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 {{Short description|Pakistani general, civil servant and first President (1899–1969)}}
-{{Use American English|date=March 2022}}
+{{Use American English|date=March 2016}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
 | honorific-prefix    = [[His Excellency]] [[Major-General]]
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 | resting_place_coordinates =
 | citizenship         = United Kingdom<br />{{small|(1899–1947) (1958-1969)}}<br />[[Pakistani]]<br />{{small|(1947–1969)}}
-<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Rahman">{{cite book |last1=Rahman |first1=Syedur |year=2010|title=Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJfcCPUr0OoC&pg=PR51 |location=Plymouth, UK |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=li |isbn=978-0-8108-7453-4 |access-date=30 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=July 2022}}
+<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Rahman">{{cite book |last1=Rahman |first1=Syedur |year=2010|title=Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJfcCPUr0OoC&pg=PR51 |location=Plymouth, UK |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=li |isbn=978-0-8108-7453-4 |access-date=30 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=July 2020}}
 | party               = [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]] {{small|(1955–59)}}
 | otherparty          = [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]] {{small|(1950–55)}}
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 Iskander Ali Mirza was born in [[Murshidabad]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], in [[British Indian Empire|India]] on 13 November 1899,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lentz|first1=Harris M.|title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|location=New York City|isbn=9781134264971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfKAgAAQBAJ&q=iskandar+mirza+born+13+November+1899&pg=PA1896 |page=1896 |access-date=20 January 2018|language=en|format=google books}}</ref> into an elite and wealthy aristocrat family who were titled as [[Nawab of Bengal]] and later after 1880, Nawab of Murshidabad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Craig |author-link=Craig Baxter |year=1997 |title=Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State |location=Boulder, CO |publisher=Westview Press |pages=23, 64 |isbn=978-0-8133-2854-6 |quote=Members and collaterals of the [Murshidabad] nawab family have been prominent in Pakistani politics, including Iskandar Mirza ... Mirza was a member of the Murshidabad family of Sirajuddaulah."}}</ref> Mirza was the eldest child of Sahibzada Sayyid Muhammad Fateh Ali Mirza (b. 1864–d. 1949) and his first wife, Dilshad Begum née [[Tyabji family|Tyabji]] (b. 1869–d. 1924).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Salīm|first1=Aḥmad|title=Iskander Mirza: Rise and Fall of a President|date=1997|publisher=Gora Publishers|location=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Fateh+Ali+Mirza |pages=15–18 |oclc=254567097 |access-date=20 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>
-The title, ''[[Mirza (name)|Mirza]]'' (lit. ''Master''), is an honorific surname bestowed to his family to represent royalty, which was customary to give to individuals in medieval [[India]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} From his grandfather's ancestral roots, he was of [[Arabs in India|Iraqi Arab descent]].<ref name="Twenty-First Century Books, Streissguth">{{cite book |last1=Streissguth |first1=Thomas |year=2008 |title=Bangladesh in Pictures |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-0-8225-8577-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cwk281bnHa8C&q=mir+jafar+arab&pg=PA27 |page=27 |access-date=31 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
+The title, ''[[Mirza (name)|Mirza]]'' (lit. ''Master''), is an honorific surname bestowed to his family to represent royalty, which was customary to give to individuals in medieval [[India]].{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} From his grandfather's ancestral roots, he was of [[Arabs in India|Iraqi Arab descent]].<ref name="Twenty-First Century Books, Streissguth">{{cite book |last1=Streissguth |first1=Thomas |year=2008 |title=Bangladesh in Pictures |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-0-8225-8577-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cwk281bnHa8C&q=mir+jafar+arab&pg=PA27 |page=27 |access-date=31 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
-The Mirza family was an influential and wealthy feudal family in Bengal, with close ties to the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarchy]]. His father, Fateh Ali Mirza, belonged to the ruling house of Murshidabad, grandson of the first Nawab [[Mansur Ali Khan]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
+The Mirza family was an influential and wealthy feudal family in Bengal, with close ties to the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarchy]]. His father, Fateh Ali Mirza, belonged to the ruling house of Murshidabad, grandson of the first Nawab [[Mansur Ali Khan]].{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}
 ===Education and military service in India (1920–47)===
 [[File:Iskander Mirza, in British Indian Army.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Iskander Mirza as [[Second Lieutenant|2nd-Lt]] in the [[British Indian Army]], [[1920 in India|ca.1920]].]]
-Mirza grew up and completed his schooling in [[Bombay]], attending the [[Elphinstone College]] of the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]], but left the university to attend the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College]] in Sandhurst when he was selected by the British [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] for the [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer|King's Commission]].<ref name="Gora Publishers, Salim">{{cite book|last1=Salīm|first1=Aḥmad|title=Iskander Mirza: Rise and Fall of a President|date=1997|publisher=Gora Publishers|location=Lahore, Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCNuAAAAMAAJ&q=first+indian|access-date=31 March 2017|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|20–21}}<ref name="Routledge, Khan">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Feisal |year=2015 |title=Islamic Banking in Pakistan: Shariah-Compliant Finance and the Quest to make Pakistan more Islamic |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-36652-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1pACwAAQBAJ&q=iskander+mirza+university+of+bombay&pg=PT58 |access-date=31 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)">{{cite web |title=Teething Years: Iskander Mirza |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P015 |website=Story of Pakistan |date=June 2003 |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref>  Mirza was the first Indian graduate of the military college, and gained his [[Commissioned officer|commission]] in the [[British Indian Army]] as a [[Second Lieutenant|2nd Lt.]] on 16 July 1920.<ref name="University Press of America, Mirza">{{cite book|last1=Mirza|first1=Humayun|title=From Plassey to Pakistan: The Family History of Iskander Mirza, the First President of Pakistan|date=2002|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=9780761823490|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gf8vAQAAIAAJ&q=iskander+mirza+graduated |page=132 |access-date=31 March 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)"/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32005 |supp=y|page=8141|date=3 August 1920}}</ref> As was customary for newly commissioned British Indian Army officers, he was initially attached for a year to the second battalion of the [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)"/> On 16 July 1921, he was promoted to lieutenant and was assigned to command a platoon on 30 December 1921.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32665|page=2819|date=7 April 1922}}</ref>
+Mirza grew up and completed his schooling in [[Bombay]], attending the [[Elphinstone College]] of the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]], but left the university to attend the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College]] in Sandhurst when he was selected by the British [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] for the [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer|King's Commission]].<ref name="Gora Publishers, Salim">{{cite book|last1=Salīm|first1=Aḥmad|title=Iskander Mirza: Rise and Fall of a President|date=1997|publisher=Gora Publishers|location=Lahore, Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCNuAAAAMAAJ&q=first+indian|access-date=31 March 2017|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|20–21}}<ref name="Routledge, Khan">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Feisal |year=2015 |title=Islamic Banking in Pakistan: Shariah-Compliant Finance and the Quest to make Pakistan more Islamic |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-36652-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1pACwAAQBAJ&q=iskander+mirza+university+of+bombay&pg=PT58 |access-date=31 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)">{{cite web |title=Teething Years: Iskander Mirza |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P015 |website=Story of Pakistan |date=June 2003 |access-date=1 February 2012}}</ref>  Mirza was the first Indian graduate of the military college, and gained his [[Commissioned officer|commission]] in the [[British Indian Army]] as a [[Second Lieutenant|2nd Lt.]] on 16 July 1920.<ref name="University Press of America, Mirza">{{cite book|last1=Mirza|first1=Humayun|title=From Plassey to Pakistan: The Family History of Iskander Mirza, the First President of Pakistan|date=2002|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=9780761823490|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gf8vAQAAIAAJ&q=iskander+mirza+graduated |page=132 |access-date=31 March 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)"/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32005 |supp=y|page=8141|date=3 August 1920}}</ref> As was customary for newly commissioned British Indian Army officers, he was initially attached for a year to the second battalion of the [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)"/> On 16 July 1921, he was promoted to lieutenant and was assigned to command a platoon on 30 December 1921.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32665|page=2819|date=7 April 1922}}</ref>
 His military career was spent in the [[Indian Army Corps of Military Police|Military Police]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)"/>  In spite of hailing from [[United Bengal|Bengal]], his military career was mostly spent in the violent [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] of India, participating in the [[Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)|Waziristan war]] in 1920.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)"/> After the campaign, he was transferred to the [[Poona Horse|17th Poona Horse]] (Queen Victoria's Own), as an army inspector but left active service to join the [[Indian Political Service]] (IPS) in August 1926.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)"/><ref name="record_list">{{cite book|pages=353|title=The India Office and Burma Office List: 1945|publisher=Harrison & Sons, Ltd.|year=1945}}</ref> His first assignment was a posting in [[Aligarh]] in Uttar Pradesh as an [[Assistant commissioner of police (India)|assistant commissioner]] before posting as a [[Political officer (British Empire)|political agent]] in [[Hazara, Pakistan|Hazara]] in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier Province]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)"/><ref name="record_list"/> He received his promotion to [[Captain (land)|Captain]] on 17 October 1927.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33367|page=1935|date=16 March 1928}}</ref>
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 From 1928 to 1933, Mirza spent time as a political agent in the troubled [[Tribal belt (Pakistan)|Tribal Belt]], having served as an [[assistant commissioner]] in the districts of [[Dera Ghazi Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]] in April 1928, [[Tonk district|Tonk]] in May 1928, [[Bannu district|Bannu]] in April 1930, and [[Nowshera district|Nowshera]] in April 1931.<ref name="record_list"/> In 1931, Captain Mirza was appointed a district officer and was later posted as deputy commissioner at Hazara in May 1933, where he served for three years until a posting to Mardan as assistant commissioner from October 1936 (deputy commissioner from January 1937).<ref name="record_list"/> Promoted to major on 16 July 1938,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34539|page=5055|date=5 August 1938}}</ref> he became the political agent of the Tribal Belt in April 1938, stationed at Khyber. He remained there until 1945.<ref name="record_list"/><ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)"/>
-Mirza was appointed and served as the political agent of [[Odisha]] and North West Frontier Province from 1945 until 1946.<ref name="Electronic Government of Pakistan">{{cite web |title=President Iskandar Mirza |url=http://www.president.gov.pk/index.php?lang=en&opc=2&sel=4&pId=1 |website=Ministry of Information and Public Broadcasting |publisher=Government of Pakistan |access-date=1 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116103426/http://www.president.gov.pk/index.php?lang=en&opc=2&sel=4&pId=1 |archive-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> He was promoted to [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] on 16 July 1946.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37747|page=4946|date=4 October 1946}}</ref> His ability to run the colonial administrative units had brought him to prominence that prompted the British Indian Government to appoint him as the Joint Defence Secretary of India in 1946.<ref name="Electronic Government of Pakistan"/> In this position, he was responsible for dividing the British Indian Army into the future armies of Pakistan and India.<ref name="Electronic Government of Pakistan"/> Around this time, he became closer to [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] and began formatting political relations with the politicians of the [[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)" /> About him Abdul Ghaffar Khan wrote: ""According to my instructions the mass movement was launched. A Muslim Deputy-Commissjoner, Janab Iskander Mirza, avowing his traditional loyalty to the British, excelled his masters, beating to death Syed Akbar, a Khudai Khidmatgar. He went to the extent of poisoning vegetables in a Khudai Khidmatgar camp. Those who ate them were taken seriously ill. I would rather not expose his other crimes but would rather produce him before the Almighty, whom we all have to face on the Day of judgement."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tendulkar |first1=D. G. |author-link=Dinanath Gopal Tendulkar |year=1967 |title=Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Faith is a Battle |publisher=Gandhi Peace Foundation |location=Bombay |pages=355 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzI6AQAAIAAJ |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>
+Mirza was appointed and served as the political agent of [[Odisha]] and North West Frontier Province from 1945 until 1946.<ref name="Electronic Government of Pakistan">{{cite web |title=President Iskandar Mirza |url=http://www.president.gov.pk/index.php?lang=en&opc=2&sel=4&pId=1 |website=Ministry of Information and Public Broadcasting |publisher=Government of Pakistan |access-date=1 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116103426/http://www.president.gov.pk/index.php?lang=en&opc=2&sel=4&pId=1 |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> He was promoted to [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] on 16 July 1946.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37747|page=4946|date=4 October 1946}}</ref> His ability to run the colonial administrative units had brought him to prominence that prompted the British Indian Government to appoint him as the Joint Defence Secretary of India in 1946.<ref name="Electronic Government of Pakistan"/> In this position, he was responsible for dividing the British Indian Army into the future armies of Pakistan and India.<ref name="Electronic Government of Pakistan"/> Around this time, he became closer to [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] and began formatting political relations with the politicians of the [[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)" /> About him Abdul Ghaffar Khan wrote: ""According to my instructions the mass movement was launched. A Muslim Deputy-Commissjoner, Janab Iskander Mirza, avowing his traditional loyalty to the British, excelled his masters, beating to death Syed Akbar, a Khudai Khidmatgar. He went to the extent of poisoning vegetables in a Khudai Khidmatgar camp. Those who ate them were taken seriously ill. I would rather not expose his other crimes but would rather produce him before the Almighty, whom we all have to face on the Day of judgement."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tendulkar |first1=D. G. |author-link=Dinanath Gopal Tendulkar |year=1967 |title=Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Faith is a Battle |publisher=Gandhi Peace Foundation |location=Bombay |pages=355 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzI6AQAAIAAJ |access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref>
 ==Political career in Pakistan==
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 As the [[partition of India]] took place, Colonel Mirza played a substantial role in a committee that was responsible for dividing British India's [[British Indian Army|Army]], [[Royal Indian Navy|Navy]], and [[Royal Indian Air Force|Air Force]] into the future militaries of [[Military of India|India]] and [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistan]].<ref name="Pen and Sword, Amid">{{cite book |last1=Amid |first1=Shahid |year=1993 |title=Disastrous Twilight: A Personal Record of the Partition of India by Major-General Shahid Hamid |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-4738-1367-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iO7NAwAAQBAJ&q=Mirza+joint+defense+secretary&pg=PT80 |access-date=31 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
-He was appointed as the first [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Defence Secretary]] in the Liaquat administration by the Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], who relied on running the government on the British viceregal model with the close coordination of the [[Pakistani civil servant|civilian bureaucracy]], the [[Police Service of Pakistan|police]], and the [[Pakistani military|military]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hossain |first1=Mokerrom |year=2010 |title=From Protest to Freedom: A Book for the New Generation: the Birth of Bangladesh |publisher=Mokerrom |isbn=978-0-615-48695-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vt3KxEBYk0C&q=Iskander+Mirza+joined+Liaquat&pg=PA91 |page=91 |access-date=31 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref> As Defence Secretary, he oversaw the military efforts in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first war]] with India in 1947, as well as witnessing the [[Balochistan conflict|failed secession]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] by [[Khan of Kalat]].<ref name="ABC-CLIO, Hasnat">{{cite book |last1=Hasnat |first1=Syed Farooq |year=2011 |title=Global Security Watch—Pakistan |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-34698-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiELa2EoA04C&q=Iskander+Mirza+balochistan+1948&pg=PA94 |page=94 |access-date=31 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Har-Anand Publications, Bajwa">{{cite book |last1=Bajwa |first1=Kuldip Singh |title=Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947–1948: Political and Military Perspective |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=9788124109236 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bREjE5yXNMC&q=Iskander+Mirza+1947+war&pg=PA40 |language=en |year=2022}}</ref>
+He was appointed as the first [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Defence Secretary]] in the Liaquat administration by the Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], who relied on running the government on the British viceregal model with the close coordination of the [[Pakistani civil servant|civilian bureaucracy]], the [[Police Service of Pakistan|police]], and the [[Pakistani military|military]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hossain |first1=Mokerrom |year=2010 |title=From Protest to Freedom: A Book for the New Generation: the Birth of Bangladesh |publisher=Mokerrom |isbn=978-0-615-48695-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vt3KxEBYk0C&q=Iskander+Mirza+joined+Liaquat&pg=PA91 |page=91 |access-date=31 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref> As Defence Secretary, he oversaw the military efforts in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first war]] with India in 1947, as well as witnessing the [[Balochistan conflict|failed secession]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] by [[Khan of Kalat]].<ref name="ABC-CLIO, Hasnat">{{cite book |last1=Hasnat |first1=Syed Farooq |year=2011 |title=Global Security Watch—Pakistan |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-34698-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiELa2EoA04C&q=Iskander+Mirza+balochistan+1948&pg=PA94 |page=94 |access-date=31 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Har-Anand Publications, Bajwa">{{cite book |last1=Bajwa |first1=Kuldip Singh |title=Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947–1948: Political and Military Perspective |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=9788124109236 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bREjE5yXNMC&q=Iskander+Mirza+1947+war&pg=PA40 |language=en |year=2003}}</ref>
 In 1950, Mirza was promoted to [[two-star rank]], having skipped the one-star promotion as [[Brigadier]], and upgraded his rank to [[Major-General]] in the [[Pakistan Army]] by the promotion papers approved by Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan|Ali Khan]].<ref name="Gora Publishers, Salim" />{{rp|124}} He was appointed as [[Colonel Commandant]] of the [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|Military Police]] while serving as the Defence secretary in the Liaquat administration.<ref name="Gora Publishers, Salim" />{{rp|125–126}} In 1951, Prime minister Ali Khan appointed him as the director of the Department of Kashmir and Afghanistan Affairs (DKA).<ref name="Gora Publishers, Salim" />{{rp|252}}
-His tenure as defense secretary also saw the deployment of Military Police in [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh) as a result of the [[Bengali Language Movement]], during which the [[East Pakistan Rifles]] fatally shot four student activists.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} Within a short span of time, the Military Police had the control of the state and its commanding officer submitted the report of their course of action to Major General Iskander Mirza in 1954.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)" />
+His tenure as defense secretary also saw the deployment of Military Police in [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh) as a result of the [[Bengali Language Movement]], during which the [[East Pakistan Rifles]] fatally shot four student activists.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Within a short span of time, the Military Police had the control of the state and its commanding officer submitted the report of their course of action to Major General Iskander Mirza in 1954.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)" />
 In 1951, he backed the [[Liaquat Ali Khan|Liaquat administration]]'s decision of appointing the native chiefs of staff of the [[Pakistan Army|army]], [[Pakistan Air Force|air force]], and [[Pakistan Navy|navy]], and dismissed deputation appointments from the [[British military]].<ref name="Springer, Reimer">{{cite book |last1=Cheema |first1=Pervaiz I. |author1-link=Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema |last2=Riemer |first2=Manuel |year=1990 |title=Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947–58 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-20942-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |page=82 |access-date=3 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge University Press, Tudor">{{cite book |last1=Tudor |first1=Maya |year=2013 |title=The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03296-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2-9ahosP94C&q=commander+in+chief+pakistan+ayub+1953&pg=PA30 |page=30 |access-date=3 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> For the [[Four-star rank|four-star]] appointment, the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] sent the nomination papers to the [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|Prime Minister's Secretariat]] that included four-senior [[major-general]]s in the race for the [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Army)|army command]] of the [[Pakistan Army]]: Major-General [[Iftikhar Khan]], Major-General [[Muhammed Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]], Major-General [[Ishfakul Majid]], and Major-General N.A.M. Raza.<ref>{{cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=A. R. |date=25 April 2004 |title=Army's top slot: the seniority factor |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1065891 |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref>
-Initially, it was Major-General [[Iftikhar Khan]] who was promoted to [[four-star rank]] and selected to be appointed as the first native commander of the army but died in an airplane crash en route after finishing the senior [[staff officer|staff officers']] course in the United Kingdom.<ref name="paksoldiers.com">{{cite news |title=Appointments of Pakistan Army Commanders and Historic Facts |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/470253-appointments-of-pakistan-army-commanders-and-historic-facts |access-date=3 November 2016 |work=The News International |date=2 December 2022}}</ref> All three remaining major-generals were bypassed including the recommended senior-most Major-General [[Muhammed Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]] and Major-General [[Ishfakul Majid]] due to Major-General Mirza's lobbying for the army selection when he presented convincing arguments to Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan|Ali Khan]] to promote the junior-most Major-General [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] to the post despite the fact that his name was not included in the nomination list.<ref name="paksoldiers.com"/> Ayub's papers of promotion were controversially approved and was appointed as the first native [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] with a promotion to the rank of Lieutenant General (acting full General) on 17 January 1951 by Prime Minister Ali Khan.<ref name="Springer, Reimer"/>
+Initially, it was Major-General [[Iftikhar Khan]] who was promoted to [[four-star rank]] and selected to be appointed as the first native commander of the army but died in an airplane crash en route after finishing the senior [[staff officer|staff officers']] course in the United Kingdom.<ref name="paksoldiers.com">{{cite news |title=Appointments of Pakistan Army Commanders and Historic Facts |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/470253-appointments-of-pakistan-army-commanders-and-historic-facts |access-date=3 November 2016 |work=The News International |date=2 December 2013}}</ref> All three remaining major-generals were bypassed including the recommended senior-most Major-General [[Muhammed Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]] and Major-General [[Ishfakul Majid]] due to Major-General Mirza's lobbying for the army selection when he presented convincing arguments to Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan|Ali Khan]] to promote the junior-most Major-General [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] to the post despite the fact that his name was not included in the nomination list.<ref name="paksoldiers.com"/> Ayub's papers of promotion were controversially approved and was appointed as the first native [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] with a promotion to the rank of Lieutenant General (acting full General) on 17 January 1951 by Prime Minister Ali Khan.<ref name="Springer, Reimer"/>
 With Ayub becoming the [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|army chief]], it marked a change in the military tradition of preferring native Pakistanis and ending the transitional role of [[British Army]] officers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haqqani |first=Hussain |author-link=Husain Haqqani |year=2010 |title=Pakistan Between Mosque and Military |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA33 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |page=33 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1}}</ref> Also in 1951, he helped in elevating [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[HMS Choudri|M.S. Choudhri]] to the promotion to two-star rank, [[Rear-Admiral]], in order to assume the [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Navy)|navy command]] of the [[Pakistan Navy]], but it was not until in 1953 when [[HMS Choudri|Admiral Choudhri]] took over the command.<ref name="Springer, Reimer"/><ref name="NYU Press, Cheema">{{cite book |last1=Cheema |first1=Pervaiz Iqbal |author-link=Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema |year=2002 |title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan|publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-1633-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&pg=PA93 |pages=93–94 |access-date=3 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>
@@ Line 220: / Line 220: @@
 {{Main|Bogra Formula|One Unit}}
 [[File:Iskander Mirza, Governor General of Pakistan, with his highness, Shah of Iran.jpg|framed|left|Iskander Mirza meeting the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]], as the Governor General of Pakistan]]
-Due to rapid political instability in [[East Bengal]], Mirza was relieved as [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Defence Secretary]] and took over the governorship of [[East Bengal]], in an appointment approved by then [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Sir Malik Ghulam]] on 29 May 1954.<ref name="The Story of Pakistan (Iskandar's life)">{{cite web |title=Iskander Mirza|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P015|website=The Story of Pakistan|access-date=2 February 2012|date = June 2022}}</ref>
+Due to rapid political instability in [[East Bengal]], Mirza was relieved as [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Defence Secretary]] and took over the governorship of [[East Bengal]], in an appointment approved by then [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Sir Malik Ghulam]] on 29 May 1954.<ref name="The Story of Pakistan (Iskandar's life)">{{cite web |title=Iskander Mirza|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P015|website=The Story of Pakistan|access-date=2 February 2012|date = June 2003}}</ref>
 On 1 June 1954, Mirza took over the [[Government of East Pakistan|Government of East Bengal]] from Chief Minister [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] as part of the governor rule that dismiss the [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]].<ref name="The Story of Pakistan (Iskandar's life)"/><ref name="APH Publishing, Ahmed">{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Salahuddin |year=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=9788176484695 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&q=iskander+mirza+governor+bengal&pg=PA142 |page=142 |access-date=6 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> He imposed [[Military coups in Bangladesh|martial law]], backed by the [[East Pakistan Rifles]], and dismissed the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="APH Publishing, Ahmed"/>
@@ Line 228: / Line 228: @@
 Iskander Mirza ruled East Pakistan with an iron fist, having arrested 319–659 political activists on his first week, including [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] and [[Yusuf Ali Chowdhury]].<ref name="APH Publishing, Ahmed"/><ref name="The Story of Pakistan (Iskandar's life)"/>
-By mid-June 1954, the number of arrests reached 1,051, including 33 assembly members and two Dhaka University professors.<ref name="The Story of Pakistan (Iskandar's life)"/> His authoritative actions had sown a permanent seed of hatred for the [[Pakistani government]] in the hearts of the people of East Pakistan despite the fact that Mirza was himself an ethnic Bengali.<ref name="The Story of Pakistan (Iskandar's life)"/> Amid criticism at the public level in Pakistan, Mirza was relieved from the post of the Governorship to East Bengal to [[Muhammad Shahabuddin]] in June 1955.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bangabhaban.gov.bd/Homes/banglahistory_submenu/12/51 |title=Pakistan Period (1947-1971) |website=Bangabhaban – The President House of Bangladesh |access-date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414050508/http://bangabhaban.gov.bd/Homes/banglahistory_submenu/12/51 |archive-date=14 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ellis,_Sir_Thomas_Hobart|title=Ellis, Sir Thomas Hobart |website=Banglapedia |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref> He was the first Bengali to be governor of East Pakistan.
+By mid-June 1954, the number of arrests reached 1,051, including 33 assembly members and two Dhaka University professors.<ref name="The Story of Pakistan (Iskandar's life)"/> His authoritative actions had sown a permanent seed of hatred for the [[Pakistani government]] in the hearts of the people of East Pakistan despite the fact that Mirza was himself an ethnic Bengali.<ref name="The Story of Pakistan (Iskandar's life)"/> Amid criticism at the public level in Pakistan, Mirza was relieved from the post of the Governorship to East Bengal to [[Muhammad Shahabuddin]] in October 1954.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bangabhaban.gov.bd/Homes/banglahistory_submenu/12/51 |title=Pakistan Period (1947-1971) |website=Bangabhaban – The President House of Bangladesh |access-date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414050508/http://bangabhaban.gov.bd/Homes/banglahistory_submenu/12/51 |archive-date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ellis,_Sir_Thomas_Hobart|title=Ellis, Sir Thomas Hobart |website=Banglapedia |access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> He was the first Bengali to be governor of East Pakistan.
 On 24 October 1954, he was appointed as [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Interior Minister]] in the [[Mohammad Ali Bogra|Bogra administration]] of Prime Minister [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]].<ref name="Routledge, Kapur">{{cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=Ashok |year=2006 |title=Pakistan in Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iv2IAgAAQBAJ&q=iskander+mirza+Interior+minister&pg=PA32 |publisher=Routledge |page=32 |isbn=978-1-134-98977-5 |access-date=6 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> During this time, he had maintained close political ties to the United States's establishment and was backed by Governor-General [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Sir Malik Ghulam]] for this post, which Mirza only remained at until 7 August 1955.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)" />
@@ Line 235: / Line 235: @@
 ===Governor-General of Pakistan (1955–56)===
-In the [[Mohammad Ali Bogra|Bogra administration]], he also took care of the matters of the [[Ministry of States and Frontier Regions (Pakistan)|Commonwealth and Kashmir affairs ministry]] as he had gained major political influence in the administration in 1955.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Mirza became Governor General)">{{cite web |title=Iskander Mirza Becomes Governor-General [1955]|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A059|website=Story of Pakistan |access-date=2 February 2012|date = June 2022}}</ref> During this time, [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Malik Ghulam]] survived another fatal attack of [[Paralysis]] that made him unable to talk and walk, seeking treatment in the United Kingdom on a two-month leave.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Mirza became Governor General)" />
+In the [[Mohammad Ali Bogra|Bogra administration]], he also took care of the matters of the [[Ministry of States and Frontier Regions (Pakistan)|Commonwealth and Kashmir affairs ministry]] as he had gained major political influence in the administration in 1955.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Mirza became Governor General)">{{cite web |title=Iskander Mirza Becomes Governor-General [1955]|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A059|website=Story of Pakistan |access-date=2 February 2012|date = June 2003}}</ref> During this time, [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Malik Ghulam]] survived another fatal attack of [[Paralysis]] that made him unable to talk and walk, seeking treatment in the United Kingdom on a two-month leave.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Mirza became Governor General)" />
 Appointed only as [[Acting President of Pakistan|acting governor-general]] since 7 August 1955, Mirza dismissed [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Malik Ghulam]] to take over his post on 6 October 1955, and [[Forced resignation|forced]] Prime Minister Bogra to resign when he appointed him as the [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Mirza became Governor General)"/> On 12 August 1955, he invited [[Muhammad Ali (politician)|Muhammad Ali]], the [[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Finance Minister]], to take over the government as a prime minister.<ref name="The Story of Pakistan (Iskandar's life)"/>
@@ Line 242: / Line 242: @@
 [[File:Iskander Mirza being sworn in as the President of Pakistan (August 7, 1955).ogv|framed|Iskander Mirza, being sworn in as the first President of Pakistan.]]
-The newly constituted [[Electoral College (Pakistan)|Electoral College]] unanimously elected Mirza as the [[List of Presidents of Pakistan|first]] [[President of Pakistan|president]] upon the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|first set]] of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] on 23 March 1956.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Mirza Becomes President)">{{cite web |title=Iskander Mirza Becomes President [1956]|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A062|website=Story of Pakistan |access-date=2 February 2012|date = June 2022}}</ref>  The [[Coalition government|coalition]] of the [[East Pakistan Awami League|Awami League]], the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]], and the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republic Party]] endorsed his presidency.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Mirza Becomes President)"/>
+The newly constituted [[Electoral College (Pakistan)|Electoral College]] unanimously elected Mirza as the [[List of Presidents of Pakistan|first]] [[President of Pakistan|president]] upon the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|first set]] of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] on 23 March 1956.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Mirza Becomes President)">{{cite web |title=Iskander Mirza Becomes President [1956]|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A062|website=Story of Pakistan |access-date=2 February 2012|date = June 2003}}</ref>  The [[Coalition government|coalition]] of the [[East Pakistan Awami League|Awami League]], the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]], and the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republic Party]] endorsed his presidency.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Mirza Becomes President)"/>
 The Constitution drives the country's [[system of government]] towards [[Parliamentary democracy|parliamentarianism]], with [[Executive branch|executive powers]] vested under the elected [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] while the president served as a [[Figurehead|ceremonial]] [[head of state]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Mirza Becomes President)"/>
-On 12 September 1956, he established and became vice-president of the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]] that was in direct conflict with the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]], mainly due to disagreements on the idea of republicanism and conservatism.<ref name="The Story of Pakistan (Iskandar's life)"/> Unable to keep the substantial pressure on Mirza's Republic Party eventually led the Muslim League's successful demand for the resignation of Prime Minister [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali|Muhammad Ali]] on 12 September 1956.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaudhry Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/chaudhry-muhammad-ali-becomes-prime-minister |website=Story of Pakistan |date=1 June 2003 |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>
+On 12 September 1956, he established and became vice-president of the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]] that was in direct conflict with the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]], mainly due to disagreements on the idea of republicanism and conservatism.<ref name="The Story of Pakistan (Iskandar's life)"/> Unable to keep the substantial pressure on Mirza's Republic Party eventually led the Muslim League's successful demand for the resignation of Prime Minister [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali|Muhammad Ali]] on 12 September 1956.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaudhry Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/chaudhry-muhammad-ali-becomes-prime-minister |website=Story of Pakistan |date=1 June 2003 |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>
-Upon these developments, President Mirza invited the [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]] to form the central government that appointed [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Huseyn Suhrawardy]] as the Prime Minister, who made an alliance with the Republican Party, to take over charge of the government.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Suhrawardy">{{cite web |title=H. S. Suhrawardy Becomes Prime Minister |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/h-s-suhrawardy-becomes-prime-minister |website=Story of Pakistan |date=1 July 2003 |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>
+Upon these developments, President Mirza invited the [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]] to form the central government that appointed [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Huseyn Suhrawardy]] as the Prime Minister, who made an alliance with the Republican Party, to take over charge of the government.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Suhrawardy">{{cite web |title=H. S. Suhrawardy Becomes Prime Minister |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/h-s-suhrawardy-becomes-prime-minister |website=Story of Pakistan |date=1 July 2003 |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>
 [[File:Shah Pahlavi of Iran making a state visit to Pakistan (1956).ogv|framed|right|Shah of Iran's first state visit to Pakistan]]
 Despite Mirza and Suhrawardy both being [[Bengalis]] and hailing from West Bengal, the two leaders had very different views of running the central government and both leaders were in brief conflict, causing harm to the [[Unity, Faith and Discipline|unity]] of the nation.<ref name="The Story of Pakistan (Iskandar's life)"/> Prime Minister Suhrawardy found it extremely difficult to govern effectively due to the issue of [[One Unit]], alleviating the [[Economy of Pakistan|national economy]], and President Mirza's constant unconstitutional interference in the [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Suhrawardy administration]].<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Suhrawardy"/>
-President Mirza demanded the resignation of Prime Minister [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Suhrawardy]] and turned down his request to seek a [[motion of confidence]] at the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]].<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Suhrawardy"/> Threatened by President Mirza's dismissal, Prime Minister Suhrawardy tendered his resignation on 17 October 1957 and was succeeded by [[I. I. Chundrigar]] but he too was forced to resign in a mere two months.<ref>{{cite web |title=I. I. Chundrigar Becomes Prime Minister |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/i-i-chundrigar-becomes-prime-minister |website=Story of Pakistan |date=1 June 2003 |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>
+President Mirza demanded the resignation of Prime Minister [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Suhrawardy]] and turned down his request to seek a [[motion of confidence]] at the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]].<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Suhrawardy"/> Threatened by President Mirza's dismissal, Prime Minister Suhrawardy tendered his resignation on 17 October 1957 and was succeeded by [[I. I. Chundrigar]] but he too was forced to resign in a mere two months.<ref>{{cite web |title=I. I. Chundrigar Becomes Prime Minister |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/i-i-chundrigar-becomes-prime-minister |website=Story of Pakistan |date=1 June 2003 |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>
 President Mirza had widely lacked the parliamentary spirit, distrusting the civilians to ensure the integrity and sovereignty of the country.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Mirza Becomes President)"/> His unconstitutional interference in the civil administration made the elected prime ministers effectively unable to function, as he had dismissed four elected prime ministers in a matter of two years.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Mirza Becomes President)"/> On his last nomination, he appointed [[Feroz Khan Noon|Feroz Khan]] as the seventh Prime Minister of the country, who had been supported by the Awami League and the Muslim League.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)" />
@@ Line 262: / Line 262: @@
 After the [[1954 East Pakistani legislative election|legislative elections]] held in 1954, the [[Awami League]] had been successfully negotiating with the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]] for a [[Coalition government|power-sharing]] agreement to form the [[Government of Pakistan|national government]] against the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Martial Law)"/>
-By 1958, [[I I Chundrigar|I.I. Chundrigar]] and [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|A.Q. Khan]] had successfully reorganized the Muslim League that was threatening the reelection and the political endorsement for Mirza for his second term of the presidency.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Martial Law)"/> Furthermore, the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]], presided by Prime Minister [[Feroz Khan Noon|Sir Feroze Khan]], had been under pressure over the electoral reforms issue at the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Martial Law)"/> Upon witnessing these developments, President Mirza ordered the mass mobilization of the [[Pakistani military|military]] and imposed [[State of emergency|emergency]] rule in the country after declaring [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|martial law]] against his own [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|party]]'s administration led by Prime Minister [[Feroz Khan Noon|Feroze Khan]] by abrogating the [[Rule of law|writ]] of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] and dissolving the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|national]] and [[:Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan|provisional assemblies]] at midnight on 7/8 October 1958.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Martial Law)">{{cite web|title=Martial Law|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A065|website=Story of Pakistan |date=June 2003 |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>
+By 1958, [[I I Chundrigar|I.I. Chundrigar]] and [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|A.Q. Khan]] had successfully reorganized the Muslim League that was threatening the reelection and the political endorsement for Mirza for his second term of the presidency.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Martial Law)"/> Furthermore, the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]], presided by Prime Minister [[Feroz Khan Noon|Sir Feroze Khan]], had been under pressure over the electoral reforms issue at the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Martial Law)"/> Upon witnessing these developments, President Mirza ordered the mass mobilization of the [[Pakistani military|military]] and imposed [[State of emergency|emergency]] rule in the country after declaring [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|martial law]] against his own [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|party]]'s administration led by Prime Minister [[Feroz Khan Noon|Feroze Khan]] by abrogating the [[Rule of law|writ]] of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] and dissolving the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|national]] and [[:Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan|provisional assemblies]] at midnight on 7/8 October 1958.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Martial Law)">{{cite web|title=Martial Law|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A065|website=Story of Pakistan |date=June 2003 |access-date=2 February 2012}}</ref>
 In the morning of 8 October 1958, President Mizra announced via [[Radio Pakistan|national radio]] that he was introducing a new constitution "more suited to the genius of the Pakistan nation",<ref name="Dr. Professor Mubashir Hassan, professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Engineering and Technology and the Oxford University Press"/> as he believed democracy was unsuited to Pakistan "with its 15% literacy rate".<ref name="Dr. Professor Mubashir Hassan, professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Engineering and Technology and the Oxford University Press">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Mubashir |author-link=Mubashir Hassan |year=2000 |title=The Mirage of Power |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=394 |isbn=978-0-19-579300-0}}</ref> Upon abdicating, Mirza took the nation into confidence, saying that:
-{{blockquote|text=Three weeks ago, I (Iskander Mirza) imposed martial law in Pakistan and appointed General Ayub Khan as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Supreme Commander]] of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces| [Armed Forces]]] and also as [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]].... By the grace of [[Allah|God]]... This measure which I had adopted in the interest of our beloved country has been extremely well received by our people and by our friends and well wishers abroad... I have done best to administer in the difficult task of arresting further deterioration and bringing order out of chaos... In our efforts to evolve an effective structure for future administration of this country... [[Pakistan Zindabad|Pakistan Zindabad, Pakistan Zindabad!]]|sign=President Iskander Mirza, <small>abdicating on 1958.10.27</small>|source=<ref>{{cite web |last=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |title=Lengthy Text of President Iskander Ali Mirza's speech |url=http://therepublicofrumi.com/archives/58abdication.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602153442/http://therepublicofrumi.com/archives/58abdication.htm |archive-date=2 June 2013 |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref>}}
+{{blockquote|text=Three weeks ago, I (Iskander Mirza) imposed martial law in Pakistan and appointed General Ayub Khan as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Supreme Commander]] of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces| [Armed Forces]]] and also as [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]].... By the grace of [[Allah|God]]... This measure which I had adopted in the interest of our beloved country has been extremely well received by our people and by our friends and well wishers abroad... I have done best to administer in the difficult task of arresting further deterioration and bringing order out of chaos... In our efforts to evolve an effective structure for future administration of this country... [[Pakistan Zindabad|Pakistan Zindabad, Pakistan Zindabad!]]|sign=President Iskander Mirza, <small>abdicating on 1958.10.27</small>|source=<ref>{{cite web |last=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |title=Lengthy Text of President Iskander Ali Mirza's speech |url=http://therepublicofrumi.com/archives/58abdication.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602153442/http://therepublicofrumi.com/archives/58abdication.htm |archive-date=2 June 2013 |access-date=3 February 2012}}</ref>}}
 This martial law imposed by the country's first Bengali president was the first example of [[Military coups in Pakistan|martial law]] in Pakistan, which would continue until the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|dissolution]] of East Pakistan in 1971.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Martial Law)"/> Iskander Mirza appointed then-[[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|Army Commander]] of the [[Pakistan Army]], General [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]], as the [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]] (CMLA), which proved his undoing within three weeks.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Martial Law)"/>
@@ Line 272: / Line 272: @@
 ===Dismissal and end of presidency===
-The [[two-man rule]] political regime was evolved under President Mirza and his appointed [[Chief Martial Law Administrator|chief martial law administration]] and then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] General [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ouster of President Iskander Mirza)">{{cite web |title=Ouster of President Iskander Mirza |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A117|website=Story of Pakistan |date=June 2003 |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>  However, the two men had very different [[point of view (philosophy)|points of view]] on running the government with the new situation, even though they were responsible for bringing about the change.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ouster of President Iskander Mirza)" />{{Rquote|right|I did not mean to do it.... The martial law would be for the shortest possible duration until the new elections....|President Mirza, 1958|<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ouster of President Iskander Mirza)" />}}
+The [[two-man rule]] political regime was evolved under President Mirza and his appointed [[Chief Martial Law Administrator|chief martial law administration]] and then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] General [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ouster of President Iskander Mirza)">{{cite web |title=Ouster of President Iskander Mirza |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A117|website=Story of Pakistan |date=June 2003 |access-date=2 February 2012}}</ref>  However, the two men had very different [[point of view (philosophy)|points of view]] on running the government with the new situation, even though they were responsible for bringing about the change.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ouster of President Iskander Mirza)" />{{Rquote|right|I did not mean to do it.... The martial law would be for the shortest possible duration until the new elections....|President Mirza, 1958|<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ouster of President Iskander Mirza)" />}}
 President Mirza had not envisaged any change in his previous powers; he wanted to retain the ability to maneuver things in keeping with his own whims.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ouster of President Iskander Mirza)" /> Judging from the situation, the things however had changed as the time and situation both were demanding the complete solution.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ouster of President Iskander Mirza)" /> General Ayub Khan came to an understanding that the real [[Power (politics)|political power]] rested with the support of the [[Pakistani military|military]], and within a week of enforcing [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]], President Mirza realized the delicate position he got himself into.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ouster of President Iskander Mirza)" /> In an interview with [[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn'']], President Mirza regretted his decision saying: "I did not mean to do it"<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ouster of President Iskander Mirza)" /> while offering assurances that martial law would be for the shortest possible duration.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ouster of President Iskander Mirza)" />
@@ Line 295: / Line 295: @@
 ===Family===
-Mirza was married twice: his first marriage took place on 24 November 1922, when he married an Iranian woman, Rifaat Begum (1907–23 March 1967). The couple had two sons and four daughters.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|last=Kabita Chowdhury|title=First Pakistan president's Bengal home in a shambles|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-29/kolkata/30568408_1_house-national-property-pratibha-patil |newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 December 2011 |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref>
+Mirza was married twice: his first marriage took place on 24 November 1922, when he married an Iranian woman, Rifaat Begum (1907–23 March 1967). The couple had two sons and four daughters.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|last=Kabita Chowdhury|title=First Pakistan president's Bengal home in a shambles|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-29/kolkata/30568408_1_house-national-property-pratibha-patil |newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 December 2011 |access-date=3 February 2012}}</ref>
 Humayun Mirza is the only surviving son of Iskander Mirza. He was born in [[Poona]], India, and was educated at [[Doon School]]. He also studied in the U.K., before moving to the U.S., where he earned his MBA from [[Harvard]]. He married Josephine Hildreth, the daughter of [[Horace Hildreth]], the U.S. ambassador to Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-12 |title=Grounding the Humanities |url=https://www.bucknell.edu/news/grounding-humanities |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.bucknell.edu |language=en}}</ref> He retired from the [[World Bank]] in 1988. He lives in [[Bethesda, Maryland]]. He is the author of a book "From Plassey to Pakistan: The Family History of Iskander Mirza." Humayun's younger brother, Enver Mirza, had died in a plane crash in 1953.
-In October 1954, while in West Pakistan, Mirza's second marriage took place in Karachi after he fell in love with an Iranian aristocrat, Naheed Amirteymour (1919-2019), daughter of [[Amirteymour Kalali]]. She was a close friend of Begum [[Nusrat Bhutto]]. It was this friendship that brought [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] into the political arena of Pakistan.<ref name="ZAB calls Iskander Mirza">{{cite web |title=ZAB calls Iskander Mirza 'Greater Than Jinnah' |url=http://talkhaba.com/2011/06/iskander-mirza-was-greater-than-muhammad-ali-jinnah-z-a-bhutto-asserts.html |url-status=dead |publisher=Indian Press News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908185318/http://talkhaba.com/2011/06/iskander-mirza-was-greater-than-muhammad-ali-jinnah-z-a-bhutto-asserts.html |archive-date=8 September 2011 |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref>
+In October 1954, while in West Pakistan, Mirza's second marriage took place in Karachi after he fell in love with an Iranian aristocrat, Naheed Amirteymour (1919-2019), daughter of [[Amirteymour Kalali]]. She was a close friend of Begum [[Nusrat Bhutto]]. It was this friendship that brought [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] into the political arena of Pakistan.<ref name="ZAB calls Iskander Mirza">{{cite web |title=ZAB calls Iskander Mirza 'Greater Than Jinnah' |url=http://talkhaba.com/2011/06/iskander-mirza-was-greater-than-muhammad-ali-jinnah-z-a-bhutto-asserts.html |url-status=dead |publisher=Indian Press News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908185318/http://talkhaba.com/2011/06/iskander-mirza-was-greater-than-muhammad-ali-jinnah-z-a-bhutto-asserts.html |archive-date=8 September 2011 |access-date=3 February 2012}}</ref>
 ==Legacy==
@@ Line 311: / Line 311: @@
 During his short span of four years as the head of state, four prime ministers were changed, three of them were his appointees, while the only popularly elected Bengali prime minister was dismissed. Iskander Mirza is thus widely held responsible for the instability that brought the active role of Pakistan armed forces into politics.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part-I)"/>
-By the 1950s, Mirza had moved his personal wealth to [[Pakistan]] which was confiscated by the [[Government of Pakistan]] when he was exiled, and it was reported by ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' in 2016, that his family estate in Murshidabad, West Bengal, was left in ruins.<ref name="Hindustan Times, 2016">{{cite news |title=House of Pakistan's first president in Murshidabad in ruins|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/house-of-pakistan-s-first-prez-in-murshidabad-now-in-ruins/story-KOBTNcPkXeN1OTMeSEBxFO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 June 2016 |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>
+By the 1950s, Mirza had moved his personal wealth to [[Pakistan]] which was confiscated by the [[Government of Pakistan]] when he was exiled, and it was reported by ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' in 2016, that his family estate in Murshidabad, West Bengal, was left in ruins.<ref name="Hindustan Times, 2016">{{cite news |title=House of Pakistan's first president in Murshidabad in ruins|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/house-of-pakistan-s-first-prez-in-murshidabad-now-in-ruins/story-KOBTNcPkXeN1OTMeSEBxFO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 June 2016 |access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref>
 ===Honours===
-{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2022}}
+{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2018}}
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 (ribbon bar, as it would look today)