Bharatpedia

Sümi language: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}
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|-
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i̞|i}}
| {{IPA link|i}}
| {{IPA link|ɨ̞|ɨ}}
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}
| {{IPA link|u}}
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
|-
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! [[Open vowel|Open]]
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɐ|a}}
| {{IPA link|ä|a}}
|
|
|}
|}


Notes:
Notes:
* {{IPA|/i/}} has been variously described as:
* The close front and the close central vowels have been variously described as near-close {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|i̞}}, {{IPAplink|ɨ̞}}]}} and close {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|i}}, {{IPAplink|ɨ}}]}}. The close back vowel has only been described as close {{IPAblink|u}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|pp=27–28}}
** Near-close front unrounded {{IPAblink|i̞}};{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}
** In the word-medial position, {{IPA|/ɨ/}} can be realized as mid {{IPAblink|ə}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=369}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
** Close front unrounded {{IPAblink|i}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=27}}
* {{IPA|/ɨ/}} has been variously described as:
** Near-close central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɨ̞}};{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}
** Close central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɨ}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
* In word-medial position, {{IPA|/ɨ/}} can be realized as mid central unrounded {{IPAblink|ə}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=369}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
* {{IPA|/u/}} is close back rounded {{IPAblink|u}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
* The mid vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} can be realized as either close-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e}}, {{IPAplink|o}}]}} or open-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɛ}}, {{IPAplink|ɔ}}]}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=369}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=27}}
* The mid vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} can be realized as either close-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e}}, {{IPAplink|o}}]}} or open-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɛ}}, {{IPAplink|ɔ}}]}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=369}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=27}}
** {{Harvcoltxt|Teo|2012}} describes the close-mid allophone of {{IPA|/o/}} as slightly advanced {{IPA|[o̟]}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}
** {{Harvcoltxt|Teo|2012}} describes the close-mid allophone of {{IPA|/o/}} as slightly advanced {{IPA|[o̟]}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}
* {{IPA|/a/}} has been variously described as:
* {{IPA|/a/}} has been variously described as near-open {{IPAblink|ɐ}}{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}} and open {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
** Near-open central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɐ}};{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}
** After uvular stops, {{IPA|/a/}} can be realized as open back unrounded {{IPAblink|ɑ}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
** Open central unrounded {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
* After uvular stops, {{IPA|/a/}} can be realized as open back unrounded {{IPAblink|ɑ}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
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[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Angami–Pochuri languages]]
[[Category:Angami–Pochuri languages]]


Latest revision as of 23:34, 22 October 2021


Sümi, also Sema, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Nagaland, India. It is spoken by the Sümi Naga people.[2][3]

Sümi
Sümi (Naga)
Pronunciation[sɨ˧ mi˩]
Native toIndia
RegionNagaland
EthnicitySümi Naga
Native speakers
350,000 (2011 census)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3nsm
Glottologsumi1235

Geographical distributionEdit

Sümi is spoken in central and southern Nagaland, in Zunheboto district, Dimapur district, Kohima district, Mokokchung district, and Tuensang district, as well as in 7 villages of Tinsukia district, Assam (Ethnologue).

DialectsEdit

Ethnologue lists the following dialects of Sümi.

  • Dayang (Western Sümi)
  • Lazami
  • Jimomi
  • Zumomi

PhonologyEdit

The transcriptions in this section use the International Phonetic Alphabet.

VowelsEdit

 
Monophthongs of Sema, from Teo (2012:368)

The vowels of Sümi are as follows:[4][5]

Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
Mid e o
Open a

Notes:

  • The close front and the close central vowels have been variously described as near-close [i̞, ɨ̞] and close [i, ɨ]. The close back vowel has only been described as close [u].[6][7]
    • In the word-medial position, /ɨ/ can be realized as mid [ə].[4][8]
  • The mid vowels /e, o/ can be realized as either close-mid [e, o] or open-mid [ɛ, ɔ].[4][9]
    • Teo (2012) describes the close-mid allophone of /o/ as slightly advanced [o̟].[6]
  • /a/ has been variously described as near-open [ɐ][6] and open [ä].[8]
    • After uvular stops, /a/ can be realized as open back unrounded [ɑ].[8]

ConsonantsEdit

The consonants of Sümi are as follows[5][10] (allophones that are represented in the orthographic system are given in parentheses):

Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal plain m n ŋ
aspirated mʱ nʱ
Plosive voiceless p t k q
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate voiceless (ts) tʃ
aspirated (tsʰ) tʃʰ
Fricative voiceless f (s) ʃ x h
voiced v (z) ʒ ɣ
Approximant central plain (w) ɹ j
lateral l
aspirated lʱ

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. ↑ Sreedhar (1976).
  3. ↑ Sreedhar (1980).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Teo (2012), p. 369.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Teo (2014), p. 20.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Teo (2012), p. 368.
  7. ↑ Teo (2014), pp. 27–28.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Teo (2014), p. 28.
  9. ↑ Teo (2014), p. 27.
  10. ↑ Teo (2012), p. 366.

BibliographyEdit


 

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