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Maratha Navy: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Combined naval force of Maratha Empire}} | {{short description|Combined naval force of Maratha Empire}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January | {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=January | {{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox military unit | {{Infobox military unit | ||
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[[File:Diorama showing maratha naval tactics, National Museum, New Delhi (cropped).jpg |thumb|right|A diorama showing Maratha naval tactics, on display at the [[National Museum, New Delhi]]]] | [[File:Diorama showing maratha naval tactics, National Museum, New Delhi (cropped).jpg |thumb|right|A diorama showing Maratha naval tactics, on display at the [[National Museum, New Delhi]]]] | ||
The [[Battle of Surat]] of 1664 was a well-coordinated one, whereby the Maratha used their [[Maratha Army|Army]] and Navy in a coordinated way.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=September | The [[Battle of Surat]] of 1664 was a well-coordinated one, whereby the Maratha used their [[Maratha Army|Army]] and Navy in a coordinated way.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=September 2016}} In 1679, Shivaji annexed the island of [[Khanderi]], which was {{convert|11|mi}} off the entrance to [[Mumbai]]. In response the [[Company rule in India|English]] and the [[Siddi]] repeatedly attacked the island, but they were unable to oust the Maratha from the islands.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sridharan|first1=K|title=Sea: Our Saviour|year=2000|publisher=New Age International (P) Ltd.|isbn=81-224-1245-9|pages=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PiwJF7V4EQC&q=kanhoji+angre&pg=PA43}}</ref> | ||
Circa 1674, during Shivaji's coronation, the Portuguese at Goa noted and acknowledged the Maratha naval power and sent their emissary to Shivaji with gifts; they signed a treaty of friendship. Around this time, the Maratha Navy's strength was around 5,000 men and 57 warships. During its expedition to [[Karwar]] (present-day [[Karnataka]]), the navy possessed around 85 assorted [[Gallivat (boat)|''Gallivats'']] (warboat) ranging from 30 to 150 tons and 3 three-masted [[Grab (ship)|''Gurabs/Grabs'']] (warship).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Jaswant|title=Defending India|date=27 July 2016|publisher=MacMillan India Limited|isbn=978-0-333-93210-0|pages=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0K_DAAAQBAJ&q=maratha+navy+portuguese+mercenaries&pg=PA75}}</ref> | Circa 1674, during Shivaji's coronation, the Portuguese at Goa noted and acknowledged the Maratha naval power and sent their emissary to Shivaji with gifts; they signed a treaty of friendship. Around this time, the Maratha Navy's strength was around 5,000 men and 57 warships. During its expedition to [[Karwar]] (present-day [[Karnataka]]), the navy possessed around 85 assorted [[Gallivat (boat)|''Gallivats'']] (warboat) ranging from 30 to 150 tons and 3 three-masted [[Grab (ship)|''Gurabs/Grabs'']] (warship).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Jaswant|title=Defending India|date=27 July 2016|publisher=MacMillan India Limited|isbn=978-0-333-93210-0|pages=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0K_DAAAQBAJ&q=maratha+navy+portuguese+mercenaries&pg=PA75}}</ref> | ||
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==Under Admiral Kanhoji Angre== | ==Under Admiral Kanhoji Angre== | ||
[[File:Sarkhel Kanhoji Angre I.jpg |thumb|right|A portrait of Admiral Kanhoji Angre]] | [[File:Sarkhel Kanhoji Angre I.jpg |thumb|right|A portrait of Admiral Kanhoji Angre]] | ||
After the death of [[Admiral]] Sidhoji Gujar around 1698, the Maratha Navy survived because of the extensive efforts of [[Koli People|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/as-nda-cadet-i-was-witness-to-vice-admiral-awatis-kindness/145378/|title=As NDA cadet, I was witness to Vice Admiral Awati's kindness|last=LT GEN K. J.|first=SINGH|website=ThePrint.In|access-date=7 November | After the death of [[Admiral]] Sidhoji Gujar around 1698, the Maratha Navy survived because of the extensive efforts of [[Koli People|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/as-nda-cadet-i-was-witness-to-vice-admiral-awatis-kindness/145378/|title=As NDA cadet, I was witness to Vice Admiral Awati's kindness|last=LT GEN K. J.|first=SINGH|website=ThePrint.In|access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref> Admiral [[Kanhoji Angre]]. Under his leadership, the British naval power was checked along the western coast of India. Kanhoji owed allegiance to supreme Maratha ruler [[Chhatrapati Shahu]] and his first minister [[Balaji Vishwanath|Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath]]. He gained their support to develop naval facilities on the western coast of India, or [[Konkan]]. Under the leadership of Kanhoji, the Maratha developed a naval base at [[Vijaydurg Port|Vijayadurg]] featuring dockyard facilities for building vessels, mounting guns, and making the ships sea-worthy. Their naval fleet consisted of ten [[grab (ship)|''gurabs/grabs'']] (warship) and fifty [[gallivat (boat)|''gallivats'']] (warboat). A gallivat had a displacement lower than 120 tons, while a grab could go as high as 400 tons.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sridharan|first1=K|title=Sea: Our Saviour|year=2000|publisher=New Age International (P) Ltd.|pages=43|isbn=9788122412451|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PiwJF7V4EQC&q=kanhoji+angre&pg=PA43}}</ref> | ||
Another ship type used was the ''Pal'' (Maratha [[Man-of-war]]), which was a cannon-armed, three-masted vessel. The grabs had broadsides of 6- and 9-pounder guns, and carried two 9- or 12-pounders on their main decks. These guns pointed forward through port-holes cut in the bulkheads. The gallivats were mostly armed with light swivel guns, but some also mounted six or eight cannons, either 2- or 4-pounders. These boats were propelled by forty to fifty oars.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bombay Gazetteer, Volume 11|year=1883|publisher=Bombay (India : State)|pages=147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKJg1dQsk7oC&q=kanhoji+Angre+guns+boat+vijaydurg&pg=PA147}}</ref> Even during the reign of Kanhoji Angre, the Maratha Government signed a treaty of friendship with the Portuguese in 1703. As per the treaty, the Portuguese agreed to supply [[cannon]] and [[gunpowder]] to the Maratha, supplies which they needed as they had only a few cannon [[Foundry|foundries]] producing their own armaments. The Marathas signed a treaty with the Siddi as well, thus concentrating all their forces against the English East India Company. | Another ship type used was the ''Pal'' (Maratha [[Man-of-war]]), which was a cannon-armed, three-masted vessel. The grabs had broadsides of 6- and 9-pounder guns, and carried two 9- or 12-pounders on their main decks. These guns pointed forward through port-holes cut in the bulkheads. The gallivats were mostly armed with light swivel guns, but some also mounted six or eight cannons, either 2- or 4-pounders. These boats were propelled by forty to fifty oars.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bombay Gazetteer, Volume 11|year=1883|publisher=Bombay (India : State)|pages=147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKJg1dQsk7oC&q=kanhoji+Angre+guns+boat+vijaydurg&pg=PA147}}</ref> Even during the reign of Kanhoji Angre, the Maratha Government signed a treaty of friendship with the Portuguese in 1703. As per the treaty, the Portuguese agreed to supply [[cannon]] and [[gunpowder]] to the Maratha, supplies which they needed as they had only a few cannon [[Foundry|foundries]] producing their own armaments. The Marathas signed a treaty with the Siddi as well, thus concentrating all their forces against the English East India Company. | ||