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{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{for|the Hindustani classical singer|Naina Devi (singer)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
{{Infobox settlement
| name             =
| name                   = Mata Naina Devi
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| settlement_type        = city
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| image_skyline          = Naina Devi Temple, Himachal.jpg
| caption          =
| image_alt              =  
| birth_name      = Nilina Sen
| image_caption          = Naina Devi Temple
| native_name      =
| pushpin_map            = India Himachal Pradesh#India
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| birth_date      = {{birth date|df=yes|1917|09|27}}
| pushpin_map_caption    = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| birth_place      = [[Kolkata]], [[British India]]
| coordinates            = {{coord|31.3060277|N|76.5363944|E|display=inline,title}}
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| subdivision_type        = Country
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=yes|1993|11|1|1917|09|27}}
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|India}}
| death_place      =
| subdivision_type1      = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| genre            = [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]]
| subdivision_name1      = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| occupation      = {{hlist|Vocalist|music producer|artistic director}}
| subdivision_type2      = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| instrument      =
| subdivision_name2      = [Bilaspur]
| years_active     = 1950–1993
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'''Mata Naina Devi''' is a town and a [[municipal council]] in [[Bilaspur District, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].


'''Naina Devi''' (27 September 1917 – 1 November 1993) also known as '''Naina Ripjit Singh''', was Indian vocalist of [[Hindustani classical music]], most known for her [[thumri]] renditions, though she also sang [[dadra]] and [[ghazal]]s. She was a music producer at [[All India Radio]] and later with [[Doordarshan]]. She started her musical training under Girja Shankar Chakravarty in her teens, later restarted it with Ustad [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan]] of [[Rampur-Sahaswan gharana]] and [[Rasoolan Bai]] of [[Benaras gharana]], in the 1950s. Born in an aristocratic family in [[Kolkata]], she was married into the royal family of [[Kapurthala State]] at age 16, and was started singing in concerts only after her husband died in 1949, and she moved to Delhi.
==Demographics==
As of the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns MR.Akash shrivastav Is the Health Minister in this Place (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Naina Devi had a population of 1161. Males constitute 63% of the population and females 37%. Naina Devi has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 75%. In Naina Devi, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.


In 1974, she was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian honour given by [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2009)|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|quote=Nina Ripjit Singh, Naina Devi|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
== Temple ==


==Early life and training==
The Temple of Shri Naina Devi Ji is situated on a hilltop, base of which also has [[samadhi]] of bhagat Jeona Morh who died in 12th century, in the [[Bilaspur District, Himachal Pradesh]], India. The temple is connected with National Highway No. 21. The temple at the top of the hill can be reached via road (that curves round the hill up to a certain point) and then by concrete steps (that finally reach the top). There is also a [[Aerial lift|cable car]] facility that moves pilgrims from the base of the hill all the way to the top.
Born '''Nilina Sen''', in an aristocratic Bengali family in Kolkata, where her grandfather was [[Keshub Chandra Sen]], nationalist leader and social reformer from the [[Brahmo Samaj]] movement. One of five siblings: (Sunit, Binita, Sadhona, Nilina and Pradip), Nilina received a  liberal upbringing from their parents Saral Chandra Sen, a barrister and Nirmala (Nellie). She first got interested in music, when her uncle, Panchu took young Nilina to a concert of Angurbala, at a local theatre. Thereafter, she went to listen to Agurbala at her home in Masjid Bari Street. Eventually she trained for nine years under Girija Shankar Chakravarty (1885–1948), noted vocalist and teacher, known for revitalising the [[khayal]] tradition in Bengal.<ref name=tele12>{{cite news |title=A Tale of Two Women: In search of their own songs |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120311/jsp/opinion/story_15229162.jsp#.UbBLt9I3CHg |newspaper=The Telegraph |date= 11 March 2012 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>


In 1934, at the age of 16, she married Ripjit Singh (1906- 1953), third son of Raja Charanjit Singh of princely [[Kapurthala State]]. After her marriage she moved to [[Kapurthala]] in Punjab and wasn't allowed to sing. Though her husband died in 1949, when she was 32 years of age.<ref name=times>{{cite news |title=Naina Devi and the nautch girl |author=Subhra Mazumdar |url=http://www.timescrest.com/culture/naina-devi-and-the-nautch-girl-3599 |newspaper=The Times of India, Crest Edition |date=25 September 2010 |access-date=6 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024090733/http://www.timescrest.com/culture/naina-devi-and-the-nautch-girl-3599 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
The hills of Naina Devi overlook the [[Gobind Sagar|Gobind Sagar lake]]. The lake was created by the [[Bhakra-Nangal Dam]].


==Career==
Several stories are associated with the establishment of the temple.
After the death of husband in 1953, she moved to Delhi, where she spent the rest of her life. Here she came in touch with [[Sumitra Charat Ram]], an arts patron and wife of Lala Charat Ram of DCM Shriram Group, who then ran Jhankar Committee, a small performing arts organisation in Delhi, which paved way for the establishment of [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra]] in 1952, with Devi as its [[artistic director]].<ref name="Khokar1998">{{cite book|author=Ashish Khokar|title=Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra: a history : Sumitra Charat Ram reminisces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_9kAAAAMAAJ|access-date=11 June 2013|page=52|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Lustre Press|isbn=978-81-7436-043-4}}</ref> In the following years, she also remained a music producer of All India Radio, Delhi, and producer with state-run [[Doordarshan]] TV channel.<ref name=tele12/><ref name="exp">{{cite web | url = http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20001001/fine.htm | title = Strains of a Bias |newspaper =Indian Express | date =1 October 2000 | access-date = 10 June 2013}}</ref> Meanwhile, after arriving in Delhi, she started her musical training once again, first under Ustad Mushtaq Hussain Khan (d. 1964), the doyen of [[Rampur-Sahaswan gharana]], who was then teacher at the Bhartiya Kala Kendra, and later under [[Rasoolan Bai]] of Benaras gharana, where she learned the ''[[Thumri#Purab Ang|purab ang]]'' style of Thumri, and started performing although under the name, Naina Devi.<ref name=tele12/><ref>[[#Mu|Mukherji, p. 134]]</ref>


In her Thumri singing, she stressed on the need to study ''Nayika Bheda'' (''[[Ashta Nayika]]''), the eight different kind of heroines classified in the [[Natya Shastra]], to render thumri effectively.<ref>[[#Ma|Manuel, p. 10]]</ref> Though she also sang in other genres like [[qawwali]] and [[ghazal]].<ref name="toi09">{{Cite web  | author=Shubha Mudgal  | title = Shubha: Every child wants to be chota ustad | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-19/news-and-interviews/28080573_1_shubha-mudgal-classical-music-fusion-styles | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130620204934/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-19/news-and-interviews/28080573_1_shubha-mudgal-classical-music-fusion-styles | url-status = dead | archive-date = 20 June 2013 | date = 19 October 2009 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]]  | access-date = 10 June 2013 }}</ref>
According to legends and also written in Veds and  Purans , Goddess Sati burnt herself alive in Yagna, which distressed Lord Shiva. He picked the body of Sati on his shoulder and started his [[Tandava]] dance. This horrified all deities in the heaven as this could lead to holocaust. This urged Lord Vishnu to unleash his Chakra that cut the Sati’s body into 51 pieces. Shri Naina Devi Temple is the place where [[eye]]s of Goddess Sati fell down.


Later in life, she got interested in the traditional form of [[kirtan]], she went to [[Vrindavan]] and learnt it and subsequently trained three of her senior disciples in the form.<ref name="Hindu11">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1128414.ece |title=In service of the arts|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2011|access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref>
Another story related to the temple is of a [[Gujjar]] Boy. Once he was grazing his cattle and observed that a white cow is showering milk from her udders on a stone. He saw the same thing for next several days. One night while sleeping, he saw Goddess in her dreams who told him that the stone is her [[Pindi (Hindu iconography)|pindi]]. Naina told about the entire situation and his dream to Raja Bir Chand. When Raja saw it happening in reality, he built a temple on that spot and named the temple after Naina's name.


She also taught notable disciples like [[Shubha Mudgal]], Madhumita Ray and [[Vidya Rao]].<ref name="hindu06">{{Cite web  |title = Simply herself | url = http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/14/stories/2006071402640300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070313221644/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/14/stories/2006071402640300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 March 2007 | date =14 July 2006  |work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 10 June 2013 }}</ref> In 2011, one of her disciples, Vidya Rao wrote a memoir about her titled, ''Heart to Heart: Remembering Naina Devi''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Intimate universe|author=Chitra Padmanabhan |url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2826/stories/20111230282609300.htm |publisher=Frontline |date=17 December 2011 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>
Shri Naina Devi Temple is also known as Mahishapeeth because of defeat of demon [[Mahishasur]] by the Goddess. According to the legends, Mahishasur was a powerful demon who was blessed by the boon of immortality by Lord Brahma, but the condition was that he could be defeated only by an unmarried woman. Due to this boon, Mahishasur started spreading terror on Earth and Gods. To cope with the demon, all Gods combined their powers and created a Devi to defeat him. The Devi was gifted different types of weapons by all Gods. When Mahishasur got mesmerized by the immense beauty of Devi and proposed her to marry him. Devi told him that she will marry him if he would overpower her. During the battle, Devi defeated the demon and took out both his eyes. This urged Gods to happily applaud "Jai Naina" and hence the name.


==Personal life==
== The 2008 stampede==
She has four children, two sons, Ratanjit Singh (b.1940), Karanjit Singh (b. 1945), and two daughters Nilika Kaur (b. 1935) and Rena Kaur (b. 1938), who founded the Naina Devi Foundation in 1994.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Her elder sister, [[Sadhana Bose]] (1911–1973) was a noted dancer and film actress of the 1930s and 40s.<ref>{{IMDb name|0097895|Sadhana Bose}}</ref> Her other sister Rani Binita Roy was married into the
{{main|2008 Naina Devi stampede}}
[http://www.chakmaraj.com royal family of Chakma]. Naina Devi's two paternal aunts were dowager Maharanis of two well known princely states of India. Suniti Devi, Maharani of Cooch Behar, queen consort of Nripendra Narayan Bhup Bahadur, Maharaja of Cooch Behar. Maharani Suniti Devi's son Jitendra Narayan Bhup Bahadur, Maharaja of Cooch Behar married princess Indira Raje Gaekwad of Braoda, only daughter of Sayajirao Gaekwad, Maharaja of Baroda. Jitendra Narayan and Indira Devi's second daughter Gayatri Devi, Maharani of Jaipur was the most well known Indian royal face in her lifetime. The other aunt of Naina Devi was Suchrau Devi, Maharani of Mayurbhanj, queen consort of Ram Chandra Bhanj Deo, Maharaja of Mayurbhanj.<ref name="dailystar">{{Cite web  | title = Flaneuring around Calcutta | url = http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=69705 | newspaper =The Daily Star  | date = 3 January 2009 | access-date = 10 June 2013 }}</ref>
Sunday, 3 August 2008, proved to be catastrophic day for this temple as at least 123 people died (many of them women and children). There are conflicting reports about the cause of these deaths. One report states that they were due to people falling down the cliff after the guard railing broke.<ref name=bbcnews>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7539509.stm|title='Scores killed' in India stampede|publisher=BBC News Online|accessdate=2008-08-03 | date=2008-08-03}}</ref> Another report claims that they were due to rumors of a fight at the temple causing panic. And another states it was due to police who hit the fleeing worshippers with canes to get them to continue moving.<ref name=cnn_ibn>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/03/india.stampede/index.html |title='India temple stampede' |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2008-08-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805144328/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/03/india.stampede/index.html |archivedate=5 August 2008 }}</ref>


==Published works==
This happened in the holy month of [[Sawan]], and the Temple's being a [[Shakti Peeth]] (place of strength) meant that there were as many as 3000 devotees present. According to the [[Times Online]], 50,000 people were expected to attend Naina Devi during the day of the stampede, as part of a nine-day festival which had just started.<ref name=timesonline/>
* ''Mushtaq Hussain Khan'' (Biography), by Naina Ripjit Singh. Sangeet Natak Akademi, 1964.
* ''Thumri, Its Development and Gayeki'', Journal, Volume 6, Issue 1. ITC Sangeet Research Academy.1985. ''pp. 13–17''.


== References ==
According to Daljit Singh Manhas, a senior [[police]] officer from the area, at least 40 of the victims were children.<ref name=timesonline>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4452904.ece|title=More than 100 die in Indian temple stampede|publisher=Times Online|accessdate=2008-08-03 | location=London | first=Jeremy | last=Page | date=2008-08-04}}</ref>


{{Reflist|2}}
The [[Chief Minister]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] announced a compensation of [[Indian Rupee|Rs.]]100,000 for those who died, Rs. 50,000 for those seriously injured and Rs. 25,000 for those with minor injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himvani.com/news/2008/08/03/stampede-at-naina-devi-mandir-125-feared-killed/1603/news/himvani/ |title=Stampede at Naina Devi Mandir, 125 feared killed |last=Sahib |first=Anandpur |publisher=Himvani |accessdate=2008-08-03 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref>


==Bibliography==
==References==
* {{cite book |title=Ṭhumri: In Historical and Stylistic Perspectives|author=Peter Lamarche Manuel |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989|isbn=8120806735 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlNShmx3x68C&q=naina+devi+thumri&pg=PA10 |ref= Ma}}
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book |title=Heart to Heart: Remembering Naina Devi |author=Vidya Rao |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2011|isbn=978-9350291474 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Lost World of Hindustani Music |author=Kumar Pradas Mukherji  |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2006|isbn=0143061992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MR_6Gr26hAC&q=Shanno+Khurana&pg=PA134 |ref=Mu }}


{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
==External links==
{{authority control}}
{{commons category|Naina Devi (city)}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* [https://archive.is/20150501113614/http://www.karnescountyedc.com/temple-pleasures-naina-devi-temple-india.html Temple Pleasures at Naina Devi Temple India]
* [http://www.nainadevi.com Naina Devi website]
* [http://www.3marg.info/pilgrimages/maa_naina_devi/maa_naina_devi.shtml Online Pictorial Tour of Maa Naina Devi Dham]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Naina}}
{{HinduMythology}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
{{Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh}}
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
 
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Devi temples in India]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian female classical singers]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Indian arts administrators]]
[[Category:Thumri]]
[[Category:Indian radio producers]]
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:Artistic directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Women educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:All India Radio women]]
[[Category:Women music educators]]
[[Category:Women television producers]]
[[Category:20th-century women educators]]
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