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-'''KHAM''' ([[:hi:खाम|खाम]]) stands for [[Kshatriya]], [[Harijan]], [[Adivasi]] and [[Muslim]]. Here Kshatriya is taken to include the Koli and its sub-community [[Thakor|Thakore]]. The theory was propounded by [[Madhavsinh Solanki]] (who was a Thakore himself<ref>[https://thewire.in/politics/gujarat-madhavsinh-solanki-social-justice-congress-tribute  As Gujarat CM, Madhavsinh Solanki Was the Precursor to Mandal Politics, Rajiv Shah, The Wire, 09/JAN/2021]</ref>) in 1980s in [[Gujarat]] to create [[vote bank]] for [[Indian National Congress]]. The theory was prepared by Jhinabhai Darji.<ref name="castpli2015">
+'''KHAM'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chatterji|first=Rakhahari|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=dzVuAAAAMAAJ&q=kham+Koli&dq=kham+Koli&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJsMP0kvHyAhUdzzgGHZkaB-o4MhDoAXoECAoQAw|title=Politics India: The State-society Interface|date=2001|publisher=South Asian Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7003-245-8|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=322|language=en}}</ref> ([[hindi]]: [[:hi:खाम|खाम]]) stands for [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Kshatriya]], [[Harijan]], [[Adivasi]] and [[Muslim]]. Here Kshatriya is taken to include the Kolis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Dipankar|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BBaY1QCFS2oC&pg=PA103&dq=kham+Koli&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjtMuO9fDyAhUS63MBHZ3nBIwQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=kham%20Koli&f=false|title=Political Sociology in India: Contemporary Trends|date=1996|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=1996|isbn=978-81-250-0665-7|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=103|language=en}}</ref> in the Kham combine, Kolis were the largest caste represented at different lavels of politics and Madhavsinh Solanki increased the reservation quota for [[Other Backward Class]] in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lobo|first=Lancy|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region|date=1995|publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation|year=1995|isbn=978-81-7075-035-2|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=176|language=en}}</ref> The theory was propounded by [[Madhavsinh Solanki]] in 1980s in [[Gujarat]] to create [[vote bank]] for [[Indian National Congress]] and prepared by Jhinabhai Darji.<ref name="castpli2015">
 {{cite news | title=The fixed centre around which Gujarat caste politics revolves | newspaper=The Indian Express | date=27 August 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/the-fixed-centre-around-which-gujarat-caste-politics-revolves/ | access-date=31 August 2015}}
 </ref><ref name=Shani>
 {{Cite book|title = Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat|url = https://archive.org/details/communalismcaste00shan_766|url-access = limited|last = Shani|first = Ornit|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 2007|isbn = 978-0-521-68369-2|pages = [https://archive.org/details/communalismcaste00shan_766/page/n85 70]}}
 </ref><ref name=Engineer>
-{{Cite book|title = Introduction|last = Engineer|first = Asghar Ali|publisher = Orient Longman|year = 2003|isbn = 81-250-2496-4|location = New Delhi|pages = 1–24|work = The Gujarat Carnage}}
+{{Cite book|title = Introduction|last = Engineer|first = Asghar Ali|publisher = Orient Longman|year = 2003|isbn = 81-250-2496-4|location = New Delhi|pages = 1–24|work = The Gujarat Carnage}}</ref> Using the formula, Congress was able to capture 149 seats in the 182-member Assembly. However the formula alienated  [[Patel]]s permanently from Congress.<ref name=Bhattacharya>
-</ref> Using the formula, Congress was able to capture 149 seats in the 182-member Assembly.
-However the formula alienated  [[Patel]]s permanently from Congress.<ref name=Bhattacharya>
 {{Cite news|url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/looking-past-2012/1/227819.html|title = Looking past 2012|last = Bhattacharya|first = D. P.|date = 6 Nov 2012|access-date = 5 Aug 2014|newspaper = Mail Today}}
 </ref><ref name="Langa 2015">
 {{cite web | last=Langa | first=Mahesh | title=Quota agitation in Gujarat heading for caste conflicts? | website=The Hindu | date=23 August 2015 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/quota-agitation-in-gujarat-heading-for-caste-conflicts/article7570338.ece | access-date=23 August 2015}}
-</ref>
+</ref> during the Kham alliance, castes such as [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], [[Patidar]] and [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] lost their importance in state so they propounded the [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990|Anti reservation]] agitation in 1981 and 1985 in Gujarat to get ride of the power of [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] castes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shinoda|first=Takashi|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KZNfS7mikMoC&pg=PA30&dq=kham+Koli&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmuIThj_HyAhWN3zgGHaMXBiA4KBDoAXoECAcQAw#v=onepage&q=kham%20Koli&f=false|title=The Other Gujarat|date=2002|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2002|isbn=978-81-7154-874-3|location=India|language=en}}</ref>
-Bharatsinh Solanki, state Congress president and the son of Madhavsinh Solanki, attempted to revise his fathers formula by coming up with KHAMP (Kshatriya, Harijan, Adivasi, Muslim and Patel) in 2017.<ref>[https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10065-congress-will-go-kham-formula Congress will go for ‘KHAM’ formula, Kundan Jha, Sunday Guardian Live, July 8, 2017]</ref> Congress was able to increase its seat count by 16 to 77. The Congress was able to get [[Hardik Patel]], the leader of the  [[Patidar reservation agitation]] to campaign for it.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-patel-factor-the-real-influence-on-gujarats-elections/articleshow/61992704.cms The Patel vote: The decisive factor in Gujarat Elections, Dec 11,2017, TOI,
-http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/61992704.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst]</ref>
-An article by Deepal Trivedi in 2019 suggests the combination OPT (OBC, Patidar, Tribals) is the new winning combination in Gujarat. It suggests these numbers for the major caste groups in Gujarat: OBC 43%, Patidar 12.6%, Tribals 15%, Muslims 10%, Schedued castes 8%. The forward castes are Rajputs 6%, Brahmins 2%, Bania 2%, Jain 1%. <ref>[https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/cover-story/opt-is-the-new-kham-of-gujarat/articleshow/68729911.cms  OPT is the new KHAM of Gujarat, Deepal Trivedi, Ahmedabad Mirror, Apr 9, 2019]</ref> [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] (Other backward class) refer to a group of castes, as determined by the state government for [[affirmative action]].
+Bharatsinh Solanki, state Congress president and the son of Madhavsinh Solanki, attempted to revise his fathers formula by coming up with KHAMP (Kshatriya, Harijan, Adivasi, Muslim and Patel) in 2017.<ref>[https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10065-congress-will-go-kham-formula Congress will go for ‘KHAM’ formula, Kundan Jha, Sunday Guardian Live, July 8, 2017]</ref> While Congress was able to increase its seat count by 16, it ultimately failed to receive majority. The Congress was able to get [[Hardik Patel]], the leader of the  [[Patidar reservation agitation]] to campaign for it.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-patel-factor-the-real-influence-on-gujarats-elections/articleshow/61992704.cms The Patel vote: The decisive factor in Gujarat Elections, Dec 11,2017, TOI,
+http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/61992704.cms]</ref>
+An article by Deepal Trivedi in 2019 suggests the combination OPT (OBC, Patidar, Tribals) is the new winning combination in Gujarat. It suggests these numbers for the major caste groups in Gujarat: OBC 43%, Patidar 12.6%, Tribals 15%, Muslims 10%, Scheduled castes 8%. The forward castes are Rajputs 6%, Brahmins 2%, Bania 2%, Jain 1%. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/cover-story/opt-is-the-new-kham-of-gujarat/articleshow/68729911.cms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406134806if_/https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/cover-story/opt-is-the-new-kham-of-gujarat/articleshow/68729911.cms|title=OPT is the new KHAM of Gujarat|author=Deepal Trivedi |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |date=9 April 2019 |archive-date=6 April 2019 }}</ref> [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] (Other backward class) refer to a group of castes, as determined by the state government for [[affirmative action]].
 ==Also see==
-*[[Caste politics]]
+* [[Caste politics]]
+* [[Kokam (political theory)|Kokam theory]]
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
-[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]][[Category:Identity politics in India]]
+[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
+[[Category:Identity politics in India]]
 {{India-stub}}
 {{poli-stub}}
-{{en-Wikipedia}}