Visit to Umarkot, Calcutta Review. India, University of Calcutta, 1900. Page 67, 68, 69 | |||
* {{cite book |author=Jahangir |author-link=Jahangir |translator=David Prince |translator-link=David Price (East India Company officer) |title=Memoirs of the Emperor Jahangueir |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsemperorj00pricgoog/page/n60/mode/2up |year=1829 |publisher=Oriental Translation Committee |location=London}} | |||
* | |||
* Panjab Gazetteer. India, n.p, 1883. Page 177. | |||
* | |||
=== Bibliography fiction and literature === | |||
*Bombay Cinema's Islamicate Histories. United Kingdom, Intellect Books Limited, 2022. | |||
* Ray, Neil. The Autobiography of Time: The Saga of Human Civilization: Ambition, Greed and Power from the Dawn of Man. United Kingdom, Archway Publishing, 2020. Semi fiction | |||
* Sharma, Manimugdha. Allahu Akbar: Understanding the Great Mughal in Today's India. India, Bloomsbury Publishing. 2019 | |||
* Isaac, Megan Lynn. Suzanne Fisher Staples: The Setting Is the Story. United Kingdom, Scarecrow Press, 2009. | |||
* Sundaresan, Indu. The Twentieth Wife: A Novel. United States, Washington Square Press, 2003. | |||
* Reviewed Work: Anarkali, a Sanskrit Play in ten acts, by V. Raghavan Palsule, G. B. ''Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute'', vol. 54, no. 1/4, 1973, pp. 301–03. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|41692219}}. | |||
* Taj, Afroz. Two Anarkalis: Saghar Nizami’s Dream Drama and the Deconstruction of the Parsi Theatre. Southeast Review of Asian Studies Volume 32 (2010), pp. 177–92. | |||
* DÉSOULIÈRES, ALAIN. Religious culture and folklore in the Urdu historical drama Anarkali, revisited by Indian cinema. Book: Indian Literature and Popular Cinema, 2007. Routledge ISBN 9780203933299 | |||
* Rini Bhattacharya Mehta (2011) Ur-national and secular mythologies: popular culture, nationalist historiography and strategic essentialism, South Asian History and Culture, 2:4, 572-588, {{doi|10.1080/19472498.2011.605300}} | |||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
| Line 156: | Line 209: | ||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
*{{cite book|last=Banks Findly|first=Ellison|date=11 February 1993|title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=Nur Jahan : Empress of Mughal India|isbn=9780195074888}} | * {{cite book|last=Banks Findly|first=Ellison|date=11 February 1993|title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=Nur Jahan : Empress of Mughal India|isbn=9780195074888}} | ||
* {{cite book|last1=Hasan|first1=Shaikh Khurshid|title=The Islamic Architectural Heritage of Pakistan: Funerary Memorial Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPLVAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Royal Book Company|isbn=978-969-407-262-3}} | * {{cite book|last1=Hasan|first1=Shaikh Khurshid|title=The Islamic Architectural Heritage of Pakistan: Funerary Memorial Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPLVAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Royal Book Company|isbn=978-969-407-262-3}} | ||
* {{cite book| | * {{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Muni |title=Akbar |date=1980 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-1076-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/Akbar/page/n309/mode/2up |language=en}} | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160825200112/https://sites.ualberta.ca/~rnoor/tomb_anarkali.html Anarkali Tomb]. [[University of Alberta]]. | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160825200112/https://sites.ualberta.ca/~rnoor/tomb_anarkali.html Anarkali Tomb]. [[University of Alberta]]. | ||
[[Category:Indian legends]] | [[Category:Indian legends]] | ||