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{{Short description|Prime minister of the Maratha Empire (reigned 1720–40)}} | {{Short description|Prime minister of the Maratha Empire (reigned 1720–40)}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=March | {{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}} | ||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| honorific_prefix = | | honorific_prefix = | ||
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'''Baji Rao I''' (18 August 1700 – 28 April 1740), born as '''Visaji''',<ref name="GSC_2005">{{cite book |last=Chhabra |first=G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India (Volume 1: 1707–1813) |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2005 |edition=Revised |orig-year=1971 |isbn=978-81-89093-06-8 |page=19}}</ref> also known as '''Bajirao Ballal''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[bad͡ʒiɾaːʋ bəlːaːɭ]]]), <ref>{{cite book |first=Sandhya |last=Gokhale |title=The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818–1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez4wAQAAIAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Shubhi |isbn=978-81-8290-132-2 |page=82 }}</ref> was the 7th [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]. During his 20-year tenure as a Peshwa, he defeated [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] at several battles like the [[Battle of Delhi (1737)|Battle of Delhi]] and [[Battle of Bhopal]]. Baji Rao's contributed for Maratha supremacy in [[South India|southern India]] and [[North India|northern India]]. Thus, he was partly responsible for establishing Maratha power in [[Gujarat]], [[Malwa]], [[Rajputana]] and [[Bundelkhand]] and liberating [[Konkan]] (western coast of [[India]]) from the [[Janjira State|Siddis of Janjira]] and [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]]. | '''Baji Rao I''' (18 August 1700 – 28 April 1740), born as '''Visaji''',<ref name="GSC_2005">{{cite book |last=Chhabra |first=G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India (Volume 1: 1707–1813) |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2005 |edition=Revised |orig-year=1971 |isbn=978-81-89093-06-8 |page=19}}</ref> also known as '''Bajirao Ballal''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[bad͡ʒiɾaːʋ bəlːaːɭ]]]), <ref>{{cite book |first=Sandhya |last=Gokhale |title=The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818–1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez4wAQAAIAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Shubhi |isbn=978-81-8290-132-2 |page=82 }}</ref> was the 7th [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]. During his 20-year tenure as a Peshwa, he defeated [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] at several battles like the [[Battle of Delhi (1737)|Battle of Delhi]] and [[Battle of Bhopal]]. Baji Rao's contributed for Maratha supremacy in [[South India|southern India]] and [[North India|northern India]]. Thus, he was partly responsible for establishing Maratha power in [[Gujarat]], [[Malwa]], [[Rajputana]] and [[Bundelkhand]] and liberating [[Konkan]] (western coast of [[India]]) from the [[Janjira State|Siddis of Janjira]] and [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]]. | ||
Baji Rao's relationship with his Muslim wife, a controversial subject,<ref name=Mehta05/><ref name="GSC_2005"/> has been adapted in Indian novels and cinema.<ref>{{citation |title=Peshwa Bajirao Review: Anuja Sathe shines as Radhabai in the period drama |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/peshwa-bajirao-review-anuja-sathe-shines-as-radha-bai-in-the-period-drama-lifetv/1/866331.html |work=[[India Today]] |date=25 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Subhash K|title=Bajirao Mastani review: This gloriously epic Priyanka, Deepika and Ranveer-starrer is the best film of 2015|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/bajirao-mastani-review-this-is-the-best-film-of-2015-2550464.html|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October | Baji Rao's relationship with his Muslim wife, a controversial subject,<ref name=Mehta05/><ref name="GSC_2005"/> has been adapted in Indian novels and cinema.<ref>{{citation |title=Peshwa Bajirao Review: Anuja Sathe shines as Radhabai in the period drama |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/peshwa-bajirao-review-anuja-sathe-shines-as-radha-bai-in-the-period-drama-lifetv/1/866331.html |work=[[India Today]] |date=25 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Subhash K|title=Bajirao Mastani review: This gloriously epic Priyanka, Deepika and Ranveer-starrer is the best film of 2015|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/bajirao-mastani-review-this-is-the-best-film-of-2015-2550464.html|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xn43DQAAQBAJ|title=Rau – The Great Love Story of Bajirao Mastani|last=Inamdar|first=N. S.|date=20 October 2016|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-5098-5227-7|language=en}}</ref> | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
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==Personal life== | ==Personal life== | ||
Baji Rao's first wife was [[Kashibai]], the daughter of Mahadji Krishna Joshi and Bhawanibai of [[Chas, Khed|Chas]] (a wealthy banking family).<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez4wAQAAIAAJ&q=kashibai | title=The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818–1918 | publisher=Sandhya Gokhale | first=Sandhya | last=Gokhale | year=2008 | page=82 | isbn=9788182901322}}</ref> Baji Rao always treated his wife Kashibai with love and respect.<ref name="Mishra" /> Their relationship was a happy one.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707 – 1813 |year=2005 |publisher=New Dawn Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=9781932705546 |page=124}}</ref><ref name="Mishra">{{cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Garima|title=Tracing Kashibai: The 'first' lady from Bhansali's Bajirao Mastani|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/kashibai-the-first-lady/|access-date=30 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=3 January | Baji Rao's first wife was [[Kashibai]], the daughter of Mahadji Krishna Joshi and Bhawanibai of [[Chas, Khed|Chas]] (a wealthy banking family).<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez4wAQAAIAAJ&q=kashibai | title=The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818–1918 | publisher=Sandhya Gokhale | first=Sandhya | last=Gokhale | year=2008 | page=82 | isbn=9788182901322}}</ref> Baji Rao always treated his wife Kashibai with love and respect.<ref name="Mishra" /> Their relationship was a happy one.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707 – 1813 |year=2005 |publisher=New Dawn Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=9781932705546 |page=124}}</ref><ref name="Mishra">{{cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Garima|title=Tracing Kashibai: The 'first' lady from Bhansali's Bajirao Mastani|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/kashibai-the-first-lady/|access-date=30 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=3 January 2016}}</ref> They had four sons [[Balaji Baji Rao]] (also called Nanasaheb), Ramchandra Rao, [[Raghunath Rao]] and Janardhan Rao, who died at an early age.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWbaAAAAMAAJ |title=Begams, concubines, and memsahibs |first=B. P. |last=Saha |publisher=Vikas |year=1997 |page=88 |isbn=9788125902850 }}</ref> Nanasaheb was appointed Peshwa by Shahu Maharaj in 1740, succeeding his father.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32142/ |title=New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707–1772 |date=1946 |publisher=Phoenix Publications |page=189}}</ref> | ||
Baji Rao took Mastani as his wife, the daughter of [[Rajput]] king [[Chhatrasal]], born from his [[Islam|Muslim]] concubine.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|date=1 January 2005|page=108|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|language=en|quote=Of his own sweet will The Rajput king bestowed a large number of Personal Jagir to Bajirao near Jhansi and further offered his daughter Mastani born from his Muslim Concubine}}</ref> The relationship was a political one, arranged to please Chhatrasal.<ref name=Mehta05/> Mastani had a son, [[Shamsher Bahadur I (Krishna Rao)|Krishna Rao]], in 1734. Since his mother was Muslim, the Hindu priests refused to conduct [[upanayana]] ceremony and he became known as Shamsher Bahadur.<ref name="GSC_2005"/> After the deaths of Baji Rao and Mastani in 1740, Kashibai raised six-year-old Shamsher Bahadur as her own. Shamsher received a portion of his father's dominion of Banda and [[Kalpi]]. In 1761, he and his army fought alongside the Peshwa in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] between the Marathas and the [[Pashtuns|Afghans]]. Wounded in the battle, Shamsher died several days later in [[Deeg]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Henry |last=Dodwell |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA407 |year=1937 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=407|id=GGKEY:96PECZLGTT6}}</ref><ref name="Chid_1951">{{cite book |first=Chidambaram S. |last=Srinivasachari |title=The Inwardness of British Annexations in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0bRAAAAMAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=University of Madras |page=219 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Rosemary |last1=Crill |first2=Kapil |last2=Jariwala |title=The Indian Portrait, 1560–1860 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ongF6dkNKAcC&pg=PA162 |year=2010 |publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-89995-37-9 |page=162 }}</ref> | Baji Rao took Mastani as his wife, the daughter of [[Rajput]] king [[Chhatrasal]], born from his [[Islam|Muslim]] concubine.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|date=1 January 2005|page=108|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|language=en|quote=Of his own sweet will The Rajput king bestowed a large number of Personal Jagir to Bajirao near Jhansi and further offered his daughter Mastani born from his Muslim Concubine}}</ref> The relationship was a political one, arranged to please Chhatrasal.<ref name=Mehta05/> Mastani had a son, [[Shamsher Bahadur I (Krishna Rao)|Krishna Rao]], in 1734. Since his mother was Muslim, the Hindu priests refused to conduct [[upanayana]] ceremony and he became known as Shamsher Bahadur.<ref name="GSC_2005"/> After the deaths of Baji Rao and Mastani in 1740, Kashibai raised six-year-old Shamsher Bahadur as her own. Shamsher received a portion of his father's dominion of Banda and [[Kalpi]]. In 1761, he and his army fought alongside the Peshwa in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] between the Marathas and the [[Pashtuns|Afghans]]. Wounded in the battle, Shamsher died several days later in [[Deeg]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Henry |last=Dodwell |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA407 |year=1937 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=407|id=GGKEY:96PECZLGTT6}}</ref><ref name="Chid_1951">{{cite book |first=Chidambaram S. |last=Srinivasachari |title=The Inwardness of British Annexations in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0bRAAAAMAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=University of Madras |page=219 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Rosemary |last1=Crill |first2=Kapil |last2=Jariwala |title=The Indian Portrait, 1560–1860 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ongF6dkNKAcC&pg=PA162 |year=2010 |publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-89995-37-9 |page=162 }}</ref> | ||
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=== {{anchor|Portuguese}}The Portuguese === | === {{anchor|Portuguese}}The Portuguese === | ||
The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] had colonised several regions of India's west coast. They violated an agreement to give the Marathas a site on [[Salsette Island]] for a factory, and were intolerant of Hindus in their territory. In March 1737, the Peshwa dispatched a Maratha force (led by Chimaji) against them. Although the Marathas captured [[Ghodbunder Fort]] and nearly all of [[Vasai]] in the [[Battle of Vasai]] and gained control of Salsette on 16 May 1739 after a long siege, [[Nader Shah's invasion of India]] then diverted their attention from the Portuguese.<ref name="GSC_2005"/> The war trophies from Vasai included several Church bells which are found in many prominent Hindu temples in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lopez |first1=Rachel |title=Why bells from Portuguese-era churches ring in temples across Maharashtra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/why-bells-from-portuguese-era-churches-ring-in-temples-across-maharashtra/story-YYcaRl2vQ7rlULOu1oztzI.html |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |issue=24 December 2018 |publisher=HT Media Limited |date= | The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] had colonised several regions of India's west coast. They violated an agreement to give the Marathas a site on [[Salsette Island]] for a factory, and were intolerant of Hindus in their territory. In March 1737, the Peshwa dispatched a Maratha force (led by Chimaji) against them. Although the Marathas captured [[Ghodbunder Fort]] and nearly all of [[Vasai]] in the [[Battle of Vasai]] and gained control of Salsette on 16 May 1739 after a long siege, [[Nader Shah's invasion of India]] then diverted their attention from the Portuguese.<ref name="GSC_2005"/> The war trophies from Vasai included several Church bells which are found in many prominent Hindu temples in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lopez |first1=Rachel |title=Why bells from Portuguese-era churches ring in temples across Maharashtra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/why-bells-from-portuguese-era-churches-ring-in-temples-across-maharashtra/story-YYcaRl2vQ7rlULOu1oztzI.html |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |issue=24 December 2018 |publisher=HT Media Limited |date=2018}}</ref> | ||
==Battle tactics and character== | ==Battle tactics and character== | ||
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*''[[Rau (novel)|Rau]]'', a 1972 fictional [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[novel]] by [[Nagnath S. Inamdar]], featured a love story of Baji Rao I and Mastani.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xn43DQAAQBAJ|title=Rau – The Great Love Story of Bajirao Mastani|last=Inamdar|first=N. S.|date=20 October 2016|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-5098-5227-7|language=en}}</ref> | *''[[Rau (novel)|Rau]]'', a 1972 fictional [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[novel]] by [[Nagnath S. Inamdar]], featured a love story of Baji Rao I and Mastani.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xn43DQAAQBAJ|title=Rau – The Great Love Story of Bajirao Mastani|last=Inamdar|first=N. S.|date=20 October 2016|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-5098-5227-7|language=en}}</ref> | ||
* ''Mastani'', 1955 film directed by Dhirubhai Desai. It starred [[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]], Manher Desai, [[Shahu Modak]] and [[Agha (actor)|Agha]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT278|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|page=278}}</ref> | * ''Mastani'', 1955 film directed by Dhirubhai Desai. It starred [[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]], Manher Desai, [[Shahu Modak]] and [[Agha (actor)|Agha]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT278|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|page=278}}</ref> | ||
*The 2015 historical drama film ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'', directed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], starred [[Ranveer Singh]] as Baji Rao I.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Subhash K|title=Bajirao Mastani review: This gloriously epic Priyanka, Deepika and Ranveer-starrer is the best film of 2015|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/bajirao-mastani-review-this-is-the-best-film-of-2015-2550464.html|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October | *The 2015 historical drama film ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'', directed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], starred [[Ranveer Singh]] as Baji Rao I.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Subhash K|title=Bajirao Mastani review: This gloriously epic Priyanka, Deepika and Ranveer-starrer is the best film of 2015|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/bajirao-mastani-review-this-is-the-best-film-of-2015-2550464.html|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> | ||
* ''Shrimant Peshwa Bajirao Mastani'', another Indian TV series broadcast on [[ETV Marathi]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chari |first1=Mridula |title=Historians know very little about Mastani—or her relationship with Bajirao |url=https://qz.com/india/575194/historians-know-very-little-about-mastani-or-her-relationship-with-bajirao/ |website=[[Quartz India]] |language=en |date=16 December | * ''Shrimant Peshwa Bajirao Mastani'', another Indian TV series broadcast on [[ETV Marathi]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chari |first1=Mridula |title=Historians know very little about Mastani—or her relationship with Bajirao |url=https://qz.com/india/575194/historians-know-very-little-about-mastani-or-her-relationship-with-bajirao/ |website=[[Quartz India]] |language=en |date=16 December 2015}}</ref> | ||
* ''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]'', a 2017 TV series starring Rudra Soni as young Baji Rao and [[Karan Suchak]] as the adult Baji Rao, aired on [[Sony TV]].<ref>{{citation |title=Peshwa Bajirao Review: Anuja Sathe shines as Radhabai in the period drama |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/peshwa-bajirao-review-anuja-sathe-shines-as-radha-bai-in-the-period-drama-lifetv/1/866331.html |work=[[India Today]] |date=25 January 2017 }}</ref> | * ''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]'', a 2017 TV series starring Rudra Soni as young Baji Rao and [[Karan Suchak]] as the adult Baji Rao, aired on [[Sony TV]].<ref>{{citation |title=Peshwa Bajirao Review: Anuja Sathe shines as Radhabai in the period drama |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/peshwa-bajirao-review-anuja-sathe-shines-as-radha-bai-in-the-period-drama-lifetv/1/866331.html |work=[[India Today]] |date=25 January 2017 }}</ref> | ||