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{{short description|Younger brother and close companion of the Hindu god Rama}} | |||
{{About|the Hindu deity|other uses|Lakshman (disambiguation)}} | |||
{{Infobox deity | {{Infobox deity | ||
| type = Hindu | | type = Hindu | ||
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| abode = [[Vaikuntha]], [[Kshira Sagara]] | | abode = [[Vaikuntha]], [[Kshira Sagara]] | ||
| siblings = [[Shatrughna]] (brother)<br>[[Rama]] (half-brother)<br>[[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] (half-brother)<br>[[Shanta]] (half-sister) | | siblings = [[Shatrughna]] (brother)<br>[[Rama]] (half-brother)<br>[[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] (half-brother)<br>[[Shanta]] (half-sister) | ||
| parents = [[Dasharatha]] (father)<br />[[Sumitra]] (mother)<br />[[Kausalya|Kaushalya]] (step-mother)<br />[[Kaikeyi]] (step-mother) | | parents = [[Dasharatha]] (father)<br />[[Sumitra]] (mother)<br />[[Kausalya|Kaushalya]] (step-mother)<br />[[Kaikeyi]] (step-mother) | ||
| birth_place = Ayodhya | | birth_place = Ayodhya | ||
| death_place = Sarayu river, Ayodhya | | death_place = Sarayu river, Ayodhya | ||
}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} | ||
'''Lakshmana''' ({{lang-sa|लक्ष्मण|lit=the fortunate one|translit=Lakṣmaṇa}}), also spelled as '''Laxmana''', is the younger brother of [[Rama]] and his loyalist in the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]''. He bears the epithets of '''Saumitra''' ({{Lang-sa|सौमित्र|lit=son of Sumitra|translit=Saumitra}}) and '''Ramanuja''' ({{Lang-sa|रामानुज|lit=younger brother of Rama|translit=Rāmānuja}}). He is the twin of [[Shatrughna]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Lakshmana, Lakṣmaṇa, Lakṣmaṇā: 34 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/lakshmana |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> | '''Lakshmana''' ({{lang-sa|लक्ष्मण|lit=the fortunate one|translit=Lakṣmaṇa}}), also spelled as '''Laxmana(Lakhan)''', is the younger brother of [[Rama]] and his loyalist in the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]''. He bears the epithets of '''Saumitra''' ({{Lang-sa|सौमित्र|lit=son of Sumitra|translit=Saumitra}}) and '''Ramanuja''' ({{Lang-sa|रामानुज|lit=younger brother of Rama|translit=Rāmānuja}}). He is the twin of [[Shatrughna]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Lakshmana, Lakṣmaṇa, Lakṣmaṇā: 34 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/lakshmana |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> | ||
== Legend == | == Legend == | ||
=== Birth and marriage === | === Birth and marriage === | ||
[[File: Four Sons of Dasaratha.jpg|thumb|250px|Birth of the four sons of Dasharatha]] | [[File: Four Sons of Dasaratha.jpg|thumb|250px|Birth of the four sons of Dasharatha]] | ||
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When Sita asked Rama to fetch a magical golden hind for her, Rama asked Lakshmana to stand guard as he sensed danger and evil. The golden hind was in fact the demon [[Maricha]], who distracted Rama. When Rama killed Maricha, he cried out in his own voice for help. Although Lakshmana knew that Rama was invincible and beyond any danger, Sita panicked and frantically ordered Lakshmana to go to Rama's aid immediately. Unable to disobey Sita, Lakshmana drew a perimeter line ([[Lakshmana Rekha]] or Lakshmana's line), which Sita must not cross and went in search of Rama. Sita, however, out of compulsion of religious duty and compassion for Ravana, who was disguised as a poor [[Brahmin]], crossed the line to give him alms, following which she was abducted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pauwels |first=Heidi R. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSRXu4pcyCsC&dq=lakshmana+rekha&pg=PA396 |title=The Goddess as Role Model: Sita and Radha in Scripture and on Screen |date=2008-10-09 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-970857-4 |pages=396 |language=en}}</ref> | When Sita asked Rama to fetch a magical golden hind for her, Rama asked Lakshmana to stand guard as he sensed danger and evil. The golden hind was in fact the demon [[Maricha]], who distracted Rama. When Rama killed Maricha, he cried out in his own voice for help. Although Lakshmana knew that Rama was invincible and beyond any danger, Sita panicked and frantically ordered Lakshmana to go to Rama's aid immediately. Unable to disobey Sita, Lakshmana drew a perimeter line ([[Lakshmana Rekha]] or Lakshmana's line), which Sita must not cross and went in search of Rama. Sita, however, out of compulsion of religious duty and compassion for Ravana, who was disguised as a poor [[Brahmin]], crossed the line to give him alms, following which she was abducted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pauwels |first=Heidi R. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSRXu4pcyCsC&dq=lakshmana+rekha&pg=PA396 |title=The Goddess as Role Model: Sita and Radha in Scripture and on Screen |date=2008-10-09 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-970857-4 |pages=396 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
During the war between [[Rama]] and [[Ravana]], Lakshmana killed [[Indrajit|Indrajita]] and [[Atikaya]], who were the sons of Ravana. Before he killed Indrajita, Lakhshmana | During the war between [[Rama]] and [[Ravana]], Lakshmana killed [[Indrajit|Indrajita]] and [[Atikaya]], who were the sons of Ravana. Before he killed Indrajita, Lakhshmana was wounded deceitfully by [[Indrajit|Indrajita]], and [[Hanuman]]'s intervention saved him from certain death.<ref name="Ramayana">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wzg6wFJ5xwC | title=Ramayana | publisher=University of California Press | author=B. A van Nooten William | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-520-22703-3}}</ref> | ||
=== After exile === | === After exile === | ||
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===Renunciation of life=== | ===Renunciation of life=== | ||
Sage [[Durvasa]] appeared at Rama's doorstep, and seeing Lakshmana guarding the door, demanded an audience with Rama. At the time, Rama was having a private conversation with [[Yama]]. Before the conversation began, Yama gave Rama strict instructions that their dialogue was to remain confidential, and anyone who entered the room was to be relieved of their life. Rama agreed and entrusted Lakshmana with the duty of guarding his door. When Durvasa made his demand, Lakshmana politely refused. The sage grew angry and threatened to curse all of Ayodhya if Lakshmana did not immediately inform Rama of his arrival. Lakshmana, in a dilemma, decided it would be better that he alone die to save all of Ayodhya from falling under Durvasa's curse and so interrupted Rama's meeting to inform him of the sage's arrival. Durvasa cursed him that he should go to heaven alive. Rama quickly concluded his meeting with Yama and received the sage with due courtesy. In order to fulfil his brother's promise, Lakshmana went to the banks of the river [[Sarayu]], resolved on giving up the world by drowning himself in the | Sage [[Durvasa]] appeared at Rama's doorstep, and seeing Lakshmana guarding the door, demanded an audience with Rama. At the time, Rama was having a private conversation with [[Yama]]. Before the conversation began, Yama gave Rama strict instructions that their dialogue was to remain confidential, and anyone who entered the room was to be relieved of their life. Rama agreed and entrusted Lakshmana with the duty of guarding his door. When Durvasa made his demand, Lakshmana politely refused. The sage grew angry and threatened to curse all of Ayodhya if Lakshmana did not immediately inform Rama of his arrival. Lakshmana, in a dilemma, decided it would be better that he alone die to save all of Ayodhya from falling under Durvasa's curse and so interrupted Rama's meeting to inform him of the sage's arrival. Durvasa cursed him that he should go to heaven alive. Rama quickly concluded his meeting with Yama and received the sage with due courtesy. In order to fulfil his brother's promise, Lakshmana went to the banks of the river [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]], resolved on giving up the world by drowning himself in the Sarayu. From there, Indra removed Lakshmana from the water and took him alive to heaven.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-02|title=When Sri Rama gives death penalty to Laxman|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/ram-and-laxman-katha-in-hindi-ramayan-ram-laxman-and-parshuram-story-sc93-nu612-1081526-1.html|access-date=2020-06-17|website=News Track|language=en}}</ref> | ||
==In popular | ==In popular belief == | ||
[[File: Rama, Lakshman and Sita at the Kalaram Temple, Nashik..jpg|thumb|Rama is often worshiped with Lakshmana (left) and Sita on his sides; [[Kalaram Temple]], [[Nashik]].]]Lakshmana was depicted by the [[Ramayana]] as a man with unwavering loyalty, love and commitment to his elder brother, through times of joy and adversity alike. | [[File: Rama, Lakshman and Sita at the Kalaram Temple, Nashik..jpg|thumb|Rama is often worshiped with Lakshmana (left) and Sita on his sides; [[Kalaram Temple]], [[Nashik]].]]Lakshmana was depicted by the [[Ramayana]] as a man with unwavering loyalty, love and commitment to his elder brother, through times of joy and adversity alike. | ||
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Lakshmana is referred to as Vasudeva in the Jain Ramayana. According to the Jain Ramayana, it was Lakshmana who killed [[Ravana]], not [[Rama]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-10|title=No exaggerations: The truth behind what happened in the Ramayana|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/no-exaggerations-the-truth-behind-what-happened-in-the-ramayana/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> | Lakshmana is referred to as Vasudeva in the Jain Ramayana. According to the Jain Ramayana, it was Lakshmana who killed [[Ravana]], not [[Rama]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-10|title=No exaggerations: The truth behind what happened in the Ramayana|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/no-exaggerations-the-truth-behind-what-happened-in-the-ramayana/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> | ||
== Worship == | |||
In the [[Medak district]] of [[Telangana]], there is a temple called Sri Kalyana Ramachandra Sannadhi that is dedicated to Lakshmana and Urmila. This temple is the only one in India that has installed statues of Rama's brothers and their wives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Kalyana Ramachandra Swamy temple: Small wonder on a hillock |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/031217/hyderabad-small-wonder-on-a-hillock.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=3 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=This unique Rama temple near Hyderabad where Hanuman finds no place |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/unique-rama-temple-near-hyderabad-where-hanuman-finds-no-place-41757 |work=The News Minute |date=17 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
In Bharatpur district of Rajasthan, there is another temple dedicated to Lakshmana and Urmila. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://devasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/images/Bharatpur/laxmanji.htm | title=Temple Profile: Mandir Shri Laxman Ji | work=[[Government of Rajasthan]] | access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> | |||
== In popular culture == | |||
*Portrayed by Sunil Lahri in 1987–1988 Indian epic drama ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramayana cast and characters: A full list|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/article/ramayana-cast-and-characters-a-full-list/579445|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref> | |||
*Portrayed by Manish Khanna in 1997-2000 Indian epic drama ''[[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)|Jai Hanuman]]'' | |||
*Portrayed by Bijay Anand in 2002 Indian epic drama ''[[Ramayan (2002 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' | |||
*Portrayed by Ankit Arora in 2008 Indian epic drama ''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' | |||
*Portrayed by Karan Suchak in 2015–2016 Indian epic drama ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]'' | |||
*Portrayed by Navi Bhangu in 2019–2020 Indian epic drama ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]'' | |||
*Portrayed as Shesh by [[Sunny_Singh_(actor)|Sunny Singh]] in 2023 Bollywood movie ''[[Adipurush]]'' | |||
== Gallery == | == Gallery == | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
* | * | ||
{{Ramayana}} | {{Ramayana}} | ||