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Architecture of India: Difference between revisions
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===Nagara Style of Architecture=== | ===Nagara Style of Architecture=== | ||
====Early==== | ====Early==== | ||
There are hardly any remains of Hindu temples before the [[Gupta dynasty]] in the 4th century CE; no doubt there were earlier structures in timber-based architecture. The [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] [[Udayagiri Caves]] are among the most important early sites.<ref>Harle (1994), 87–100; Michell (1988), 18</ref> The earliest preserved Hindu temples are simple cell-like stone temples, some rock-cut and others structural, as at [[Sanchi]].<ref name=meister254>{{cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |date=1988–1989 |title=Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=49 |issue=3–4 |pages=254–256 |doi=10.2307/3250039 |jstor=3250039}}</ref> By the 6th or 7th century, these evolved into high [[shikhara]] stone superstructures. However, there is inscriptional evidence such as the ancient Gangadhara inscription from about 424 CE, states Meister, that towering temples existed before this time and these were possibly made from more perishable material. These temples have not survived.<ref name= | There are hardly any remains of Hindu temples before the [[Gupta dynasty]] in the 4th century CE; no doubt there were earlier structures in timber-based architecture. The [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] [[Udayagiri Caves]] are among the most important early sites.<ref>Harle (1994), 87–100; Michell (1988), 18</ref> The earliest preserved Hindu temples are simple cell-like stone temples, some rock-cut and others structural, as at [[Sanchi]].<ref name=meister254>{{cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |date=1988–1989 |title=Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=49 |issue=3–4 |pages=254–256 |doi=10.2307/3250039 |jstor=3250039}}</ref> By the 6th or 7th century, these evolved into high [[shikhara]] stone superstructures. However, there is inscriptional evidence such as the ancient Gangadhara inscription from about 424 CE, states Meister, that towering temples existed before this time and these were possibly made from more perishable material. These temples have not survived.<ref name=meister370/><ref name=meister254/> | ||
[[File:KITLV_88210_-_Unknown_-_Temples_at_Barakhar_in_British_India_-_1897.tif|thumb|The ninth century temple in [[Barakar]] shows a tall curving shikhara crowned by a large amalaka and is an example of the early Pala style. It is similar to contemporaneous temples of Odisha.]] | [[File:KITLV_88210_-_Unknown_-_Temples_at_Barakhar_in_British_India_-_1897.tif|thumb|The ninth century temple in [[Barakar]] shows a tall curving shikhara crowned by a large amalaka and is an example of the early Pala style. It is similar to contemporaneous temples of Odisha.]] | ||
Examples of early major North Indian temples that have survived after the [[Udayagiri Caves]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] include [[Vishnu Temple, Deogarh|Deogarh]], [[Nachna Hindu temples|Parvati Temple, Nachna]] (465 CE),<ref name=meister370/> [[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur District]] (c. 525 CE), [[Sirpur Group of Monuments#Hindu monuments|Lakshman Brick Temple, Sirpur]] (600–625 CE); [[Rajim#Rajiv Lochan Vishnu Mandir|Rajiv Lochan temple]], [[Rajim]] (7th-century CE).<ref name=meister280>{{cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |date=1988–1989 |title=Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=49 |issue=3–4 |pages=254–280 |doi=10.2307/3250039 |jstor=3250039}}</ref> | Examples of early major North Indian temples that have survived after the [[Udayagiri Caves]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] include [[Vishnu Temple, Deogarh|Deogarh]], [[Nachna Hindu temples|Parvati Temple, Nachna]] (465 CE),<ref name=meister370/> [[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur District]] (c. 525 CE), [[Sirpur Group of Monuments#Hindu monuments|Lakshman Brick Temple, Sirpur]] (600–625 CE); [[Rajim#Rajiv Lochan Vishnu Mandir|Rajiv Lochan temple]], [[Rajim]] (7th-century CE).<ref name=meister280>{{cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |date=1988–1989 |title=Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=49 |issue=3–4 |pages=254–280 |doi=10.2307/3250039 |jstor=3250039}}</ref> | ||