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{{ | {{Short description|Sparrow species of bird found in South Asia}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} | |||
{{featured article}} | |||
{{Speciesbox | |||
| name = Sind sparrow | |||
| image = Sind Sparrow (Passer pyrrhonotus).jpg | |||
| image_caption = Male at at Head Marala, [[Punjab, Pakistan]]<br/> | |||
|image2 =20190222 Sind Sparrow.ogg | |||
|image2_caption =Calls (recorded in [[Bikaner]]) | |||
| status = LC | |||
| status_system = IUCN3.1 | |||
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Passer pyrrhonotus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22718183A94571377 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718183A94571377.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | |||
| genus = Passer | |||
| species = pyrrhonotus | |||
| authority = [[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1845 | |||
| range_map = PasserPyrrhonotusMap.svg | |||
| range_map_caption = Approximate limits of the Sind sparrow's breeding (green) and winter dispersal (sky blue) range, within which it is very local | |||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Sind sparrow''' (''Passer pyrrhonotus''), also known as the ''' | The '''Sind sparrow''' (''Passer pyrrhonotus'') is a [[passerine]] bird of the [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]] [[family (biology)|family]], Passeridae, found around the [[Indus]] valley region in [[South Asia]]. It is also known as the '''jungle''', '''Sind jungle''', or '''rufous-backed sparrow'''. Very similar to the related [[house sparrow]], it is smaller and has distinguishing [[plumage]] features. As in the house sparrow, the male has brighter plumage than female and young birds, including black markings and a grey crown. Distinctively, the male has a chestnut stripe running down its head behind the eye, and the female has a darker head than other sparrow species. Its main [[bird vocalization|vocalisations]] are soft chirping calls that are extended into longer songs with other sounds interspersed by breeding males. Historically, this species was thought to be very closely related to the house sparrow, but its closest evolutionary affinities may lie elsewhere. The species was discovered around 1840, but went undetected for several decades afterwards. | ||
Within its Indus valley breeding range in [[Pakistan]] and western [[India]], the Sind sparrow is patchily distributed in riverine and wetland habitats with thorny scrub and tall grass. During the non-breeding season, some birds enter drier habitats as they disperse short distances from their breeding habitat, or migrate into western Pakistan and the extreme east of [[Iran]]. Since this species is fairly common and expanding its range, it is assessed as [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]]. The Sind sparrow is social while feeding and gathers in small groups both while breeding and during winter dispersal. It feeds mostly on seeds and less often on insects, foraging close to the ground. Nests are made in the branches of thorny trees, and are untidy globular masses constructed from grass or other plant matter and lined with softer material. Both sexes are involved in building the nest and caring for the young, and usually raise two clutches of three to five young each breeding season. | |||
== | == Description == | ||
{{ | [[File:Sind Sparrow Female.jpg|thumb|left|Female at National Capital Region, Delhi.]] | ||
The Sind sparrow is very similar to the [[house sparrow]], and both sexes resemble their counterparts of that species, but it is slightly smaller and males and females each have features that distinguish them as Sind sparrows. The Sind sparrow is {{convert|13|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, while the common South Asian [[subspecies]] of the house sparrow, ''Passer domesticus indicus'', is {{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Wingspans range from {{convert|6.2|to|7.0|cm|in|abbr=on}}, tails from {{convert|4.7|to|5.7|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and [[Bird measurement#tarsus|tarsi]] measure {{convert|1.6|-|1.9|cm|in}}.<ref name=Summers194-195>{{harvnb|Summers-Smith|1988|pp=194–195}}</ref> | |||
The breeding male has a short and narrow black bib and a broad chestnut eye stripe that does not meet the [[Bird topography|mantle]].<ref name=pcr/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Currie|first=A. J.|year=1916|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30152155|pages=561–577|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=24|title=The Birds of Lahore and the Vicinity|issue=3|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728045528/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30152155|archive-date=28 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The male has a grey [[crown (anatomy)|crown]] and [[nape]] and a [[rufous]] lower back and rump. The female has a darker and greyer crown and cheek than the female house sparrow and the shoulder is darker chestnut.<ref name=pcr/> The female [[Dead Sea sparrow]] of the subspecies ''Passer moabiticus yattii'' is also similar to the female Sind sparrow, but has yellow tinges on the underparts and sometimes on parts of the head.<ref>{{harvnb|Porter|Christensen|Schiermacker-Hansen|1996|p=410}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Oates|1890|pp=238–239}}</ref> The bill is black on the breeding male and pale brown on the non-breeding male and female. With a [[Culmen (bird)|culmen]] length of {{convert|1.1|-|1.3|cm|in}}, the Sind sparrow is slightly smaller-billed than the house sparrow.<ref name=Summers194-195/><ref name=pcr>{{harvnb|Rasmussen|Anderton|2005|p=575}}</ref> | |||
[[ | The Sind sparrow's chirping ''chup'' call is softer, less strident, and higher pitched than that of the house sparrow, and is easily distinguished.<ref name=Summers198/><ref name=aliripley/> The song of breeding males includes chirrups interspersed with grating ''t-r-r-rt'' notes and short warbles or whistles.<ref name=Summers198>{{harvnb|Summers-Smith|1988|p=198}}</ref><ref name=aliripley>{{harvnb|Ali|Ripley|1999|pages=76–77}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Currie|first=A. J.|year=1909|title=The Rufous-backed Sparrow (''Passer pyrrhonotus'') nesting in the Punjab|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=19|issue=1|pages=259–260|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5449799|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182512/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5449799|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
[[ | |||
[[ | == Taxonomy == | ||
[[File:PasserPyrrhonotusKeulemans.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of a pair by [[John Gerrard Keulemans]], 1888]] | |||
The Sind sparrow was first formally described by [[Edward Blyth]], from a specimen collected by [[Alexander Burnes]] at [[Bahawalpur]] in around 1840.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Blyth|first= E.|year=1845|title=Synopsis of Indian Fringillidae|journal= Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume=XIII |issue=156|pages= 944–963|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalasiatics08benggoog#page/n485/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Whistler, H.|year=1925|title=A note on the weavers and finches of the Punjab. Part 2|pages=406–417|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=30|issue=2|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47561820|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110856/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47561820|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Blyth's description was published in an issue of the ''[[Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal]]'' which, although dated 1844, was published only in 1845.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dickinson|first1=E. C.|first2=A.|last2=Pittie|url=http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/80/nr05/a05|title=Systematic notes on Asian birds. 51. Dates of avian names introduced in early volumes of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|journal=Zoologische Mededelingen|location=Leiden|volume=80-5|issue=3|date=21 December 2006|pages=113–124|access-date=18 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724174023/http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/80/nr05/a05|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The sparrow was not recorded until 36 years later, despite the efforts of noted ornithologists [[Allan Octavian Hume]] in [[Sindh]] and [[William Thomas Blanford]] in eastern Iran.<ref name=Summers194-195/><ref>{{harvnb|Blanford|1876|p=255}}</ref> This was probably because of its general similarity to the house sparrow,<ref name=Summers194-195/> though additionally, Blyth's description of the species incorrectly described its rump feathers as [[maroon (color)|maroon]], and a description by [[Thomas C. Jerdon]] contained similar errors.<ref name=1880Notes/> Commenting on his unsuccessful search, Hume wrote that the hundreds of house sparrows he killed in pursuit of the Sind sparrow "ought to form a heavy load" on Blyth's conscience, and that if the Sind sparrow existed "it would be only decent for it ... to put on an appearance with as little delay as possible".<ref>{{harvnb|Hume|1873|p=209}}</ref> Hume doubted its distinction, as did other ornithologists.<ref name=1880Notes>{{cite journal|last=Hume|first=A. O.|year=1880|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29834567|title=Notes|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=9|issue=3|pages=232–234|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110900/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29834567|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sind sparrow was rediscovered by Scrope Berdmore Doig in 1880, in the Eastern Nara district.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Doig|first=S. B.|year=1880|title=Birds Nesting on the Eastern Narra. Additions and Alterations.|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29834612|pages=277–282|volume=9|issue=4|journal=Stray Feathers|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110734/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29834612|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Hume1881>{{cite journal|last=Hume|first=A. O.|year=1881|title=''Passer pyrrhonotus'', Blyth|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=9|issue=5&6|pages=442–445|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29834781|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110804/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29834781|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=James|first=H. E. M.|year=1893|pages=322–325|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=8|title=Sind as a Field for the Naturalist|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30402994|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110907/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30402994|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ernst Hartert]] considered it a subspecies of the house sparrow, ''Passer domesticus pyrrhonotus'', in his ''Die Vögel der paläarktishen Fauna'',<ref>{{harvnb|Hartert|1903|p=151}}</ref> but Doig and [[Claud Ticehurst]] both found that the two species [[sympatry|bred in the same areas without interbreeding]].<ref name=Summers194-195/><ref name=Ticehurst>{{harvnb|Ticehurst|1922|pp=651–653}}</ref> | |||
The specific epithet of the Sind sparrow, ''pyrrhonotus'', comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''purrhos'' ("flame-coloured"), and ''-nōtos'' ("-backed").<ref>{{harvnb|Jobling|2010|p=237}}</ref> [[E. C. Stuart Baker]] suggested the English name ''rufous-backed sparrow'', but as this name might cause confusion with other species, Ticehurst suggested the name ''Sind jungle-sparrow'', which became the accepted name for the species. This name refers to [[Sindh]], a province now in Pakistan which makes up a large part of the Sind sparrow's range, and the [[jungle]] habitat of the bird (in the word's original sense of tangled dry thicket).<ref name=Summers194-195/><ref name=Ticehurst/> This name is shortened to ''jungle sparrow'' or ''Sind sparrow'', of which the first was used in the [[IOC World Bird List]], until ''Sind sparrow'' was adopted in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates-en.html |editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=F. |editor2-first=D. |editor2-last=Donsker |year=2011 |work=IOC World Bird Names (version 2.10) |access-date=7 November 2011 |title=English Name Updates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107165353/http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates-en.html |archive-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
The Sind sparrow is a member of the genus ''[[Passer]]'', which contains the house sparrow and around twenty other species.<ref>{{harvnb|Summers-Smith|1992| pp=3, 6}}</ref> In a 1936 review of the house sparrow's relatives, German ornithologist [[Wilhelm Meise]] suggested that the Sind sparrow evolved from an isolated population of house sparrows, noting that the Indus valley is a centre of small bird types.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Meise|first=Wilhelm|title=Zur Systematik und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Haus- und Weidensperlinge, ''Passer domesticus'' (L.) und ''hispaniolensis'' (T.)|year=1936|journal=Journal für Ornithologie|volume=84|issue=4|pages=631–672|doi=10.1007/BF01951015|s2cid=39371043|language=German}}</ref> British ornithologist [[J. Denis Summers-Smith]] considered the Sind sparrow to be part of the "[[Palaearctic]] black-bibbed sparrow" group including the house sparrow, though not one with a particularly close relationship with the house sparrow. Summer-Smith suggested that these species separated 25,000 to 15,000 years ago, during the [[last glacial period]], when sparrows would have been isolated in ice-free [[refugium (population biology)|refugia]], such as the [[Indus River Delta]], where he thought the Sind sparrow evolved.<ref>{{harvnb|Summers-Smith|1988|pp=279–280, 288–289, 304–305}}</ref><ref name=HBW>{{harvnb|Summers-Smith|2009|p=795}}</ref> However, studies of [[mitochondrial DNA]] indicate an earlier origin of ''Passer'' species, with speciation occurring as early as the late [[Miocene]] and early [[Pliocene]], about 5 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Allende|first= Luis M.|author2=Rubio, Isabel |author3=Ruíz-del-Valle, Valentin |author4=Guillén, Jesus |author5=Martínez-Laso, Jorge |author6=Lowy, Ernesto |author7=Varela, Pilar |author8=Zamora, Jorge |author9= Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio | year= 2001 | title= The Old World sparrows (genus ''Passer'') phylogeography and their relative abundance of nuclear mtDNA pseudogenes | journal= [[Journal of Molecular Evolution]] | volume=53| pmid= 11479685 | pages= 144–154| url = http://chopo.pntic.mec.es/~biolmol/publicaciones/Passer.pdf | issue= 2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034443/http://chopo.pntic.mec.es/~biolmol/publicaciones/Passer.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011 | doi=10.1007/s002390010202|bibcode= 2001JMolE..53..144A|citeseerx= 10.1.1.520.4878|s2cid= 21782750}}</ref> Hume and Ticehurst observed a resemblance, and a possible relation, between the Sind sparrow and the Dead Sea sparrow of the Middle East and Balochistan.<ref name=Hume1881/><ref name=Ticehurst/> [[William Robert Ogilvie-Grant]] and [[Henry Ogg Forbes]] saw a resemblance to the [[Abd al-Kuri sparrow]], endemic to the island of [[Abd al-Kuri]], in their 1899 description of that species,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ogilvie-Grant|first1=W. R.|last2=Forbes|first2=Henry O.|title=The Expedition to Sokotra I. Descriptions of the New Species of Birds|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12801242|journal=Bulletin of the Liverpool Museums Under the City Council|date=May 1899|volume=II|issue=1|pages=2–3|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820150353/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12801242|archive-date=20 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> noted upon by Guy M. Kirwan in a 2008 study.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kirwan|first=Guy M.|year=2008|title=Studies of Socotran Birds III. Morphological and mensural evidence for a 'new' species in the Rufous Sparrow ''Passer motitensis'' complex endemic to the island of Abd 'Al Kuri, with the validation of ''Passer insularis'' Sclater & Hartlaub, 1881|journal=[[Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club]]|volume=128|issue=2|pages=83–93|url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofbritis128brit#page/82|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020223542/https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofbritis128brit/#page/82|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
== Distribution and habitat == | |||
[[File:Sind Sparrow (Passer pyrrhonotus)'s nest at Sultanpur I Picture 171.jpg|thumb|left|Nest at [[Sultanpur National Park]] in India]] | |||
The Sind sparrow has a restricted distribution, primarily occurring within the Indus valley of Pakistan, and the lower parts of the tributaries of the Indus in the [[Punjab region]]. Its distribution extends from the Indus Delta north to the [[Kabul River]] near [[Nowshera, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]] and the [[Jhelum]] near [[Nurpur Noon]], extending east into India as far as the [[Delhi]] area.<ref name=Summers195-196>{{harvnb|Summers-Smith|1988|pp=195–196}}</ref><ref name=extension/> It also breeds locally in parts of Pakistan's western province of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]],<ref name=Summers195-196/><ref name=Pakistan/> and has been recorded several times in south-eastern Iran.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Podoces |year=2008 |volume=3 |issue=1/2 |pages=1–30 |title=Rare Birds in Iran in the Late 1960s and 1970s |last=Scott |first=Derek A. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724130634/http://www.wesca.net/Podoces/Podoces3/PODOCES%203_1-2_%20Rare%20Birds%20in%20Iran%20in%20the%201970s.pdf |url=http://www.wesca.net/Podoces/Podoces3/PODOCES%203_1-2_%20Rare%20Birds%20in%20Iran%20in%20the%201970s.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.wesca.net/Podoces/Podoces4.1/PODOCES%204(1)-%20Rare%20Birds%20of%20Iran,%201860s-1960s.pdf|journal=Podoces|year=2009|volume=4|issue=1|pages=1–27|title=Review of Rare Birds in Iran, 1860s–1960s|first1=Cees S.|last1=Roselaar|last2=Aliabadiani|first2=Mansour|access-date=21 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724130639/http://www.wesca.net/Podoces/Podoces4.1/PODOCES%204(1)-%20Rare%20Birds%20of%20Iran,%201860s-1960s.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sind sparrow is somewhat common in its restricted breeding range,<ref name=Pakistan/> and no threats are known to the survival of the species, so it is assessed as [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> | |||
During winter, it often makes short-distance movements, and some birds move into parts of western Pakistan and an adjoining corner of [[Iran]], and less commonly north-western [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name=pcr/><ref name=Pakistan>{{harvnb|Roberts|1992|pp=478–480}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bapat|first=N. N.|year=1992|title=Sind Jungle Sparrow ''Passer pyrrhonotus'' Blyth in North-West Gujarat|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=89|issue=3|page=378|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48732858|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904111143/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48732858|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Longer movements may occur, as suggested by a possible sighting in the [[United Arab Emirates]] in November 2000.<ref name=HBW/> | |||
It mostly breeds in [[acacia]] and [[tamarisk]] scrub and tall grass, invariably near rivers or other wetlands.<ref name=Clement>{{harvnb|Clement|Harris|Davis|1993|p=448}}</ref> The construction and expansion of irrigation canals has increased its habitat in Sindh, and helped it extend its range into the [[Yamuna]] floodplain and parts of [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name=extension>{{cite journal|last1=Harvey|first1=B|last2=Sharma|first2=S. C.|year=2002|title=The initial colonisation of the Yamuna flood plain by the Sind Sparrow ''Passer pyrrhonotus''|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume= 99|issue=1|pages=35–43}}</ref><ref name=Pakistan/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sangha|first1=Harkirat Singh|last2=Kulshreshtha|first2=Manoj|year=2008|title=Locations of Sind Sparrow sightings along the Rajasthan Canal and the River Sutlej|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=105|issue=1|pages=91–92|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48368060|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110745/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48368060|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It may breed around rice paddies and other fields, or human habitations, provided that there is enough cover and suitable nesting sites. In winter, it moves away from its main riverine habitat, and into drier thickets characterised by ''[[Salvadora (plant)|Salvadora]]'' and ''[[Capparis]]'' bushes, but never moves too far from water.<ref name=Summers195-196/> | |||
== Behaviour == | |||
The Sind sparrow is gregarious, generally forming small groups of four to six birds while feeding. It tends to breed in loose colonies of a few pairs, and non-breeding birds may gather to roost in acacias or tamarisks near water.<ref name=Pakistan/><ref name=Summers196>{{harvnb|Summers-Smith|1988|p=196}}</ref> During winter, the non-breeding season, it forms larger flocks of as many as 30 birds, and joins flocks with other seed-eating birds, such as house sparrows and [[red avadavat]]s.<ref name=Summers196/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Whistler, H.|year=1922|title=The Birds of Jhang District, S. W. Punjab. Part I. Passerine Birds|journal=The Ibis|series=11th series|volume=4|issue=2|pages=259–309|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16357844|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919x.1922.tb01318.x|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808023427/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16357844|archive-date=8 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sind sparrow feeds mainly on the seeds of grasses and other plants such as ''[[Polygonum plebeium]]''. It may also forage for insects such as [[caterpillar]]s, especially to feed nestlings.<ref name=Summers198/> Flocks forage on flats alongside rivers, flying into nearby bushes and continuing to forage when disturbed.<ref name=aliripley/> | |||
Nesting occurs during a period of several months between April to September, the timing depending on rainfall, during which two clutches are raised by most pairs. Sind sparrows build nests in the upper branches of thorny trees or the ends of thin branches hanging over water.<ref name=pcr/><ref name=Ticehurst/><ref>{{harvnb|Baker|1926|page=174}}</ref> The nest is an untidy dome of grass and other plant matter, such as tamarisk twigs, roots, and reeds, with a diameter of about {{convert|9|to|18|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The nest has an entrance located higher up on the sides, is somewhat flat on top, and is lined with softer plant material and feathers.<ref>{{harvnb|Summers-Smith|1988|pp=197–198}}</ref> The birds may sometimes build below the nests of [[egret]]s or extend the nest of a [[baya weaver]] or [[Indian pied myna]].<ref name=extension/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=A. E.|year=1912|title=Notes on Birds from Lahore|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=21|issue=3|pages=1073–1074|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30222502|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011190859/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30222502|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Both the male and female take part in nest building and incubation.<ref name=aliripley/> Clutches typically contain three to five eggs.<ref name=Summers198/> Scrope Doig described the eggs as being markedly smaller than the house sparrow's, measuring 0.7 × 0.5 in (1.3 × 1.8 cm) and similarly greenish or greyish with highly variable blotches, striations, and other markings.<ref>{{harvnb|Hume|1889|p=162}}</ref> | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
=== Works cited === | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
* {{cite book|last1=Ali|first1=S.|author-link=Salim Ali|first2=S. Dillon|last2=Ripley|authorlink2=Sidney Dillon Ripley|year=1999|edition=2nd|title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan, together with those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka|volume=10|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-565943-6}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Baker|first=E. C. Stuart|year=1926|author-link=E. C. Stuart Baker|title=Fauna of British India: Birds|volume=III|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=London|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/BakerFbiBirds3}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Blanford|first=W. T.|year=1876|title=Eastern Persia: An account of the journeys of the Persian Boundary Commission 1870-71-72. Volume 2. The Zoology and Geology|publisher=Macmillan and Co.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/stream/easternpersiaan01commgoog#page/n297/mode/1up}} | |||
* {{cite book|last1=Clement|first1=Peter|last2=Harris|first2=Alan|last3=Davis|first3=John|title = Finches and Sparrows: an Identification Guide|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1993|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-691-03424-9}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Hartert|first=Ernst|author-link=Ernst Hartert|title=Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. Systematische Übersicht der in Europa, Nord-Asien und der Mittelmeerregion vorkommenden Vögel|year=1903|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.14175|publisher=R. Friedlander und Sohn|location=Berlin|volume=I|language=German}} | |||
* {{cite journal|last=Hume|first=A. O.|year=1873|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30006997|title=Contributions to the Ornithology of India. Sindh, No. II|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=1|pages=91–289}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Hume|first=A. O.|year=1889|title=The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7502|editor-last=Oates|editor-first=Eugene William|volume=II|location=London|publisher=R. H. Porter|edition=2nd}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Jobling|first=James A.|year=2010|title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names|location=London|publisher=Christopher Helm|isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Oates|first=Eugene W.|author-link=Eugene William Oates|year=1890|title=Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Birds|editor=Blanford, W. T.|volume=II|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/20629169}} | |||
* {{cite book|last1=Porter|first1=R. F.|last2=Christensen|first2=F.|last3=Schiermacker-Hansen|first3=P.|year=1996|title=Field Guide to the Birds of the Middle East|place=London | publisher=T. & A. D. Poyser|isbn=978-0-85661-076-9}} | |||
* {{cite book|last1=Rasmussen|first1=P. C. |first2= J. C. |last2=Anderton|year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2: Attributes and Status|isbn=978-84-87334-66-5|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|location=Washington, D.C. and Barcelona|title-link=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide }} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Tom J.|year=1992|title=The Birds of Pakistan. Volume 2: Passeriformes: Pittas to Buntings|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-577405-4}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Summers-Smith|first=J. Denis|year=1988|others=illustrated by [[Robert Gillmor]]|title=The Sparrows: a study of the genus ''Passer''|publisher=T. & A. D. Poyser|location=[[Calton, Staffordshire]]|isbn=978-0-85661-048-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sparrowsstudyofg0000summ}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Summers-Smith |first=J. Denis|title=In Search of Sparrows|publisher=T. & A. D. Poyser |year=1992 |location=London |isbn=978-0-85661-073-8|others=illustrated by Euan Dunn}} | |||
* {{cite book|first=J. Denis|last=Summers-Smith|editor=del Hoyo, Josep|editor2=Elliott, Andrew|editor3=Christie, David|contribution=Family Passeridae (Old World Sparrows)|title=Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows|year=2009|location=Barcelona|publisher=Lynx Edicions|isbn=978-84-96553-50-7|title-link=Handbook of the Birds of the World}} | |||
* {{cite journal|last=Ticehurst|first=C. B.|year=1922|volume=4|series=11th series|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16358268|journal=The Ibis|title=The Birds of Sind (Part ii)|issue=4|pages=605–662}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
== External links == | |||
{{Commons|Passer pyrrhonotus}} | |||
{{Wikispecies|Passer pyrrhonotus}} | |||
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/sind-sparrow-passer-pyrrhonotus Sind sparrow] at the Internet Bird Collection | |||
* [http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com/PakistanBirdClub/sindsparrow.html Bird Specialties of Pakistan: Sind sparrow] at the Birdwatchers Club of Pakistan | |||
* [http://speciesguide.delhibird.net/internal/92/sparrow_sind.htm Sind sparrow] at delhibird.net | |||
{{Passeridae}} | |||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q746339}} | |||
[[Category:Passer|Sind sparrow]] | |||
[[Category:Birds of Sindh]] | |||
[[Category:Birds of Pakistan]] | |||
[[Category:Birds of North India]] | |||
[[Category:Birds described in 1844|Sind sparrow]] | |||
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Blyth|Sind sparrow]] | |||