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'''MusicBrainz''' is an music database. It is similar to the freedb project that aims to create an open data music database. The database captures information about artists, their recorded works, and create the relationships between them.  
{{Short description|Online music metadata database}}
{{Infobox website
| name = MusicBrainz
| logo = [[Image:MusicBrainz Logo (2016).svg|128px|MusicBrainz logo since February 2016]]
| screenshot = [[Image:MusicBrainz homepage.png|300px|MusicBrainz homepage.]]
| caption = MusicBrainz homepage
| url = {{url|https://musicbrainz.org}}
| commercial = No
| type = Online music encyclopedia<ref>{{cite web|title=About|url=https://musicbrainz.org/doc/About|website=MusicBrainz|publisher=MetaBrainz|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508173335/http://musicbrainz.org/doc/About|archive-date=2015-05-08|url-status=live}}</ref>
| registration = Optional (required for editing data)
| language = English
| num_users = ~250,000 active ever<ref name=statistics/>
| content_license = Part [[Creative Commons Zero]] ([[open data]]) and part [[CC-BY-NC-SA]] (not open); commercial licensing available
| programming_language = [[Perl]] with [[PostgreSQL]] database
| owner = [[MetaBrainz Foundation]]
| author = Robert Kaye
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2000|7|17}}<ref>{{cite web|title=WHOIS Lookup|url=http://whois.icann.org/en/lookup?name=musicbrainz.org|publisher=[[ICANN]]|access-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135738/http://whois.icann.org/en/lookup?name=musicbrainz.org|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=live}}</ref>
| current_status = Online
}}
 
'''MusicBrainz''' is a [[MetaBrainz Foundation|MetaBrainz]] project that aims to create a collaborative music database that is similar to the [[freedb]] project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the restrictions placed on the [[CDDB|Compact Disc Database]] (CDDB), a database for software applications to look up audio [[Compact disc|CD]] information on the Internet. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a CD [[Metadata (computing)|metadata]] (this is information about the performers, artists, songwriters, etc.) storehouse to become a structured online database for music.<ref>Highfield, Ashley. "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/speeches/stories/highfield_iea.shtml Keynote speech given at IEA Future Of Broadcasting Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422180033/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/speeches/stories/highfield_iea.shtml|date=2008-04-22}}", [[BBC]] [[News release|Press Office]], 2007-06-27. Retrieved on 2008-02-11.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Swartz|first1=A.|author-link=Aaron Swartz|doi=10.1109/5254.988466|title=MusicBrainz: A semantic Web service|journal=IEEE Intelligent Systems|volume=17|pages=76–77|year=2002|url=http://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/771/papers/ieeeIntelligentSystems/webservices/musicBrainz.pdf|access-date=2015-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403083930/http://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/771/papers/ieeeIntelligentSystems/webservices/musicBrainz.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-03|url-status=live|citeseerx=10.1.1.380.9338}}</ref>
 
MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their recorded works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and the length of each track. These entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the release date and country, the CD ID, [[cover art]], [[acoustic fingerprint]], free-form annotation text and other metadata. {{As of|2022|3}}, MusicBrainz contained information on roughly 1.9 million artists, 3 million releases, and 26.5 million recordings.<ref name=statistics>{{cite web|title=Database Statistics|publisher=MusicBrainz|url=https://musicbrainz.org/statistics|access-date=2021-08-23}}</ref> End-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add [[ID3 tag|metadata tag]]s to their digital media files, such as [[Apple Lossless|ALAC]], [[FLAC]], [[MP3]], [[Ogg Vorbis]] or [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]].
 
==Cover Art Archive==
[[File:Cover Art Archive Logo with text (2020).svg|thumb|left|Logo of Cover Art Archive]]
MusicBrainz allows contributors to upload cover art images of releases to the database; these images are hosted by Cover Art Archive (CAA), a joint project between [[Internet Archive]] and MusicBrainz started in 2012. Internet Archive provides the bandwidth, storage and legal protection for hosting the images, while MusicBrainz stores metadata and provides public access through the web and via an [[Application programming interface|API]] for third parties to use. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge of maintaining and reviewing the data.<ref>{{cite news|author=Fabian Scherschel|title=MusicBrainz and Internet Archive create cover art database|date=10 October 2012|publisher=The H|url=http://h-online.com/-1727322|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207234912/http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/MusicBrainz-and-Internet-Archive-create-cover-art-database-1727322.html|archive-date=7 December 2013}}</ref> Cover art is also provided for items on sale at [[Amazon.com]] and some other online resources, but CAA is now preferred because it gives the community more control and flexibility for managing the images.
 
==Fingerprinting==
Besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their [[acoustic fingerprint]]. A separate application, such as [[MusicBrainz Picard]], must be used for this.
 
===Proprietary services===
In 2000, MusicBrainz started using [[Relatable]]'s patented TRM (a [[recursive acronym]] for TRM Recognizes Music) for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly. However, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP (now [[AmpliFIND]]), replacing TRM with MusicDNS.<ref name="musicdns_announcement">{{cite press release|title=New fingerprinting technology available now!|date=2006-03-12|publisher=MusicBrainz community blog|url=http://blog.musicbrainz.org/archives/2006/03/new_fingerprint.html|access-date=2006-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807161630/http://blog.musicbrainz.org/archives/2006/03/new_fingerprint.html|archive-date=2008-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref> TRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008.
 
In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by [[AmpliFIND]].<ref>[http://www.amplifindmusicservices.com/news/press/amplified-music-aims-to-liberate-your-music.php AmpliFIND Music Services: News<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055804/http://www.amplifindmusicservices.com/news/press/amplified-music-aims-to-liberate-your-music.php|date=2013-09-21}}</ref> Some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems.
 
===AcoustID and Chromaprint===
Since the future of the free identification service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for [[AcoustID]] identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxygene.sk/2010/07/introducing-chromaprint|title=Introducing Chromaprint – Lukáš Lalinský|publisher=Oxygene.sk|date=2010-07-24|access-date=2018-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010193315/https://oxygene.sk/2010/07/introducing-chromaprint|archive-date=2018-10-10|url-status=live}}</ref> While AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 [[pitch class]]es, storing these eight times per second. Additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://oxygene.sk/2011/01/how-does-chromaprint-work|title=How does Chromaprint work? – Lukáš Lalinský|journal=IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security|volume=4|issue=4|pages=995–1004|doi=10.1109/TIFS.2009.2034452|date=2011-01-18|access-date=2018-04-10|last1=Jang|first1=Dalwon|last2=Yoo|first2=Chang D|last3=Lee|first3=Sunil|last4=Kim|first4=Sungwoong|last5=Kalker|first5=Ton|s2cid=1502596}}</ref> The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity and returns the AcoustID identifier along with MusicBrainz recording identifiers, if known.
 
==Licensing==
Since 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://musicbrainz.org/news/licenses.html|title=MusicBrainz Licenses|access-date=2015-10-23|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030413174459/https://musicbrainz.org/news/licenses.html|archive-date=April 13, 2003 }}</ref> MusicBrainz's core data (artists, recordings, releases, and so on) are in the [[public domain]], and additional content, including moderation data (essentially every [[Threshold of originality|original content]] contributed by users and its elaborations), is placed under the [[Creative Commons]] [[CC-BY-NC-SA]]-2.0 license.<ref>[https://wiki.musicbrainz.org/MusicBrainz_License?oldid=33484 MusicBrainz License] as of 13-11-2010.</ref> The [[relational database management system]] is [[PostgreSQL]]. The server software is covered by the [[GNU General Public License]].
The MusicBrainz client [[Library (computing)|software library]], ''libmusicbrainz'', is licensed under the [[GNU Lesser General Public License]], which allows use of the code by proprietary software products.
 
In December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the [[MetaBrainz Foundation]], a [[non-profit]] group, by its creator Robert Kaye.<ref name="metabrainz_announcement">{{cite press release|first=Robert|last=Kaye|title=The MetaBrainz Foundation launches!|date=2006-03-12|publisher=MusicBrainz community blog|url=http://blog.musicbrainz.org/?p=102|access-date=2006-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519073229/http://blog.musicbrainz.org/?p=102|archive-date=2011-05-19|url-status=live }}</ref> On 20 January 2006, the first commercial venture to use MusicBrainz data was the [[Barcelona]], Spain-based [[Linkara (Social networking service)|Linkara]] in their [[Linkara Música]] service.<ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Kaye|url=http://blog.musicbrainz.org/archives/2006/01/introducing_lin_1.html|title=Introducing: Linkara Musica|publisher=MusicBrainz|date=2006-01-20|access-date=2006-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907114640/http://blog.musicbrainz.org/archives/2006/01/introducing_lin_1.html|archive-date=2008-09-07|url-status=live }}</ref>
 
On 28 June 2007, BBC announced that it had licensed MusicBrainz's live data feed to augment their music web pages. The BBC online music editors would also join the MusicBrainz community to contribute their knowledge to the database.<ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Kaye|url=http://blog.musicbrainz.org/archives/2007/06/the_bbc_partner.html|title=The BBC partners with MusicBrainz for Music Metadata|publisher=MusicBrainz|date=2007-06-28|access-date=2007-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630132119/http://blog.musicbrainz.org/archives/2007/06/the_bbc_partner.html|archive-date=2007-06-30|url-status=live }}</ref>
 
On 28 July 2008, the beta of the new BBC Music site was launched, which publishes a page for each MusicBrainz artist.<ref>{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Shorter|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2008/07/bbc_music_artist_pages_beta.html|title=BBC Music Artist Pages Beta|publisher=BBC|date=2008-07-28|access-date=2009-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124015619/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2008/07/bbc_music_artist_pages_beta.html|archive-date=2009-01-24|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/brainz  MusicBrainz and the BBC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220070709/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/brainz/|date=2018-02-20 }} as of 2013-03-16</ref>


== Client software ==
== Client software ==
* [[Amarok (software)|Amarok]] – [[KDE]] audio player
* [[Amarok (software)|Amarok]] – [[KDE]] audio player
* [[Banshee (music player)|Banshee]] – multi-platform audio player
* [[Banshee (media player)|Banshee]] – multi-platform audio player
* Beets – automatic [[Command-line interface|CLI]] music tagger/organiser for Unix-like systems
* Beets – automatic [[Command-line interface|CLI]] music tagger/organiser for Unix-like systems
* [[Clementine (software)|Clementine]] – multi-platform audio player
* [[Clementine (software)|Clementine]] – multi-platform audio player
* [[CDex]] – [[Microsoft Windows]] [[CD ripper]]
* [[CDex]] – [[Microsoft Windows]] [[CD ripper]]
* Demlo – a dynamic and extensible music manager using a [[command-line interface|CLI]]
* Demlo – a dynamic and extensible music manager using a CLI
* [[iEatBrainz]] – [[macOS|Mac OS X]] deprecated
* [[Exact Audio Copy]] – Microsoft Windows CD ripper
* foo_musicbrainz component for [[Foobar 2000]] – Music Library/Audio Player
* iEatBrainz – [[MacOS]]X, deprecated
* foo_musicbrainz component for [[foobar2000]] – music library/audio Player
* [[Jaikoz]] – [[Java (programming language)|Java]] mass tag editor
* [[Jaikoz]] – [[Java (programming language)|Java]] mass tag editor
* Max – Mac OS X CD ripper and audio [[transcode]]r
* Max – Mac OS X CD ripper and audio [[transcode]]r
* [[Mp3tag]] – Windows metadata editor and music organizer
* [[Mp3tag]] – Windows metadata editor and music organizer
* [[MusicBrainz Picard]] – cross-platform album-oriented tag editor
* [[MusicBrainz Picard]] – cross-platform album-oriented tag editor
* [[MusicBrainz Tagger]] – deprecated Microsoft Windows tag editor
* MusicBrainz Tagger – deprecated [[Microsoft Windows]] tag editor
* [[puddletag]] – a [[tag editor]] for [[PyQt]] under the [[GNU General Public License#Version 3|GPLv3]]
* [[puddletag]] – a [[tag editor]] for [[PyQt]] under the [[GPLv3]]
* [[Rhythmbox]] music player – an audio player for Unix-like systems
* [[Rhythmbox]] music player – an audio player for Unix-like systems
* [[Sound Juicer]] – GNOME CD ripper
* [[Sound Juicer]] – GNOME CD ripper
* Zortam Mp3 Media Studio – [[Windows]] music organizer and ID3 Tag Editor.
* Zortam Mp3 Media Studio – [[Windows]] music organizer and ID3 tag editor
 
[[Freedb]] clients could also access MusicBrainz data through the freedb protocol by using the MusicBrainz to FreeDB gateway service, mb2freedb. The gateway was shut down on March 18, 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.metabrainz.org/2018/09/18/freedb-gateway-end-of-life-notice-march-18-2019/ | title=Freedb gateway: End of life notice, March 18, 2019 | date=2018-09-18 | website=MetaBrainz Blog | access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[List of online music databases]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
==Further reading==
* ''[http://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/files/student_projects/jhemerly_mims_finalproject.pdf Making Metadata: The Case of MusicBrainz]''. Jess Hemerly. Master's project at UC Berkeley. 2011.


== Other websites ==
==External links==
* {{url|http://musicbrainz.org|MusicBrainz}} – official site
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{Official website|https://coverartarchive.org|Cover Art Archive}} – official site
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/brainz MusicBrainz] info at the [[BBC Online|BBC Music]] site
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/brainz MusicBrainz] info at the [[BBC Online|BBC Music]] site


[[Category:Music media]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Musicbrainz}}
[[Category:MusicBrainz| ]]
[[Category:Acoustic fingerprinting]]
[[Category:Free-content websites]]
[[Category:Library 2.0]]
[[Category:Library cataloging and classification]]
[[Category:Metadata registry]]
[[Category:Multilingual websites]]
[[Category:Online music and lyrics databases]]
[[Category:Tag editors that use Qt]]
[[Category:American online encyclopedias]]

Latest revision as of 07:47, 17 March 2022


MusicBrainz is a MetaBrainz project that aims to create a collaborative music database that is similar to the freedb project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the restrictions placed on the Compact Disc Database (CDDB), a database for software applications to look up audio CD information on the Internet. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a CD metadata (this is information about the performers, artists, songwriters, etc.) storehouse to become a structured online database for music.[4][5]

MusicBrainz
MusicBrainz logo since February 2016
MusicBrainz homepage.
MusicBrainz homepage
Type of site
Online music encyclopedia[1]
Available inEnglish
OwnerMetaBrainz Foundation
Created byRobert Kaye
Websitemusicbrainz.org
CommercialNo
RegistrationOptional (required for editing data)
Users~250,000 active ever[2]
LaunchedJuly 17, 2000; 24 years ago (2000-07-17)[3]
Current statusOnline
Content license
Part Creative Commons Zero (open data) and part CC-BY-NC-SA (not open); commercial licensing available
Written inPerl with PostgreSQL database

MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their recorded works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and the length of each track. These entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the release date and country, the CD ID, cover art, acoustic fingerprint, free-form annotation text and other metadata. As of March 2022, MusicBrainz contained information on roughly 1.9 million artists, 3 million releases, and 26.5 million recordings.[2] End-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as ALAC, FLAC, MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC.

Cover Art ArchiveEdit

 
Logo of Cover Art Archive

MusicBrainz allows contributors to upload cover art images of releases to the database; these images are hosted by Cover Art Archive (CAA), a joint project between Internet Archive and MusicBrainz started in 2012. Internet Archive provides the bandwidth, storage and legal protection for hosting the images, while MusicBrainz stores metadata and provides public access through the web and via an API for third parties to use. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge of maintaining and reviewing the data.[6] Cover art is also provided for items on sale at Amazon.com and some other online resources, but CAA is now preferred because it gives the community more control and flexibility for managing the images.

FingerprintingEdit

Besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, must be used for this.

Proprietary servicesEdit

In 2000, MusicBrainz started using Relatable's patented TRM (a recursive acronym for TRM Recognizes Music) for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly. However, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP (now AmpliFIND), replacing TRM with MusicDNS.[7] TRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008.

In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by AmpliFIND.[8] Some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems.

AcoustID and ChromaprintEdit

Since the future of the free identification service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for AcoustID identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský.[9] While AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 pitch classes, storing these eight times per second. Additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns.[10] The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity and returns the AcoustID identifier along with MusicBrainz recording identifiers, if known.

LicensingEdit

Since 2003,[11] MusicBrainz's core data (artists, recordings, releases, and so on) are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data (essentially every original content contributed by users and its elaborations), is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license.[12] The relational database management system is PostgreSQL. The server software is covered by the GNU General Public License. The MusicBrainz client software library, libmusicbrainz, is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, which allows use of the code by proprietary software products.

In December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit group, by its creator Robert Kaye.[13] On 20 January 2006, the first commercial venture to use MusicBrainz data was the Barcelona, Spain-based Linkara in their Linkara Música service.[14]

On 28 June 2007, BBC announced that it had licensed MusicBrainz's live data feed to augment their music web pages. The BBC online music editors would also join the MusicBrainz community to contribute their knowledge to the database.[15]

On 28 July 2008, the beta of the new BBC Music site was launched, which publishes a page for each MusicBrainz artist.[16][17]

Client softwareEdit

Freedb clients could also access MusicBrainz data through the freedb protocol by using the MusicBrainz to FreeDB gateway service, mb2freedb. The gateway was shut down on March 18, 2019.[18]

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ "About". MusicBrainz. MetaBrainz. Archived from the original on 2015-05-08. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Database Statistics". MusicBrainz. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
  3. ↑ "WHOIS Lookup". ICANN. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  4. ↑ Highfield, Ashley. "Keynote speech given at IEA Future Of Broadcasting Conference Archived 2008-04-22 at the Wayback Machine", BBC Press Office, 2007-06-27. Retrieved on 2008-02-11.
  5. ↑ Swartz, A. (2002). "MusicBrainz: A semantic Web service" (PDF). IEEE Intelligent Systems. 17: 76–77. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.380.9338. doi:10.1109/5254.988466. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
  6. ↑ Fabian Scherschel (10 October 2012). "MusicBrainz and Internet Archive create cover art database". The H. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013.
  7. ↑ "New fingerprinting technology available now!" (Press release). MusicBrainz community blog. 2006-03-12. Archived from the original on 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2006-08-03.
  8. ↑ AmpliFIND Music Services: News Archived 2013-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ "Introducing Chromaprint – Lukáš Lalinský". Oxygene.sk. 2010-07-24. Archived from the original on 2018-10-10. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
  10. ↑ Jang, Dalwon; Yoo, Chang D; Lee, Sunil; Kim, Sungwoong; Kalker, Ton (2011-01-18). "How does Chromaprint work? – Lukáš Lalinský". IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. 4 (4): 995–1004. doi:10.1109/TIFS.2009.2034452. S2CID 1502596. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
  11. ↑ "MusicBrainz Licenses". Archived from the original on April 13, 2003. Retrieved 2015-10-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  12. ↑ MusicBrainz License as of 13-11-2010.
  13. ↑ Kaye, Robert (2006-03-12). "The MetaBrainz Foundation launches!" (Press release). MusicBrainz community blog. Archived from the original on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2006-08-03.
  14. ↑ Kaye, Robert (2006-01-20). "Introducing: Linkara Musica". MusicBrainz. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2006-08-12.
  15. ↑ Kaye, Robert (2007-06-28). "The BBC partners with MusicBrainz for Music Metadata". MusicBrainz. Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
  16. ↑ Shorter, Matthew (2008-07-28). "BBC Music Artist Pages Beta". BBC. Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  17. ↑ MusicBrainz and the BBC Archived 2018-02-20 at the Wayback Machine as of 2013-03-16
  18. ↑ "Freedb gateway: End of life notice, March 18, 2019". MetaBrainz Blog. 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2020-02-12.

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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