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| coordinates = {{coord|24.854422|N|79.921427|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | | coordinates = {{coord|24.854422|N|79.921427|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | ||
|WHS=Khajuraho Group of Monuments}} | |WHS=Khajuraho Group of Monuments}} | ||
The '''Khajuraho Group of Monuments''' are a group of [[Hindu]] and [[Jain]] temples in [[Chhatarpur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. They are about {{Convert|175|km|mi}} southeast of [[Jhansi]], {{Convert|10|km|mi}} from [[Khajwa, Chhatarpur|Khajwa]], {{Convert|9|km|mi}} from [[Rajnagar, Chhatarpur|Rajnagar]], and {{Convert|49|km|mi}} from [[Chhatarpur|district headquarter Chhatarpur]]. The temples are famous for their [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]]-style architectural symbolism and a few [[erotic sculpture]]s.<ref>Philip Wilkinson (2008), India: People, Place, Culture and History, {{ISBN|978-1405329040}}, pp 352-353 </ref> | The '''Khajuraho Group of Monuments''' are a group of [[Hindu]] and [[Jain]] temples in [[Chhatarpur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. They are about {{Convert|175|km|mi}} southeast of [[Jhansi]], {{Convert|10|km|mi}} from [[Khajwa, Chhatarpur|Khajwa]], {{Convert|9|km|mi}} from [[Rajnagar, Chhatarpur|Rajnagar]], and {{Convert|49|km|mi}} from [[Chhatarpur|district headquarter Chhatarpur]]. The temples are famous for their [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]]-style architectural symbolism and a few [[erotic sculpture]]s.<ref>Philip Wilkinson (2008), India: People, Place, Culture and History, {{ISBN|978-1405329040}}, pp 352-353</ref> | ||
Most Khajuraho temples were built between 885 CE and 1000 CE by the [[Chandela]] dynasty.<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/179 179]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref><ref name = "unesco">{{cite web|title=Khajuraho Group of Monuments |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date = 25 June 2023}}</ref> Historical records note that the Khajuraho temple site had 85 temples by the 12th century, spread over {{Convert|20|km2|mi2}}. Of these, only about 25 temples have survived, spread over {{Convert|6|km2|mi2|spell=in}}.<ref name= "unesco"/> Of the surviving temples, the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] is decorated with a profusion of sculptures with intricate details, symbolism, and expressiveness of ancient Indian art.<ref name=ddesai>Devangana Desai (2005), ''Khajuraho'', Oxford University Press, Sixth Print, {{ISBN|978-0-19-565643-5}}</ref> The temple complex was forgotten and overgrown by the jungle until 1838 when Captain T.S. Burt, a British engineer, visited the complex and reported his findings in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.<ref>Slaczka, Anna. “Temples, Inscriptions and Misconceptions: Charles-Louis Fábri and the Khajuraho ‘Apsaras.’” The Rijksmuseum Bulletin 60, no. 3 (2012): 212–33. See p. 217.</ref> | Most Khajuraho temples were built between 885 CE and 1000 CE by the [[Chandela]] dynasty.<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/179 179]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref><ref name = "unesco">{{cite web|title=Khajuraho Group of Monuments |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date = 25 June 2023}}</ref> Historical records note that the Khajuraho temple site had 85 temples by the 12th century, spread over {{Convert|20|km2|mi2}}. Of these, only about 25 temples have survived, spread over {{Convert|6|km2|mi2|spell=in}}.<ref name= "unesco"/> Of the surviving temples, the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] is decorated with a profusion of sculptures with intricate details, symbolism, and expressiveness of ancient Indian art.<ref name=ddesai>Devangana Desai (2005), ''Khajuraho'', Oxford University Press, Sixth Print, {{ISBN|978-0-19-565643-5}}</ref> The temple complex was forgotten and overgrown by the jungle until 1838 when Captain T.S. Burt, a British engineer, visited the complex and reported his findings in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.<ref>Slaczka, Anna. “Temples, Inscriptions and Misconceptions: Charles-Louis Fábri and the Khajuraho ‘Apsaras.’” The Rijksmuseum Bulletin 60, no. 3 (2012): 212–33. See p. 217.</ref> | ||
When these monuments were built, the boys in the place lived in [[Hermitage (religious retreat)|hermitages]], by being ''[[brahmacharya | When these monuments were built, the boys in the place lived in [[Hermitage (religious retreat)|hermitages]], by being ''[[brahmacharya]]s'' (bachelors) until they attained manhood and these sculptures helped them to learn about the worldly role of 'householder'.<ref>{{cite book|title=Frontline, Volume 24, Issues 6-12|page=93|publisher=S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons|year=2007}}</ref> The Khajuraho group of temples were built together but were dedicated to two religions, [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]], suggesting a tradition of acceptance and respect for diverse religious views among Hindus and Jains in the region.<ref name=jfergusson>James Fergusson, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofindiane02ferguoft#page/140/mode/2up/search/khajuraho Northern or Indo-Aryan Style - Khajuraho] History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, Updated by James Burgess and R. Phene Spiers (1910), Volume II, John Murray, London</ref> Because of their outstanding architecture, diversity of temple forms, and testimony to the Chandela civilization, the monuments at Khajuraho were inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 1986.<ref name= "unesco"/><ref>{{cite web|title=World Heritage Day: Five must-visit sites in India|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/world-heritage-day-five-must-visit-sites-in-india/article1-1338551.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419163624/http://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/world-heritage-day-five-must-visit-sites-in-india/article1-1338551.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2015|date=18 April 2015}}</ref> | ||
== Location == | == Location == | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| 14 | | 14 | ||
| [[Devi Jagadambi Temple |Jagadambi]] | | [[Devi Jagadambi Temple|Jagadambi]] | ||
| Hinduism | | Hinduism | ||
| Devi Jagadambi | | Devi Jagadambi | ||
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}} | }} | ||
[[File:Индия2.jpg|thumb|Erotic sculptures]] | [[File:Индия2.jpg|thumb|Erotic sculptures]] | ||
[[File:Homosexuality in Khajuraho sculpture.jpg|thumb|Erotic depiction of two men ]] | [[File:Homosexuality in Khajuraho sculpture.jpg|thumb|Erotic depiction of two men]] | ||
The Khajuraho temples feature a variety of artwork, of which 10% is sexual or [[erotic art]] outside and inside the temples. Some of the temples that have two layers of walls have small erotic carvings on the outside of the inner wall. Some scholars suggest these to be [[Tantric sexuality|tantric sexual]] practices.<ref>Rabe (2000), Secret Yantras and Erotic Display for Hindu Temples, Tantra in Practice (Editor: David White), {{ISBN|978-8120817784}}, Chapter 25, pp 434-446</ref> Other scholars state that the erotic arts are part of the Hindu tradition of treating [[kama]] as an essential and proper part of human life, and its symbolic or explicit display is common in Hindu temples.<ref name=ddesai/><ref>See: | The Khajuraho temples feature a variety of artwork, of which 10% is sexual or [[erotic art]] outside and inside the temples. Some of the temples that have two layers of walls have small erotic carvings on the outside of the inner wall. Some scholars suggest these to be [[Tantric sexuality|tantric sexual]] practices.<ref>Rabe (2000), Secret Yantras and Erotic Display for Hindu Temples, Tantra in Practice (Editor: David White), {{ISBN|978-8120817784}}, Chapter 25, pp 434-446</ref> Other scholars state that the erotic arts are part of the Hindu tradition of treating [[kama]] as an essential and proper part of human life, and its symbolic or explicit display is common in Hindu temples.<ref name=ddesai/><ref>See: | ||
* Heather Elgood (2000), ''Hinduism and the Religious Arts'', {{ISBN|978-0304707393}}, Bloomsbury; | * Heather Elgood (2000), ''Hinduism and the Religious Arts'', {{ISBN|978-0304707393}}, Bloomsbury; | ||