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| successor    = [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]]
| successor    = [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]]
| image = File:Art of Vidyadharvarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni.png
| image = File:Art of Vidyadharvarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni.png
| caption = Imagination of Vidyadharavarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni
| caption = Imagination art of Vidyadharavarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni
| birth_date  =  
| birth_date  =  
| birth_place  =  
| birth_place  =  
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| issue-type  = Sons
| issue-type  = Sons
| full name    = '''Shrimanmat Vidyadharavarman Deva Chandel'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>  
| full name    = '''Shrimanmat Vidyadharavarman Deva Chandel'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>  
| regnal name  = śrimanmat vidyādhara-varman
| regnal name  = śrimanmat vidyādharavarman
| house        = [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya Yadava]], [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| house        = [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya Yadava]], [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| dynasty      = [[Chandelas|Chandel]]
| dynasty      = [[Chandelas|Chandel]]
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| rank =  
| rank =  
[[Chakravartin]]}}}}
[[Chakravartin]]}}}}
'''Vidyadharavarman''' ([[Hindi]]: विद्याधरवर्मन चन्देल, reign. c. 1003-1035 CE), was a Chakravartin emperor of India from the Chandravanshi [[Chandela|Haihaya-Chandel dynasty]]. He ruled from his capital at [[Kalanjara]] in [[Jejakabhukti]] region (present-day in Uttar Pradesh). During invasion on kannauj, he killed the Ghaznavid governors and a Pratihara king [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Rajyapala]]. He defeated and imprisoned the Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and Kalachuri king [[Gangeyadeva]] and placed them under the Chandel empire. He was the only Hindu Rajput ruler who resisted [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud Ghaznavi]] twice in the battle. Later in 1030 CE, he celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazna|Mahmud Ghaznavi]], [[Bhoja]] etc rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}}{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref>


'''Vidyadharavarman Deva''' ([[संस्कृत]]: विद्याधरवर्मन देव चन्देल, [[IAST]] Vidyādharavarman, reign. c. 1003-1035 CE) known as Vidyadhara Chandel, was an Chakravartin emperor of India from the [[Chandela|Chandel dynasty]]. He ruled from his capital at [[Kalanjara]] in [[Jejakabhukti]] region (present-day in Uttar Pradesh). During invasion on kannauj, he killed the Ghaznavid governors and a Pratihara king [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Rajyapala]]. He defeated and imprisoned the Paramara king [[Bhoja]] of Dhara and Kalachuri king [[Gangeyadeva]] of Tripuri and placed them under the Chandel empire. He was the only Hindu Rajput ruler who resisted [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud Ghaznavi]] twice. Later in 1030 CE, he celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazna|Mahmud Ghaznavi]], [[Bhoja]] etc rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}}{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref>
== Ascension ==
Until the 1970s, scholars such as R. K. Dikshit assigned the beginning of Vidyadharavarman's reign to 1018 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=71-72}} However, later, a copper-plate issued by Vidyadharavarman's queen Satyabhama was discovered at [[Kundeshwar]]. This inscription is dated 1004 CE, which proves that Vidyadharavarman was already ruling in 1004 CE. Based on this, scholar S. K. Sullerey dates Vidyadharavarman's reign as 1003-1035 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref> In early period he streched Chandel power from Chambal river in the northwest and Narmada River in south. He was a brave and skilled ruler like his grandfather Dhangavarman. According to the Khajuraho inscription, He was born in the lineage of Chandratreya, who was the son of Mahrishi Atri, from whom came this sacred Chandel dynasty of great kings. This great Chandela dynasty is synonymous of the Vrishni or Chedi dynasty of Haihaya-Yadavas (Chandravanshi Rajputs). Vidyadharavarman was married to Chauhan Princess Satyabhama. From Satyabhama he had three sons,Vijayapalavarman, Jayapalavarman, Ajayapalavarman.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cD1DAAAAYAAJ&q=satyabhama+vidyadhara&dq=satyabhama+vidyadhara&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOhbjq15OCAxU4xjgGHTXlAxQ4HhDoAXoECAsQAw#satyabhama%20vidyadhara|title=Report|last=Education (1971- )|first=India Department of|date=1971|publisher=Ministry of Education & Social Welfare, Departments of Education and Culture, Government of India|language=en}}</ref> His full name was Vidyadharavarman Dev Chandel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>


== Ascension ==
Until the 1970s, scholars such as R. K. Dikshit assigned the beginning of Vidyadhara's reign to 1018 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=71-72}} However, later, a copper-plate issued by Vidyadhara's queen Satyabhama was discovered at [[Kundeshwar]]. This inscription is dated 1004 CE, which proves that Vidyadhara was already ruling in 1004 CE. Based on this, scholar S. K. Sullerey dates Vidyadhara's reign as 1003-1035 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref> In early period he streched Chandel power from Chambal river in the northwest and Narmada River in south. According to the Khajuraho inscription, he was born in the Chandel clan of, which is a synonym of Vrishni clan or Chedi clan (the main branch of Chandravanshi Haihaya Yadavas). He was a brave and skilled ruler like his grandfather Dhangadevavarman. Vidyadhardeva was married to Princess Satyabhama. From Satyabhama he had three sons,Vijayapalavarman, Jayapalavarman, Ajayapalavarman.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cD1DAAAAYAAJ&q=satyabhama+vidyadhara&dq=satyabhama+vidyadhara&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOhbjq15OCAxU4xjgGHTXlAxQ4HhDoAXoECAsQAw#satyabhama%20vidyadhara|title=Report|last=Education (1971- )|first=India Department of|date=1971|publisher=Ministry of Education & Social Welfare, Departments of Education and Culture, Government of India|language=en}}</ref> His full name was Vidyadharadeva-Varman Chandel<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref>
==Military Career==
==Military Career==
===Invasion of Kannauj===
===Invasion on Kannauj===
 
In 1018 CE, the [[Ghaznavid]] king [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded [[Kannauj]], whose [[Gurjara-Pratihar|Pratihara]] king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvids to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the 12th century Muslim historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]], Bida, the king of [[Khajuraho]] killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for this cowardice. Bida is believed to be a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Vidyadharavarman). Some later Muslim historians misread this name as "Nanda", based on which [[British India|British-era]] scholars identified the killer of the Kannauj king as Vidyadharavarman's predecessor Gandavarman. However, an inscription discovered at Mahoba confirms that it was Vidyadharavarman who defeated the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}} The Dubkund inscription of Arjuna of [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] family claims that Arjuna killed Rajyapala in a great battle. The Kachchhapaghatas were feudatories of the Chandels, so it appears that Arjuna was acting as an agent of Vidyadharavarman.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=74-75}}
In 1018 CE, the [[Ghaznavid]] king [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded [[Kannauj]], whose [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvids to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the 12th century Muslim historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]], Bida, the king of [[Khajuraho]] killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for this cowardice. Bida is believed to be a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Vidyadhara). Some later Muslim historians misread this name as "Nanda", based on which [[British India|British-era]] scholars identified the killer of the Kannauj king as Vidyadhara's predecessor Ganda. However, an inscription discovered at Mahoba confirms that it was Vidyadhara who defeated the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}} The Dubkund inscription of Arjuna of [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] family claims that Arjuna killed Rajyapala in a great battle. The Kachchhapaghatas were feudatories of the Chandelas, so it appears that Arjuna was acting as an agent of Vidyadhara.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=74-75}}
 
===Against Mahmud Ghaznavi of Ghazna===
It is possible that Vidyadhara appointed Rajyapala's successor Trilochanapala on the Pratihara throne.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} In 1019 CE, Mahmud launched a fresh invasion of India, and defeated the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler Trilochanapala (not to be confused with the Pratihara ruler of same name). He then advanced towards Bari, the new Pratihara capital. According to [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]]'s ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', the Pratihara ruler Trilochanapala fled from the town. After sacking Bari, Mahmud encountered the army of Vidyadhara (variously named "Bida" or "Nanda" in Muslim chronicles).{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=78}}
 
According Dr. Katare in J.H.Q, Vidyadhara defeated Mahmud soon after the latter's invasion of Kannauj.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}}
 
According to C.V. Vaidya, the invasions of the Yaminis ([[Ghaznavid]]) had completely changed the political map of Northern India. The empire of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s and the kingdom of the [[Hindu Shahi]]s the valiant defenders of the North-West had disappeared, along with a whole host of minor states. Chandelas alone survived the or deal. They not only halted the triumphal career of [[Mahmud of Ghazna]], but also cmergcd as the dominant power to the North of the [[Vindhya range|Vindhyas]] and the credit for that undoubtedly goes to the sagacious policy of [[Vidyadharavarman]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=97}}
 
After an unsuccessful invasion of Kalinjar in 1019 CE, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] again invaded the [[Chandela|Chandel kingdom]] in 1022 CE and the war was fought outside of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar fort]]. After a long battle Mahmud surrendered and made a peace with Kalinjar. Later, [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]] celebrated his success over Mahmud of Ghazni, [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Dr Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAfgAAAAMAAJ&q=Vidyadhar+Chandel |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0810-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraberty |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-g9AAAAIAAJ&q=Vidyadhara+Chandel |title=The Racial History of India |date=1944 |publisher=Vijaya Krishna Brothers |language=en}}</ref>
 
According to [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]]'s ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'', the two armies were encamped on the opposite banks of a river. Mahmud sent an envoy to Vidyadhara (called "Nanda" by Ahmad), asking him to accept [[Islam]] and Mahmud's suzerainty. Vidyadhara refused to make a submission. After seeing the Chandel ruler's vast army from an elevated spot, Mahmud became worried. However, at night, Vidyadhara withdrew with some of his companions, leaving behind his army. According to this account, there was no fight between the two armies. After Vidyadhara's withdrawal, Mahmud's army sacked his camp, and procured a great amount of wealth, including 580 elephants. Gardezi, in his ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', states that the Chandel ruler (called "Ganda" in this account) had already deserted his camp by the time Mahmud's envoy reached there. [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] offers a different account, stating that the two armies fought a battle before retreating at the nightfall. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=78-79}}
 
In 1022 CE, Mahmud invaded the Chandel kingdom again, besieging the [[Gwalior Fort]] (Gopadri), which was controlled by a [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] feudatory of Vidyadhara. This feudatory is identified with Kirtiraja. According to ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'' Mahmud lifted the siege after four days, in return for a tribute of 35 elephants. He then proceeded to besiege the Chandel fortress of [[Kalanjara]]. After a long siege, the Kalanjara ruler (called "Nanda" in this account), offered Mahmud a tribute of 300 elephants and "begged for safety". According to [[Firishta]]'s account, the Chandel king intoxicated the elephants and sent them to Mahmud's camp without any riders. These wild elephants were tamed by Mahmud's [[Tatars|Tatar]] soldiers. The Chandel king, on seeing this act of bravery, sent a [[panegyric]] praising Mahmud and his army. In return, Mahmud also complimented the Vidyadhara, and awarded him 15 fortresses and other presents before turning to his capital [[Ghazna]].{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=80-82}}
 
S. K. Mitra theorizes that the encounter between Vidyadhara and Mahmud ended with an "exchange of gifts", which must have been depicted as "tribute" by the Muslim historians.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}


===Against Mahmud of Ghazna===
It is possible that Vidyadharavarman appointed Rajyapala's successor Trilochanapala on the Pratihara throne.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} In 1019 CE, Mahmud launched a fresh invasion of India, and defeated the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler Trilochanapala (not to be confused with the Pratihara ruler of same name). He then advanced towards Bari, the new Pratihara capital. According to [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]]'s ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', the Pratihara ruler Trilochanapala fled from the town. After sacking Bari, Mahmud encountered the army of Vidyadhara (variously named "Bida" or "Nanda" in Muslim chronicles).{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=78}} According Dr. Katare in J.H.Q, Vidyadharavarman defeated Mahmud soon after the latter's invasion of Kannauj.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}} According to C.V. Vaidya, the invasions of the Yaminis ([[Ghaznavid]]) had completely changed the political map of Northern India. The empire of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s and the kingdom of the [[Hindu Shahi]]s the valiant defenders of the North-West had disappeared, along with a whole host of minor states. Chandels alone survived the or deal. They not only halted the triumphal career of [[Mahmud of Ghazna]], but also emerged as the dominant power to the North of the [[Vindhya range|Vindhyas]] and the credit for that undoubtedly goes to the sagacious policy of Vidyadharavarman.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=97}} After an unsuccessful invasion of Kalinjar in 1019 CE, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] again invaded the [[Chandela|Chandel kingdom]] in 1022 CE and the war was fought outside of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar fort]]. After a long battle Mahmud surrendered and made a peace with Kalinjar. Later, [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadharavarman]] celebrated his success over Mahmud of Ghazni, [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Dr Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAfgAAAAMAAJ&q=Vidyadhar+Chandel |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0810-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraberty |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-g9AAAAIAAJ&q=Vidyadhara+Chandel |title=The Racial History of India |date=1944 |publisher=Vijaya Krishna Brothers |language=en}}</ref> Also, an inscription of the [[Chandela|Chandel]] emperor [[Jayavarman]] also states that Vidyadharavarman defeated [[Mahmud of Ghazna|Mahmud Ghaznavi]] after his invasion of [[Kanyakubja]] (Kannauj).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA96&dq=Vidyadhara+Jayavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-6oDNlt6EAxVEwzgGHSQIDSwQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadhara%20Jayavarman&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref>
===Against Paramaras & Kalachuris===
===Against Paramaras & Kalachuris===
Paramara Bhoja, as part of his campaigns, attacked King Kitiraja of the Kachchhapaghat dynasty of Gwalior and Kachchhapaghat was a vassal of the Chandelas. Although Bhoj tried to woo him, he considered it wrong to betray his beloved king and declined the invitation. By then the Chandel army arrived and Bhoja had to retreat. According to the inscriptions at [[Mahoba]], Debkund and [[Tripuri]], in 1027 AD Vidyadharadeva planned an attack on the Chandel kingdom with the combined forces of [[Malwa]] and Tripuri. In the war, Vidyadhardeva Varman defeated the Parmara king [[Bhoja]] of Malwa and the [[Kalachuri]] king Gangeydeva of Tripuri, captured them and put them in the prison of Kalinjar. Then Bhoja/Bhojdeva, along with the moon of Kalachuuri i.e. Ganga Dev, worshiped this guru of war, i.e. Vidyadharadeva Varman, filled with fear like a disciple, After singing praises of his greatness and pleading again and again that the king will remain under you, Vidyadharadeva took pity on Bhoja and Gangeya Deva and released them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Boot_Hooves_and_Wheels.html?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ|title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare|last=Bose|first=Saikat K.|date=2015-06-01|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-84464-54-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_India_pt_1_2.html?id=ucQKAQAAIAAJ|title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1-2. [no special title|date=1992|publisher=Orient Longmans|isbn=978-81-7007-121-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Dynastic_History_of_Northern_India_e.html?id=zAduAAAAMAAJ|title=The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period)|last=Ray|first=Hem Chandra|date=1973|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Political_History_of_Northern_India_from.html?id=CpMBAAAAMAAJ|title=Political History of Northern India, from Jain Sources (c. 650 A.D. to 1300 A.D.) With a Foreword by Vasudeva Sarana Agrawala|last=Choudhary|first=Gulab Chandra|date=1954|publisher=Sohanlal Jaindharma Pracharak Samiti|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the kings of Parmar and Kalachuri dynasty remained feudal kings under the Chandela Empire, although from time to time they rebelled and became independent, But after a few days they were defeated by the royal Chandel army. After the death of Vidyadharadevavarman, the fame and power of the Chandel Empire started declining but it was re-established by his grandson Kirtivarman.{{sfn|Lakshmīkānta Mālavīya, ‎Pradhī Mālavīya sfn}}{{sfn|Vimala Candra Pāṇḍeya |1962 sfn}}
Paramara Bhoja, as part of his campaigns, attacked King Kitiraja of the Kachchhapaghat dynasty of Gwalior and Kachchhapaghat was a vassal of the Chandels. Although Bhoj tried to woo him, he considered it wrong to betray his beloved king and declined the invitation. By then the Chandel army arrived and Bhoja had to retreat. According to the inscriptions at [[Mahoba]], Debkund and [[Tripuri, Madhya Pradesh|Tripuri]], in 1027 AD Vidyadharadeva planned an attack on the Chandel kingdom with the combined forces of [[Malwa]] and Tripuri. In the war, Vidyadharvarman defeated the Parmara king [[Bhoja]] of Malwa and the [[Kalachuri]] king Gangeydeva of Tripuri, captured them and put them in the prison of Kalinjar. Then Bhojdeva (Bhoj Paramara), along with the moon of Kalachuuri i.e. Ganga deva, worshiped this guru of war, i.e. Vidyadharavarman deva, filled with fear like a disciple, After singing praises of his greatness and pleading again and again that the king will remain under you, Vidyadharavarman took pity on Bhoja and Gangeyadeva and released them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Boot_Hooves_and_Wheels.html?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ|title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare|last=Bose|first=Saikat K.|date=2015-06-01|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-84464-54-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_India_pt_1_2.html?id=ucQKAQAAIAAJ|title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1-2. [no special title|date=1992|publisher=Orient Longmans|isbn=978-81-7007-121-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Dynastic_History_of_Northern_India_e.html?id=zAduAAAAMAAJ|title=The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period)|last=Ray|first=Hem Chandra|date=1973|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Political_History_of_Northern_India_from.html?id=CpMBAAAAMAAJ|title=Political History of Northern India, from Jain Sources (c. 650 A.D. to 1300 A.D.) With a Foreword by Vasudeva Sarana Agrawala|last=Choudhary|first=Gulab Chandra|date=1954|publisher=Sohanlal Jaindharma Pracharak Samiti|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the kings of Parmar and Kalachuri dynasty remained feudal kings under the Chandela Empire, although from time to time they rebelled and became independent, But after a few days they were defeated by the royal Chandel army. After the death of Vidyadharavarman, the fame and power of the Chandel Empire started declining but it was re-established by his grandson Kirtivarman.{{sfn|Lakshmīkānta Mālavīya, ‎Pradhī Mālavīya sfn}}{{sfn|Vimala Candra Pāṇḍeya |1962 sfn}}
{{sfn|Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |2007 sfn}}
{{sfn|Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |2007 sfn}} An inscription of Gwalior  [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] king Kirtiraja, who was vassal of Chandels, tell us that he defeated the forces of the [[Malwa]] ruler. At that time, Malwa was ruled by the powerful [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]]. It is unlikely that Kirtiraja could have defeated him alone. Thus, S. K. Mitra theorizes that Kirtiraja must have received help from his overlord Emperor Vidyadharavarman in this campaign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=नागोरी |first=एस एल |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8:+Guptottarak%C4%81l%C4%ABna+Bh%C4%81rata |title=प्राचीन भारत का वृहत् इतिहास: Guptottarakālīna Bhārata |date=2007 |publisher=पोइन्टर पब्लिशर्स |isbn=978-81-7132-509-2 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Vimala Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XULRAAAAMAAJ&q=Vimala+Candra+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Deya |title=Prācīna Bhārata kā itihāsa, 500 ī.-1200 ī. dakshiṇa sahita: vikrama, Jabbalapura tathā anya viśvavidyālayoṃ ke liye |date=1962 |publisher=Kedāra Nātha Rāma |language=hi}}</ref> The [[Mahoba]] inscription of the Chandelas states that Bhoja and Kalachuri-Chandra, like scared pupils, worshipped Vidhyadhara, a master of warfare. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} Kalachuri-Chandra (literally "Moon of the Kalachuris") is identified with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Awasthi |first=A. B. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fb05AQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0+ |title=प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास: राजपूत राजवंश |date=1969 |publisher=Kailāśa Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mālavīya |first1=Lakshmīkānta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=Uttar%C4%AB+Bh%C4%81rata+k%C4%81+itih%C4%81sa:+History+of+northern+India |title=Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |last2=Mālavīya |first2=Pradhī |date=1971 |publisher=Prakāśana Kendra |language=hi}}</ref>
 
An inscription of Gwalior  [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] king Kirtiraja, who was vassal of Chandelas, tell us that he defeated the forces of the [[Malwa]] ruler. At that time, Malwa was ruled by the powerful [[Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]]. It is unlikely that Kirtiraja could have defeated him alone. Thus, S. K. Mitra theorizes that Kirtiraja must have received help from his overlord Emperor Vidyadharadeva in this campaign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=नागोरी |first=एस एल |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8:+Guptottarak%C4%81l%C4%ABna+Bh%C4%81rata |title=प्राचीन भारत का वृहत् इतिहास: Guptottarakālīna Bhārata |date=2007 |publisher=पोइन्टर पब्लिशर्स |isbn=978-81-7132-509-2 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Vimala Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XULRAAAAMAAJ&q=Vimala+Candra+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Deya |title=Prācīna Bhārata kā itihāsa, 500 ī.-1200 ī. dakshiṇa sahita: vikrama, Jabbalapura tathā anya viśvavidyālayoṃ ke liye |date=1962 |publisher=Kedāra Nātha Rāma |language=hi}}</ref>
 
The [[Mahoba]] inscription of the Chandelas states that Bhoja and Kalachuri-Chandra, like scared pupils, worshipped Vidhyadhara, a master of warfare. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} Kalachuri-Chandra (literally "Moon of the Kalachuris") is identified with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Awasthi |first=A. B. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fb05AQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0+ |title=प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास: राजपूत राजवंश |date=1969 |publisher=Kailāśa Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mālavīya |first1=Lakshmīkānta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=Uttar%C4%AB+Bh%C4%81rata+k%C4%81+itih%C4%81sa:+History+of+northern+India |title=Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |last2=Mālavīya |first2=Pradhī |date=1971 |publisher=Prakāśana Kendra |language=hi}}</ref>


According to Barhari inscription, around 1028 CE, Vidyadhara defeated the united forces of Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and kalachuri king [[kalachuris of Tripuri|Gangeya-deva]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfgdAAAAMAAJ&q=Gv%C4%81liyara+dar%C5%9Bana+-+Volume+1+-+%7C1980 |title=Gvāliyara darśana |date=1980 |publisher=Gvāliyara Śodha Saṃsthāna, Jīvājī Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref>
According to Barhari inscription, around 1028 CE, Vidyadhara defeated the united forces of Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and kalachuri king [[kalachuris of Tripuri|Gangeya-deva]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfgdAAAAMAAJ&q=Gv%C4%81liyara+dar%C5%9Bana+-+Volume+1+-+%7C1980 |title=Gvāliyara darśana |date=1980 |publisher=Gvāliyara Śodha Saṃsthāna, Jīvājī Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref>


== Cultural contributions ==
== Cultural contributions ==
[[File:A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]], commissioned by Vidyadhara]]
[[File:A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]], commissioned by Vidyadharavarman]]
Vidyadhara commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=26}} Vidhyadhara celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple, dedicated to his Kuldeva (family deity) Nilkantha Shiva. Epigraphic inscriptions on a [[pilaster]] of the [[mandapa]] in the temple mentions the name of the builder of the temple as Virimda, which is interpreted as the pseudonym of Vidhyadhara.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}} Its construction is dated to the period from 1025 and 1050 AD.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|pp=420–21}}
Vidyadharavarman commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=26}} Vidhyadhara celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple, dedicated to his Kuldeva (family deity) Nilkantha Shiva. Epigraphic inscriptions on a [[pilaster]] of the [[mandapa]] in the temple mentions the name of the builder of the temple as Virimda, which is interpreted as the pseudonym of Vidhyadharavarman.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}} Its construction is dated to the period from 1025 and 1050 AD.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|pp=420–21}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |last=Abram |first=David |title=Rough Guide to India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA420 |year=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-089-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Deva |first=Krishna |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Temples_of_Khajuraho/4OzVAAAAMAAJ |title=Temples of Khajuraho |volume=1 |year=1990 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India }}
* {{cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sisirkumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M. |last3=Boda |first3=Sharon La |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA468 |year=1994 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Mahesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan |year=1984 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sullerey |first=Sushil Kumar |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
{{ref end}}
 
{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}
 
[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]
 
== Ascension ==
 
Until the 1970s, scholars such as R. K. Dikshit assigned the beginning of Vidyadhara's reign to 1018 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=71-72}} However, later, a copper-plate issued by Vidyadhara's queen Satyabhama was discovered at [[Kundeshwar]]. This inscription is dated 1004 CE, which proves that Vidyadhara was already ruling in 1004 CE. Based on this, scholar S. K. Sullerey dates Vidyadhara's reign as 1003-1035 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref>
 
== Invasion of Kannauj ==
 
In 1018 CE, the [[Ghaznavid]] king [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded [[Kannauj]], whose [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvids to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the 12th century Muslim historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]], Bida, the king of [[Khajuraho]] killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for this cowardice. Bida is believed to be a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Vidyadhara). Some later Muslim historians misread this name as "Nanda", based on which [[British India|British-era]] scholars identified the killer of the Kannauj king as Vidyadhara's predecessor Ganda. However, an inscription discovered at Mahoba confirms that it was Vidyadhara who defeated the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}} The Dubkund inscription of Arjuna of [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] family claims that Arjuna killed Rajyapala in a great battle. The Kachchhapaghatas were feudatories of the Chandelas, so it appears that Arjuna was acting as an agent of Vidyadhara.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=74-75}}
 
 
==Against Mahmud of Ghazna==
After an unsuccessful invasion of Kalinjar in 1019 CE, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] again invaded the [[Chandela|Chandela kingdom]] in 1022 CE and the war was fought outside of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar fort]]. After a long battle Mahmud surrendered and made a peace with Kalinjar. Later, [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]] celebrated his success over Mahmud of Ghazni, [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.co.incom/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT69&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&hlpg=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXkeOC7r_5AhU7R2wGHaaUAikQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=the%20proud%20kshatriya%20king%20vidyadhara&f=falsePT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Dr Krishna |url=https://books.google.co.incom/books?id=GAfgAAAAMAAJ&q=Vidyadhar+Chandel&dq=Vidyadhar+Chandel&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjP5PHy-9f9AhU4xTgGHc-wAeY4HhDoAXoECAoQAw#Vidyadhar |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0810-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraberty |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.incom/books?id=w-g9AAAAIAAJ&q=Vidyadhara+Chandel&dq=Vidyadhara+Chandel&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwibtfXD_tf9AhUH1jgGHVGSDwg4HhDoAXoECAYQAw#Vidyadhara |title=The Racial History of India |date=1944 |publisher=Vijaya Krishna Brothers |language=en}}</ref>
According to [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]]'s ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'', the two armies were encamped on the opposite banks of a river. Mahmud sent an envoy to Vidyadhara (called "Nanda" by Ahmad), asking him to accept [[Islam]] and Mahmud's suzerainty. Vidyadhara refused to make a submission. After seeing the Chandela ruler's vast army from an elevated spot, Mahmud became worried. However, at night, Vidyadhara withdrew with some of his companions, leaving behind his army. According to this account, there was no fight between the two armies. After Vidyadhara's withdrawal, Mahmud's army sacked his camp, and procured a great amount of wealth, including 580 elephants. Gardezi, in his ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', states that the Chandela ruler (called "Ganda" in this account) had already deserted his camp by the time Mahmud's envoy reached there. [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] offers a different account, stating that the two armies fought a battle before retreating at the nightfall. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=78-79}}
== Conflict with Bhoja ==
{{Main|Invasion on Malwa & Tripuri}}
An inscription of Gwalior [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] king Kirtiraja, who was vassal of Chandelas, tell us that he defeated the forces of the [[Malwa]] ruler. At that time, Malwa was ruled by the powerful [[Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]]. It is unlikely that Kirtiraja could have defeated him alone. Thus, S. K. Mitra theorizes that Kirtiraja must have received help from his overlord Emperor Vidyadhara in this campaign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=नागोरी |first=एस एल |url=https://books.google.co.incom/books?id=b2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8:+Guptottarak%C4%81l%C4%ABna+Bh%C4%81rata&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8:+Guptottarak%C4%81l%C4%ABna+Bh%C4%81rata&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitr9Hh9tf9AhWmxjgGHR-iB04Q6AF6BAgJEAM#%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0 |title=प्राचीन भारत का वृहत् इतिहास: Guptottarakālīna Bhārata |date=2007 |publisher=पोइन्टर पब्लिशर्स |isbn=978-81-7132-509-2 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Vimala Candra |url=https://books.google.co.incom/books?id=XULRAAAAMAAJ&q=Vimala+Candra+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Deya&dq=Vimala+Candra+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Deya&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj059uB-Nf9AhXMxDgGHbRGDkEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0 |title=Prācīna Bhārata kā itihāsa, 500 ī.-1200 ī. dakshiṇa sahita: vikrama, Jabbalapura tathā anya viśvavidyālayoṃ ke liye |date=1962 |publisher=Kedāra Nātha Rāma |language=hi}}</ref>
The [[Mahoba]] inscription of the Chandelas states that Bhoja and Kalachuri-Chandra, like scared pupils, worshipped Vidhyadhara, a master of warfare. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} Kalachuri-Chandra (literally "Moon of the Kalachuris") is identified with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Awasthi |first=A. B. L. |url=https://books.google.co.incom/books?redir_esc=y&id=fb05AQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0+ |title=प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास: राजपूत राजवंश |date=1969 |publisher=Kailāśa Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |lastlast1=Mālavīya |firstfirst1=Lakshmīkānta |url=https://books.google.co.incom/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=Uttar%C4%AB+Bh%C4%81rata+k%C4%81+itih%C4%81sa:+History+of+northern+India&dq=Uttar%C4%AB+Bh%C4%81rata+k%C4%81+itih%C4%81sa:+History+of+northern+India&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&redir_esc=y#%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0 |title=Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |last2=Mālavīya |first2=Pradhī |date=1971 |publisher=Prakāśana Kendra |language=hi}}</ref>
Aound 1025, Vidyadhara defeated the united forces of Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and kalachuri king [[kalachuris of Tripuri|Gangeya-deva]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.incom/books?id=cfgdAAAAMAAJ&q=Gv%C4%81liyara+dar%C5%9Bana+-+Volume+1+-+%7C1980&dq=Gv%C4%81liyara+dar%C5%9Bana+-+Volume+1+-+%7C1980&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjM6c_L79f9AhV43jgGHX7WBREQ6AF6BAgCEAM#%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0 |title=Gvāliyara darśana |date=1980 |publisher=Gvāliyara Śodha Saṃsthāna, Jīvājī Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref>
 
== Cultural contributions ==
[[File:Chandel Empire (1160 CE).jpg|thumb|250px|Empire of Vidyadhar Chandel during 1027]]
Vidyadhara commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=26}} Vidhyadhara celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple, dedicated to his family deity Shiva. Epigraphic inscriptions on a [[pilaster]] of the [[mandapa]] in the temple mentions the name of the builder of the temple as Virimda, which is interpreted as the pseudonym of Vidhyadhara.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}} Its construction is dated to the period from 1025 and 1050 AD.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|pp=420–21}}


== References ==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


=== Bibliography ===
===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
{{ref begin}}
* {{Cite book|author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y02AiEu1kcC|title=A History of India|date=1990-06-28|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0-14-194976-5|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title=Rough Guide to India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA420|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-089-3}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |first=R. K. |last=Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book|last=Deva|first=Krishna|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Temples_of_Khajuraho/4OzVAAAAMAAJ|title=Temples of Khajuraho|volume=1|year=1990|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |first=Sisirkumar |last=Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |first=Mahesh |last=Singh |title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan |year=1984 }}
* {{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Sisirkumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27|title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1977|isbn=9788120819979}}
* {{cite book |first=Sushil Kumar |last=Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|last2=Salkin|first2=Robert M.|last3=Boda|first3=Sharon La|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA468|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Mahesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ|title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan|year=1984}}
* {{cite book|last=Sullerey|first=Sushil Kumar|title=Chandella Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25|year=2004|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-32-9}}
{{ref end}}
{{ref end}}


Latest revision as of 04:28, 6 March 2024


Vidyadharavarman (Hindi: विद्याधरवर्मन चन्देल, reign. c. 1003-1035 CE), was a Chakravartin emperor of India from the Chandravanshi Haihaya-Chandel dynasty. He ruled from his capital at Kalanjara in Jejakabhukti region (present-day in Uttar Pradesh). During invasion on kannauj, he killed the Ghaznavid governors and a Pratihara king Rajyapala. He defeated and imprisoned the Paramara king Bhoja and Kalachuri king Gangeyadeva and placed them under the Chandel empire. He was the only Hindu Rajput ruler who resisted Mahmud Ghaznavi twice in the battle. Later in 1030 CE, he celebrated his success over Mahmud Ghaznavi, Bhoja etc rulers by building Kandhariya Mahadev temple.[6][7][8][9]

Vidyadharavarman
'Chakravartin Samrat
'Paramabhattaraka-Maharajadhiraja-ParamaMaheshvara Parameshvara-Dharmarajika-Rajnyashrestha-Prajapita-Mahobanaresh-Mahishmatipati-Sri-Kalanjaradhipati'
Art of Vidyadharvarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni.png
Imagination art of Vidyadharavarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni
9th Chandel Emperor
Reignr. c. 1003-1035 CE
PredecessorGandavarman
SuccessorVijayapalavarman
MaharaniSatyabhama-Devi (Chauhan Princess) [1][2]
Sons
Names
Shrimanmat Vidyadharavarman Deva Chandel[3][4][5]
Regnal name
śrimanmat vidyādharavarman
Sanskritश्रीमनमत विद्याधरवर्मन देव चन्देल
Military career
ServiceChandel Army
Years of service1003-1035 CE
RankChakravartin
HouseHaihaya Yadava, Chandravansh
DynastyChandel
FatherGandavarman
ReligionShaivite, Hinduism

AscensionEdit

Until the 1970s, scholars such as R. K. Dikshit assigned the beginning of Vidyadharavarman's reign to 1018 CE.[10] However, later, a copper-plate issued by Vidyadharavarman's queen Satyabhama was discovered at Kundeshwar. This inscription is dated 1004 CE, which proves that Vidyadharavarman was already ruling in 1004 CE. Based on this, scholar S. K. Sullerey dates Vidyadharavarman's reign as 1003-1035 CE.[1][11] In early period he streched Chandel power from Chambal river in the northwest and Narmada River in south. He was a brave and skilled ruler like his grandfather Dhangavarman. According to the Khajuraho inscription, He was born in the lineage of Chandratreya, who was the son of Mahrishi Atri, from whom came this sacred Chandel dynasty of great kings. This great Chandela dynasty is synonymous of the Vrishni or Chedi dynasty of Haihaya-Yadavas (Chandravanshi Rajputs). Vidyadharavarman was married to Chauhan Princess Satyabhama. From Satyabhama he had three sons,Vijayapalavarman, Jayapalavarman, Ajayapalavarman.[12] His full name was Vidyadharavarman Dev Chandel.[13][14][15]

Military CareerEdit

Invasion on KannaujEdit

In 1018 CE, the Ghaznavid king Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Kannauj, whose Pratihara king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvids to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the 12th century Muslim historian Ali ibn al-Athir, Bida, the king of Khajuraho killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for this cowardice. Bida is believed to be a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Vidyadharavarman). Some later Muslim historians misread this name as "Nanda", based on which British-era scholars identified the killer of the Kannauj king as Vidyadharavarman's predecessor Gandavarman. However, an inscription discovered at Mahoba confirms that it was Vidyadharavarman who defeated the ruler of Kannauj.[16][17] The Dubkund inscription of Arjuna of Kachchhapaghata family claims that Arjuna killed Rajyapala in a great battle. The Kachchhapaghatas were feudatories of the Chandels, so it appears that Arjuna was acting as an agent of Vidyadharavarman.[18]

Against Mahmud of GhaznaEdit

It is possible that Vidyadharavarman appointed Rajyapala's successor Trilochanapala on the Pratihara throne.[19] In 1019 CE, Mahmud launched a fresh invasion of India, and defeated the Kabul Shahi ruler Trilochanapala (not to be confused with the Pratihara ruler of same name). He then advanced towards Bari, the new Pratihara capital. According to Abu Sa'id Gardezi's Zayn al-Akhbar, the Pratihara ruler Trilochanapala fled from the town. After sacking Bari, Mahmud encountered the army of Vidyadhara (variously named "Bida" or "Nanda" in Muslim chronicles).[20] According Dr. Katare in J.H.Q, Vidyadharavarman defeated Mahmud soon after the latter's invasion of Kannauj.[6] According to C.V. Vaidya, the invasions of the Yaminis (Ghaznavid) had completely changed the political map of Northern India. The empire of the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the kingdom of the Hindu Shahis the valiant defenders of the North-West had disappeared, along with a whole host of minor states. Chandels alone survived the or deal. They not only halted the triumphal career of Mahmud of Ghazna, but also emerged as the dominant power to the North of the Vindhyas and the credit for that undoubtedly goes to the sagacious policy of Vidyadharavarman.[21] After an unsuccessful invasion of Kalinjar in 1019 CE, Mahmud of Ghazni again invaded the Chandel kingdom in 1022 CE and the war was fought outside of Kalinjar fort. After a long battle Mahmud surrendered and made a peace with Kalinjar. Later, Vidyadharavarman celebrated his success over Mahmud of Ghazni, Bhoja and other rulers by building Kandhariya Mahadev temple.[7][8][22][23][24] Also, an inscription of the Chandel emperor Jayavarman also states that Vidyadharavarman defeated Mahmud Ghaznavi after his invasion of Kanyakubja (Kannauj).[25]

Against Paramaras & KalachurisEdit

Paramara Bhoja, as part of his campaigns, attacked King Kitiraja of the Kachchhapaghat dynasty of Gwalior and Kachchhapaghat was a vassal of the Chandels. Although Bhoj tried to woo him, he considered it wrong to betray his beloved king and declined the invitation. By then the Chandel army arrived and Bhoja had to retreat. According to the inscriptions at Mahoba, Debkund and Tripuri, in 1027 AD Vidyadharadeva planned an attack on the Chandel kingdom with the combined forces of Malwa and Tripuri. In the war, Vidyadharvarman defeated the Parmara king Bhoja of Malwa and the Kalachuri king Gangeydeva of Tripuri, captured them and put them in the prison of Kalinjar. Then Bhojdeva (Bhoj Paramara), along with the moon of Kalachuuri i.e. Ganga deva, worshiped this guru of war, i.e. Vidyadharavarman deva, filled with fear like a disciple, After singing praises of his greatness and pleading again and again that the king will remain under you, Vidyadharavarman took pity on Bhoja and Gangeyadeva and released them.[26][27][28][29] Subsequently, the kings of Parmar and Kalachuri dynasty remained feudal kings under the Chandela Empire, although from time to time they rebelled and became independent, But after a few days they were defeated by the royal Chandel army. After the death of Vidyadharavarman, the fame and power of the Chandel Empire started declining but it was re-established by his grandson Kirtivarman.[30][31][32] An inscription of Gwalior Kachchhapaghata king Kirtiraja, who was vassal of Chandels, tell us that he defeated the forces of the Malwa ruler. At that time, Malwa was ruled by the powerful Paramara king Bhoja. It is unlikely that Kirtiraja could have defeated him alone. Thus, S. K. Mitra theorizes that Kirtiraja must have received help from his overlord Emperor Vidyadharavarman in this campaign.[33][34] The Mahoba inscription of the Chandelas states that Bhoja and Kalachuri-Chandra, like scared pupils, worshipped Vidhyadhara, a master of warfare. [19] Kalachuri-Chandra (literally "Moon of the Kalachuris") is identified with the Kalachuri king Gangeya-deva[35][36]

According to Barhari inscription, around 1028 CE, Vidyadhara defeated the united forces of Paramara king Bhoja and kalachuri king Gangeya-deva.[37]

Cultural contributionsEdit

 
Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, commissioned by Vidyadharavarman

Vidyadharavarman commissioned the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple at Khajuraho.[38] Vidhyadhara celebrated his success over Mahmud of Ghazni, Bhoja and other rulers by building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple, dedicated to his Kuldeva (family deity) Nilkantha Shiva. Epigraphic inscriptions on a pilaster of the mandapa in the temple mentions the name of the builder of the temple as Virimda, which is interpreted as the pseudonym of Vidhyadharavarman.[7] Its construction is dated to the period from 1025 and 1050 AD.[39]

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sullerey 2004, p. 25.
  2. ↑ Indian Archaeology: A Review. Archaeological Survey of India. 1975. p. 55.
  3. ↑ Tripathi, Rama Shankar; Tripathi, Rama S. (1989). History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-0404-3.
  4. ↑ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Bishop's College Press. 1878.
  5. ↑ Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation (in français). 1905.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dikshit 1976, p. 96.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ring, Salkin & Boda 1994, p. 468.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mitra 1977, p. 82.
  9. ↑ Balakrishna, Sandeep (28 November 2020). Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-93-90077-22-9.
  10. ↑ Dikshit 1976, pp. 71-72.
  11. ↑ Indian Archaeology: A Review. Archaeological Survey of India. 1975. p. 55.
  12. ↑ Education (1971- ), India Department of (1971). Report. Ministry of Education & Social Welfare, Departments of Education and Culture, Government of India.
  13. ↑ Tripathi, Rama Shankar; Tripathi, Rama S. (1989). History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-0404-3.
  14. ↑ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Bishop's College Press. 1878.
  15. ↑ Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation (in français). 1905.
  16. ↑ Mitra 1977, pp. 72-73.
  17. ↑ Dikshit 1976, p. 72.
  18. ↑ Mitra 1977, pp. 74-75.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Mitra 1977, p. 75.
  20. ↑ Mitra 1977, p. 78.
  21. ↑ Dikshit 1976, p. 97.
  22. ↑ Balakrishna, Sandeep (28 November 2020). Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-93-90077-22-9.
  23. ↑ Gopal, Dr Krishna (2003). Fairs and Festivals of India. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-212-0810-9.
  24. ↑ Chakraberty, Chandra (1944). The Racial History of India. Vijaya Krishna Brothers.
  25. ↑ Dikshit, R. K. (1976). The Candellas of Jejākabhukti. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-046-4.
  26. ↑ Bose, Saikat K. (1 June 2015). Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-84464-54-7.
  27. ↑ A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1-2. [no special title. Orient Longmans. 1992. ISBN 978-81-7007-121-1.
  28. ↑ Ray, Hem Chandra (1973). The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
  29. ↑ Choudhary, Gulab Chandra (1954). Political History of Northern India, from Jain Sources (c. 650 A.D. to 1300 A.D.) With a Foreword by Vasudeva Sarana Agrawala. Sohanlal Jaindharma Pracharak Samiti.
  30. ↑ Lakshmīkānta Mālavīya, ‎Pradhī Mālavīya sfn.
  31. ↑ Vimala Candra Pāṇḍeya & 1962 sfn.
  32. ↑ Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India & 2007 sfn.
  33. ↑ नागोरी, एस एल (2007). प्राचीन भारत का वृहत् इतिहास: Guptottarakālīna Bhārata (in हिन्दी). पोइन्टर पब्लिशर्स. ISBN 978-81-7132-509-2.
  34. ↑ Pāṇḍeya, Vimala Candra (1962). Prācīna Bhārata kā itihāsa, 500 ī.-1200 ī. dakshiṇa sahita: vikrama, Jabbalapura tathā anya viśvavidyālayoṃ ke liye (in हिन्दी). Kedāra Nātha Rāma.
  35. ↑ Awasthi, A. B. L. (1969). प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास: राजपूत राजवंश (in हिन्दी). Kailāśa Prakāśana.
  36. ↑ Mālavīya, Lakshmīkānta; Mālavīya, Pradhī (1971). Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India (in हिन्दी). Prakāśana Kendra.
  37. ↑ Gvāliyara darśana (in हिन्दी). Gvāliyara Śodha Saṃsthāna, Jīvājī Viśvavidyālaya. 1980.
  38. ↑ Sullerey 2004, p. 26.
  39. ↑ Abram 2003, pp. 420–21.

BibliographyEdit

Template:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti

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