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Incarnations of Nongthang Leima: Difference between revisions

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In [[Meitei folklore]], [[Meitei mythology|mythology]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]], [[Nongthang Leima]], the primordial goddess of thunder and lightning, dance and music, charming and seduction<ref>http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Incarnations_of_Goddess_Nongthang_Leima_By_James_Oinam</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=q5eBAAAAMAAJ&q=nongthang+Leima&dq=nongthang+Leima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU6p6XquzuAhVNAHIKHV0ZDdEQ6AEwA3oECAQQAg</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=50BLAAAAYAAJ&q=Nongthang+Leima&dq=Nongthang+Leima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLiY22uM3uAhVk4HMBHRtxDQYQ6AEwAnoECAkQAg</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uJUOAQAAMAAJ&q=nongthang+Leima&dq=nongthang+Leima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7zsPsqezuAhWGdn0KHTmvCbQQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg</ref>, is said to have multiple divine incarnations in the form of many female beings.<ref>http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Incarnations_of_Goddess_Nongthang_Leima_By_James_Oinam</ref> The ''"Laion Laichat"'', an ancient [[Meitei scripture]], mentions the 31 divine forms of the goddess, among which [[Panthoibi]] and Chang-Ning Leima, are significant.<ref>http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Incarnations_of_Goddess_Nongthang_Leima_By_James_Oinam</ref><ref>http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.Land_of_Gods_and_Goddesses_Book_Review_By_James_Oinam</ref>
{{Infobox deity
| type        = Meitei
| name        = Nongthang Leima <br /> The Goddess with 31 Divine Forms
| deity_of    = Primeval Goddess of thunder and lightning, dance and music, charming and seduction 
| member_of    = [[Lairembi]]s
| image        = PANTHOIPI.jpg
| caption      = Goddess [[Panthoibi]] is one of the most prominent divine forms of Goddess Nongthang Leima.
| script_name  = Ancient Meitei transliteration
| script      = [[File:NONGTHANG LEIMA.jpg|thumb]]
}}
In [[Meitei folklore]], [[Meitei mythology|mythology]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]], [[Nongthang Leima]], the primordial goddess of thunder and lightning, dance and music, charming and seduction,<ref name="Incarnations of Goddess Nongthang Leima By James Oinam">{{Cite web|title=Incarnations of Goddess Nongthang Leima By James Oinam|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Incarnations_of_Goddess_Nongthang_Leima_By_James_Oinam|access-date=2022-03-29|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=q5eBAAAAMAAJ&q=nongthang+Leima&dq=nongthang+Leima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU6p6XquzuAhVNAHIKHV0ZDdEQ6AEwA3oECAQQAg|title=Folk Culture of Manipur|last=Singh|first=Moirangthem Kirti|date=1993|publisher=Manas Publications|isbn=978-81-7049-063-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=50BLAAAAYAAJ&q=Nongthang+Leima&dq=Nongthang+Leima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLiY22uM3uAhVk4HMBHRtxDQYQ6AEwAnoECAkQAg|title=Folk-lore|date=1991|publisher=Indian Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uJUOAQAAMAAJ&q=nongthang+Leima&dq=nongthang+Leima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7zsPsqezuAhWGdn0KHTmvCbQQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg|title=The Anthropologist: International Journal of Contemporary and Applied Studies of Man|date=2003|publisher=Kamla-Raj Enterprises|language=en}}</ref> is said to have multiple divine incarnations in the forms of many feminine beings.<ref name="Incarnations of Goddess Nongthang Leima By James Oinam" /> The ''"Laion Laichat"'', an ancient [[Meitei scripture]], mentions the 31 divine forms of the goddess, among which [[Panthoibi]] and Chang-Ning Leima, are significant.<ref name="Incarnations of Goddess Nongthang Leima By James Oinam" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Land of Gods and Goddesses Book Review By James Oinam|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.Land_of_Gods_and_Goddesses_Book_Review_By_James_Oinam|access-date=2022-03-29|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>
 
== Incarnations ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Names
!Names
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!English translation (or description)  
!English translation (or description)  
|-
|-
!ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯄꯤ  
|ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯄꯤ  
!ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ, ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ, ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯄꯤ
|ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ, ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ, ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯄꯤ
![[Panthoibi]]
|[[Panthoibi]]
!Goddess of war, love and fertility<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess&dq=panthoibi+goddess&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjp3ISTn-zuAhWWYisKHRy0Df4Q6AEwAXoECAMQAg</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=izhuAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess&dq=panthoibi+goddess&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjz1oLZn-zuAhUW_XMBHXUwA50Q6AEwA3oECAAQAg</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ZF9uAAAAMAAJ&dq=panthoibi&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=panthoibi+war</ref>  
|Goddess of war, love and fertility<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess&dq=panthoibi+goddess&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjp3ISTn-zuAhWWYisKHRy0Df4Q6AEwAXoECAMQAg|title=The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|date=1997|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-81-259-0416-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=izhuAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess&dq=panthoibi+goddess&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjz1oLZn-zuAhUW_XMBHXUwA50Q6AEwA3oECAAQAg|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|last=Session|first=North East India History Association|date=2001|publisher=The Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ZF9uAAAAMAAJ&dq=panthoibi&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=panthoibi+war|title=A Short History of Manipur|last=Singh|first=R. K. Jhalajit|date=1992|publisher=R.K. Jhalajit Singh|language=en}}</ref>  
|-
|-
!ꯇꯥꯟꯊꯣꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯇꯥꯟꯊꯣꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ
!ꯇꯥꯟꯊꯣꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯇꯥꯟꯊꯣꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ
!Tanthong Leima
|Tanthong Leima
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯂꯦꯝꯊꯣꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯂꯦꯝꯊꯣꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ
!ꯂꯦꯝꯊꯣꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯂꯦꯝꯊꯣꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ
!Lemthong Leima
|Lemthong Leima
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯂꯝꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯂꯝꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ
!ꯂꯝꯇꯦꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯂꯝꯇꯦꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ
!Lamteng Leima
|Lamteng Leima
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯍꯩꯅꯧꯄꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯍꯩꯅꯧꯄꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ
! -
|
!Heinoupok Leima
|Heinoupok Leima
!Goddess of mango tree
|Goddess of mango tree
|-
|-
!ꯆꯪꯅꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯆꯪꯅꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ
!ꯆꯡꯅꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ, ꯆꯪꯅꯤꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ, ꯆꯡꯅꯤꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯆꯡꯅꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ, ꯆꯪꯅꯤꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ, ꯆꯡꯅꯤꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ
!Chang-ning Leima
|Chang-ning Leima
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯅꯨꯡꯀꯣꯢꯄꯤ
|ꯅꯨꯡꯀꯣꯢꯄꯤ
!ꯅꯨꯡꯀꯣꯏꯄꯤ, ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯣꯢꯕꯤ, ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯣꯏꯕꯤ
|ꯅꯨꯡꯀꯣꯏꯄꯤ, ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯣꯢꯕꯤ, ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯣꯏꯕꯤ
!Noong-koipi (Nungoibi)  
|Noong-koipi (Nungoibi)  
!War goddess
|War goddess
|-
|-
!ꯀꯣꯂꯣꯢ ꯂꯩꯃ  
|ꯀꯣꯂꯣꯢ ꯂꯩꯃ  
!ꯀꯣꯂꯣꯏ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯀꯣꯂꯣꯏ ꯂꯩꯃ
!Koloi Leima
|Koloi Leima
!Goddess of naming
|Goddess of naming
|-
|-
!ꯊꯨꯝ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯊꯨꯝ ꯂꯩꯃ
!ꯊꯨꯝꯔꯩꯃ
|ꯊꯨꯝꯔꯩꯃ
![[Thumleima]]
|[[Thumleima]]
!Goddess of salt and salt brines<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M0QKAAAAIAAJ&dq=thumleima&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=+Noinu+thumleima+salt+wells</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&pg=PA14&dq=thumleima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi4qJP50fPuAhVVU30KHUL4AQwQ6AEwAnoECAIQAw#v=snippet&q=thumleima%20salt&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64&dq=thumleima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2mdWVwK_uAhXijeYKHXyfDI4Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=thumleima&f=false</ref>
|Goddess of salt and salt brines<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M0QKAAAAIAAJ&dq=thumleima&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=+Noinu+thumleima+salt+wells|title=Folklore|last=Jacobs|first=Joseph|last2=Nutt|first2=Alfred Trübner|last3=Wright|first3=Arthur Robinson|last4=Crooke|first4=William|date=1913|publisher=Folklore Society|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&pg=PA14&dq=thumleima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi4qJP50fPuAhVVU30KHUL4AQwQ6AEwAnoECAIQAw#v=snippet&q=thumleima%20salt&f=false|title=The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai|last=Devi|first=Lairenlakpam Bino|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-849-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64&dq=thumleima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2mdWVwK_uAhXijeYKHXyfDI4Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=thumleima&f=false|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
!ꯉꯥꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯉꯥꯂꯩꯃ
!ꯉꯥꯔꯩꯃ
|ꯉꯥꯔꯩꯃ
![[Ngaleima]]
|[[Ngaleima]]
!Goddess of fish<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vKM4AAAAIAAJ&q=ngaleima+goddess&dq=ngaleima+goddess&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg-qPnva_uAhUu7HMBHeELCCgQ6AEwAXoECAYQAg</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IvUZAAAAIAAJ&q=ngaleima+goddess&dq=ngaleima+goddess&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg-qPnva_uAhUu7HMBHeELCCgQ6AEwAHoECAUQAg</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&pg=PA14&dq=ngareima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhdq8va_uAhWU6nMBHdc0A3EQ6AEwAHoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=ngareima&f=false</ref>
|Goddess of fish<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vKM4AAAAIAAJ&q=ngaleima+goddess&dq=ngaleima+goddess&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg-qPnva_uAhUu7HMBHeELCCgQ6AEwAXoECAYQAg|title=Man in India|last=Bahadur)|first=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai|date=1970|publisher=A. K. Bose|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IvUZAAAAIAAJ&q=ngaleima+goddess&dq=ngaleima+goddess&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg-qPnva_uAhUu7HMBHeELCCgQ6AEwAHoECAUQAg|title=The Eastern Anthropologist|date=1974|publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, U.P.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&pg=PA14&dq=ngareima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhdq8va_uAhWU6nMBHdc0A3EQ6AEwAHoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=ngareima&f=false|title=The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai|last=Devi|first=Lairenlakpam Bino|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-849-5|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
!ꯊꯥꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯊꯥꯂꯩꯃ
!ꯊꯥꯔꯩꯃ
|ꯊꯥꯔꯩꯃ
![[Thaleima]]
|[[Thaleima]]
!Goddess of moon
|Goddess of moon
|-
|-
!ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯢꯄꯤ  
|ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯢꯄꯤ  
!ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯏꯄꯤ, ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯏꯕꯤ, ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯢꯕꯤ, ꯐꯧꯂꯩꯃ, ꯐꯧꯔꯩꯃ
|ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯏꯄꯤ, ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯏꯕꯤ, ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯢꯕꯤ, ꯐꯧꯂꯩꯃ, ꯐꯧꯔꯩꯃ
![[Phouoibi|Phouoipi]]
|[[Phouoibi|Phouoipi]]
!Goddess of agriculture, crops and food<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vDduAAAAMAAJ&q=phouoibi+warol&dq=phouoibi+warol&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJsNuB7uTuAhWFX30KHTtBBvEQ6AEwA3oECAIQAg</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ&q=phoureima&dq=phoureima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU0Pbbwq_uAhWRj-YKHZOdBkAQ6AEwAHoECAQQAg</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9sljAAAAMAAJ&q=phouoibi&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhq9ulwq_uAhU28HMBHVhDCoIQ6AEwA3oECAYQAg</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT137&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhq9ulwq_uAhU28HMBHVhDCoIQ6AEwAnoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=phouoibi&f=false</ref>
|Goddess of agriculture, crops and food<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vDduAAAAMAAJ&q=phouoibi+warol&dq=phouoibi+warol&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJsNuB7uTuAhWFX30KHTtBBvEQ6AEwA3oECAIQAg|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|last=Session|first=North East India History Association|date=1999|publisher=The Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ&q=phoureima&dq=phoureima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU0Pbbwq_uAhWRj-YKHZOdBkAQ6AEwAHoECAQQAg|title=The Art of Rice: Spirit and Sustenance in Asia|last=Hamilton|first=Roy W.|last2=Ammayao|first2=Aurora|date=2003|publisher=UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History|isbn=978-0-930741-98-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9sljAAAAMAAJ&q=phouoibi&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhq9ulwq_uAhU28HMBHVhDCoIQ6AEwA3oECAYQAg|title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT137&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhq9ulwq_uAhU28HMBHVhDCoIQ6AEwAnoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=phouoibi&f=false|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last=Meitei|first=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
!ꯌꯣꯠ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯌꯣꯠ ꯂꯩꯃ
!ꯌꯣꯠꯔꯩꯃ
|ꯌꯣꯠꯔꯩꯃ
!Yot-Leima
|Yot-Leima
!Goddess of iron
|Goddess of iron
|-
|-
!ꯋꯥꯇꯂꯩ ꯁꯤꯜꯍꯩꯄꯤ
|ꯋꯥꯇꯂꯩ ꯁꯤꯜꯍꯩꯄꯤ
!ꯋꯥꯇꯔꯩ ꯁꯤꯟꯍꯩꯕꯤ
|ꯋꯥꯇꯔꯩ ꯁꯤꯟꯍꯩꯕꯤ
!Waatalei Silheipi
|Waatalei Silheipi
!Goddess of artisans and occupation
|Goddess of artisans and occupation
|-
|-
!ꯀꯣꯟ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯀꯣꯟ ꯂꯩꯃ
!ꯀꯣꯜꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯀꯣꯜꯂꯩꯃ
!Kon-Leima
|Kon-Leima
!Goddess of utensils
|Goddess of utensils
|-
|-
!ꯈꯥꯢꯄ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯆꯅꯨ  
|ꯈꯥꯢꯄ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯆꯅꯨ  
!ꯈꯥꯏꯄ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯆꯅꯨ
|ꯈꯥꯏꯄ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯆꯅꯨ
!Khaipa Ningthou Chanu
|Khaipa Ningthou Chanu
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯃꯣꯢꯅꯨ ꯆꯅꯨ  
|ꯃꯣꯢꯅꯨ ꯆꯅꯨ  
!ꯃꯣꯏꯅꯨ ꯆꯅꯨ
|ꯃꯣꯏꯅꯨ ꯆꯅꯨ
![[Imoinu|Moinu Chanu]] ([[Imoinu]])  
|[[Imoinu|Moinu Chanu]] ([[Imoinu]])  
!Caretaker goddess of mankind, wealth and prosperity<ref>http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.A_Hymn_for_Goddess_Emoinu</ref><ref>https://m.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/meiteis-celebrate-emoinu/cid/1627030</ref>
|Caretaker goddess of mankind, wealth and prosperity<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Hymn for Goddess Emoinu|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.A_Hymn_for_Goddess_Emoinu|access-date=2022-03-29|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meiteis celebrate Emoinu|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/meiteis-celebrate-emoinu/cid/1627030|access-date=2022-03-29|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|-
!ꯄꯤꯊꯦꯠ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯄꯤꯊꯦꯠ ꯂꯩꯃ
! -
|
!Pithet Leima
|Pithet Leima
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯂꯥꯢꯋꯥ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯂꯥꯢꯁꯟ ꯊꯥꯟꯄꯤ
|ꯂꯥꯢꯋꯥ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯂꯥꯢꯁꯟ ꯊꯥꯟꯄꯤ
!ꯂꯥꯏꯋꯥ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯟ ꯊꯥꯟꯕꯤ
|ꯂꯥꯏꯋꯥ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯟ ꯊꯥꯟꯕꯤ
!Laiwa Leima Laisan Thaanpi
|Laiwa Leima Laisan Thaanpi
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯈꯥꯄꯤ ꯂꯨꯀꯣꯢ ꯆꯅꯨ  
|ꯈꯥꯄꯤ ꯂꯨꯀꯣꯢ ꯆꯅꯨ  
!ꯈꯥꯕꯤ ꯂꯨꯀꯣꯏ ꯆꯅꯨ  
|ꯈꯥꯕꯤ ꯂꯨꯀꯣꯏ ꯆꯅꯨ  
!Khapi Lukoi Chanu
|Khapi Lukoi Chanu
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯂꯤꯛꯂꯥꯄꯤꯆꯥ  
|ꯂꯤꯛꯂꯥꯄꯤꯆꯥ  
!ꯂꯤꯛꯂꯥꯕꯤꯆꯥ
|ꯂꯤꯛꯂꯥꯕꯤꯆꯥ
!Liklapicha
|Liklapicha
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯌꯥꯢꯄꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ  
|ꯌꯥꯢꯄꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ  
!ꯌꯥꯏꯕꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ, ꯌꯥꯢꯕꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ, ꯌꯥꯏꯄꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯌꯥꯏꯕꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ, ꯌꯥꯢꯕꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ, ꯌꯥꯏꯄꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ
!Yaipi Leima
|Yaipi Leima
!Goddess of souls
|Goddess of souls
|-
|-
!ꯊꯣꯡꯉꯥꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯊꯣꯡꯉꯥꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ
!ꯊꯣꯪꯉꯥꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯊꯣꯪꯉꯥꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ
![[Thongak Lairembi|Thongak Leima]]
|[[Thongak Lairembi|Thongak Leima]]
!Gatekeeper goddess of the door of the death
|Gatekeeper goddess of the door of the death
|-
|-
!ꯁꯤꯇꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ
|ꯁꯤꯇꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ
! -
|
!Sitanupi
|Sitanupi
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯆꯂꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯆꯂꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ
!ꯆꯔꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯆꯔꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ
!Chalang Leima (Charang Leima)  
|Chalang Leima (Charang Leima)  
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯄꯤꯊꯥꯢꯄꯤ  
|ꯄꯤꯊꯥꯢꯄꯤ  
!ꯄꯤꯊꯥꯏꯕꯤ, ꯄꯤꯊꯥꯢꯕꯤ, ꯄꯤꯊꯥꯏꯄꯤ
|ꯄꯤꯊꯥꯏꯕꯤ, ꯄꯤꯊꯥꯢꯕꯤ, ꯄꯤꯊꯥꯏꯄꯤ
!Pithaipi
|Pithaipi
!Giver Goddess
|Giver Goddess
|-
|-
!ꯈꯥꯡꯇꯂꯥꯢꯄꯤ
|ꯈꯥꯡꯇꯂꯥꯢꯄꯤ
!ꯈꯣꯡꯇꯂꯥꯏꯄꯤ, ꯈꯣꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯢꯕꯤ, ꯈꯣꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯕꯤ
|ꯈꯣꯡꯇꯂꯥꯏꯄꯤ, ꯈꯣꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯢꯕꯤ, ꯈꯣꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯕꯤ
!Khongtalaipi
|Khongtalaipi
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯁꯂꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯁꯂꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ
!ꯁꯔꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯁꯔꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ
!Salik Leima (Sarik Leima)  
|Salik Leima (Sarik Leima)  
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯈꯝꯄ ꯌꯥꯡꯇꯩ
|ꯈꯝꯄ ꯌꯥꯡꯇꯩ
!ꯈꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯡꯗꯩ
|ꯈꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯡꯗꯩ
!Khampa Yangtei
|Khampa Yangtei
!
|
|-
|-
!ꯅꯨꯡꯈꯣꯡ ꯅꯨꯡꯂꯥꯎꯄꯤ
|ꯅꯨꯡꯈꯣꯡ ꯅꯨꯡꯂꯥꯎꯄꯤ
!ꯅꯨꯡꯈꯣꯡ ꯅꯨꯡꯂꯥꯎꯕꯤ
|ꯅꯨꯡꯈꯣꯡ ꯅꯨꯡꯂꯥꯎꯕꯤ
!Nungkhong Nunglaopi
|Nungkhong Nunglaopi
!Goddess of stones
|Goddess of stones
|-
|-
!ꯄꯨꯛꯁꯂꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯄꯨꯛꯁꯂꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ
!ꯄꯨꯛꯁ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ
|ꯄꯨꯛꯁ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ
!Pukhsali Leima
|Pukhsali Leima
!
|
|}
|}


==Other websites==
== See also ==
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ljZuAAAAMAAJ&q=nongthang+Leima&dq=nongthang+Leima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA87fAquzuAhURlEsFHVGjAPMQ6AEwBHoECAMQAg
* [[Incarnations of Leimarel Sidabi]]
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=50BLAAAAYAAJ&q=Nongthang+Leima&dq=Nongthang+Leima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLiY22uM3uAhVk4HMBHRtxDQYQ6AEwAnoECAkQAg
 
==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ljZuAAAAMAAJ&q=nongthang+Leima&dq=nongthang+Leima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA87fAquzuAhURlEsFHVGjAPMQ6AEwBHoECAMQAg|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|last=Session|first=North East India History Association|date=1995|publisher=The Association|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=50BLAAAAYAAJ&q=Nongthang+Leima&dq=Nongthang+Leima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLiY22uM3uAhVk4HMBHRtxDQYQ6AEwAnoECAkQAg|title=Folk-lore|date=1991|publisher=Indian Publications|language=en}}
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[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Meitei religion]]
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{{Religion-stub}}
 
{{simple-Wikipedia}}

Latest revision as of 19:28, 30 March 2022

In Meitei folklore, mythology and religion, Nongthang Leima, the primordial goddess of thunder and lightning, dance and music, charming and seduction,[1][2][3][4] is said to have multiple divine incarnations in the forms of many feminine beings.[1] The "Laion Laichat", an ancient Meitei scripture, mentions the 31 divine forms of the goddess, among which Panthoibi and Chang-Ning Leima, are significant.[1][5]

Nongthang Leima
The Goddess with 31 Divine Forms
Primeval Goddess of thunder and lightning, dance and music, charming and seduction
Member of Lairembis
PANTHOIPI.jpg
Goddess Panthoibi is one of the most prominent divine forms of Goddess Nongthang Leima.
Ancient Meitei transliteration
NONGTHANG LEIMA.jpg

IncarnationsEdit

Names Alternate spellings Latin transliteration English translation (or description)
ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯄꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ, ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ, ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯄꯤ Panthoibi Goddess of war, love and fertility[6][7][8]
ꯇꯥꯟꯊꯣꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯇꯥꯟꯊꯣꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ Tanthong Leima
ꯂꯦꯝꯊꯣꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯂꯦꯝꯊꯣꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ Lemthong Leima
ꯂꯝꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯂꯝꯇꯦꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ Lamteng Leima
ꯍꯩꯅꯧꯄꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ Heinoupok Leima Goddess of mango tree
ꯆꯪꯅꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯆꯡꯅꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ, ꯆꯪꯅꯤꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ, ꯆꯡꯅꯤꯪ ꯂꯩꯃ Chang-ning Leima
ꯅꯨꯡꯀꯣꯢꯄꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯀꯣꯏꯄꯤ, ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯣꯢꯕꯤ, ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯣꯏꯕꯤ Noong-koipi (Nungoibi) War goddess
ꯀꯣꯂꯣꯢ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯀꯣꯂꯣꯏ ꯂꯩꯃ Koloi Leima Goddess of naming
ꯊꯨꯝ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯊꯨꯝꯔꯩꯃ Thumleima Goddess of salt and salt brines[9][10][11]
ꯉꯥꯂꯩꯃ ꯉꯥꯔꯩꯃ Ngaleima Goddess of fish[12][13][14]
ꯊꯥꯂꯩꯃ ꯊꯥꯔꯩꯃ Thaleima Goddess of moon
ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯢꯄꯤ ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯏꯄꯤ, ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯏꯕꯤ, ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯢꯕꯤ, ꯐꯧꯂꯩꯃ, ꯐꯧꯔꯩꯃ Phouoipi Goddess of agriculture, crops and food[15][16][17][18]
ꯌꯣꯠ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯌꯣꯠꯔꯩꯃ Yot-Leima Goddess of iron
ꯋꯥꯇꯂꯩ ꯁꯤꯜꯍꯩꯄꯤ ꯋꯥꯇꯔꯩ ꯁꯤꯟꯍꯩꯕꯤ Waatalei Silheipi Goddess of artisans and occupation
ꯀꯣꯟ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯀꯣꯜꯂꯩꯃ Kon-Leima Goddess of utensils
ꯈꯥꯢꯄ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯆꯅꯨ ꯈꯥꯏꯄ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯆꯅꯨ Khaipa Ningthou Chanu
ꯃꯣꯢꯅꯨ ꯆꯅꯨ ꯃꯣꯏꯅꯨ ꯆꯅꯨ Moinu Chanu (Imoinu) Caretaker goddess of mankind, wealth and prosperity[19][20]
ꯄꯤꯊꯦꯠ ꯂꯩꯃ Pithet Leima
ꯂꯥꯢꯋꯥ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯂꯥꯢꯁꯟ ꯊꯥꯟꯄꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯋꯥ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯟ ꯊꯥꯟꯕꯤ Laiwa Leima Laisan Thaanpi
ꯈꯥꯄꯤ ꯂꯨꯀꯣꯢ ꯆꯅꯨ ꯈꯥꯕꯤ ꯂꯨꯀꯣꯏ ꯆꯅꯨ Khapi Lukoi Chanu
ꯂꯤꯛꯂꯥꯄꯤꯆꯥ ꯂꯤꯛꯂꯥꯕꯤꯆꯥ Liklapicha
ꯌꯥꯢꯄꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯌꯥꯏꯕꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ, ꯌꯥꯢꯕꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ, ꯌꯥꯏꯄꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ Yaipi Leima Goddess of souls
ꯊꯣꯡꯉꯥꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯊꯣꯪꯉꯥꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ Thongak Leima Gatekeeper goddess of the door of the death
ꯁꯤꯇꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ Sitanupi
ꯆꯂꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯆꯔꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ Chalang Leima (Charang Leima)
ꯄꯤꯊꯥꯢꯄꯤ ꯄꯤꯊꯥꯏꯕꯤ, ꯄꯤꯊꯥꯢꯕꯤ, ꯄꯤꯊꯥꯏꯄꯤ Pithaipi Giver Goddess
ꯈꯥꯡꯇꯂꯥꯢꯄꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯇꯂꯥꯏꯄꯤ, ꯈꯣꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯢꯕꯤ, ꯈꯣꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯕꯤ Khongtalaipi
ꯁꯂꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯁꯔꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ Salik Leima (Sarik Leima)
ꯈꯝꯄ ꯌꯥꯡꯇꯩ ꯈꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯡꯗꯩ Khampa Yangtei
ꯅꯨꯡꯈꯣꯡ ꯅꯨꯡꯂꯥꯎꯄꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯈꯣꯡ ꯅꯨꯡꯂꯥꯎꯕꯤ Nungkhong Nunglaopi Goddess of stones
ꯄꯨꯛꯁꯂꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯄꯨꯛꯁ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ Pukhsali Leima

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Incarnations of Goddess Nongthang Leima By James Oinam". www.e-pao.net. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  2. ↑ Singh, Moirangthem Kirti (1993). Folk Culture of Manipur. Manas Publications. ISBN 978-81-7049-063-0.
  3. ↑ Folk-lore. Indian Publications. 1991.
  4. ↑ The Anthropologist: International Journal of Contemporary and Applied Studies of Man. Kamla-Raj Enterprises. 2003.
  5. ↑ "Land of Gods and Goddesses Book Review By James Oinam". www.e-pao.net. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  6. ↑ Parratt, Saroj Nalini (1997). The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba. Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-259-0416-8.
  7. ↑ Session, North East India History Association (2001). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.
  8. ↑ Singh, R. K. Jhalajit (1992). A Short History of Manipur. R.K. Jhalajit Singh.
  9. ↑ Jacobs, Joseph; Nutt, Alfred Trübner; Wright, Arthur Robinson; Crooke, William (1913). Folklore. Folklore Society.
  10. ↑ Devi, Lairenlakpam Bino (2002). The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-849-5.
  11. ↑ Devi, Dr Yumlembam Gopi. Glimpses of Manipuri Culture. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7.
  12. ↑ Bahadur), Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai (1970). Man in India. A. K. Bose.
  13. ↑ The Eastern Anthropologist. Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, U.P. 1974.
  14. ↑ Devi, Lairenlakpam Bino (2002). The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-849-5.
  15. ↑ Session, North East India History Association (1999). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.
  16. ↑ Hamilton, Roy W.; Ammayao, Aurora (2003). The Art of Rice: Spirit and Sustenance in Asia. UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History. ISBN 978-0-930741-98-3.
  17. ↑ Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. 1997.
  18. ↑ Meitei, Sanjenbam Yaiphaba; Chaudhuri, Sarit K.; Arunkumar, M. C. (2020-11-25). The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-29637-2.
  19. ↑ "A Hymn for Goddess Emoinu". e-pao.net. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  20. ↑ "Meiteis celebrate Emoinu". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2022-03-29.

External linksEdit


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