6
edits
robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)
>Unknown user (robot: Import page to fix broken redirect) |
(robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)) |
||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
{{EngvarB|date=February 2021}} | {{EngvarB|date=February 2021}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} | ||
The '''Abhira tribe''' | {{for|the dynasty|Abhira dynasty}} | ||
The '''Abhira tribe''' is mentioned in the ancient Indian epic [[Mahabharata]]. A historical people of the same name are mentioned in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]''. They are thought to be people who moved in from eastern Iran in the aftermath of the invasion of [[Alexander the Great]]. Their main base was in the [[Indus River|Indus]] delta (modern [[Sindh]] and [[Kathiawar]]), where their country is mentioned as "Abiria" and "Aberia" in classical sources. There were also other communities of Abhiras in modern [[Haryana]].<ref>{{citation |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA127 |year=1974 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-2941-1 |pages=127–128}}</ref> | |||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| Line 40: | Line 41: | ||
Gayatri further developed into a fierce goddess who could even slay a demon. According to [[Varaha Purana]] and [[Mahabharata]], Goddess Gayatri slayed the demon Vetrasura, the son of [[Vritra]] and river [[Vetravati]], on a [[Navami]] day.<ref>{{cite book|last1=B K Chaturvedi|title=Varaha Purana|date=2017|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788128822261|pages=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6KkDgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bibek|first1=Debroy|title=The holy Puranas Volume 2 of The Holy Puranas: Markandeya, Agni, Bhavishya, Brahmavaivarta, Linga, Varaha|date=2002|publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp.|isbn=9788176462969|page=519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpwlAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022321/https://books.google.com/books?id=IpwlAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gayatri further developed into a fierce goddess who could even slay a demon. According to [[Varaha Purana]] and [[Mahabharata]], Goddess Gayatri slayed the demon Vetrasura, the son of [[Vritra]] and river [[Vetravati]], on a [[Navami]] day.<ref>{{cite book|last1=B K Chaturvedi|title=Varaha Purana|date=2017|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788128822261|pages=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6KkDgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bibek|first1=Debroy|title=The holy Puranas Volume 2 of The Holy Puranas: Markandeya, Agni, Bhavishya, Brahmavaivarta, Linga, Varaha|date=2002|publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp.|isbn=9788176462969|page=519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpwlAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022321/https://books.google.com/books?id=IpwlAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
===Goddess Durga=== | |||
[[File:Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG|thumb]] | |||
[[Durga]] is a [[Hindu deities|major deity]] in [[Hinduism]]. She is worshipped as a principal aspect of the mother goddess [[Adishakti|Devi]] and is one of the most popular and widely revered among Indian divinities. She is associated with protection, strength, motherhood, destruction and wars.{{sfn|Encyclopedia Britannica|2015}}{{sfn|David R Kinsley|1989|pp=3–4}}{{sfn|Charles Phillips| Michael Kerrigan| David Gould|2011|pp=93–94}} Her legend centres around combating evils and demonic forces that threaten peace, prosperity, and [[Dharma]] the power of good over evil.{{sfn|David R Kinsley|1989|pp=3–4}}{{sfn|Paul Reid-Bowen|2012|pp=212–213}} According to Hindu legends, Durga is created by the gods to defeat the demon [[Mahishasura]], who could be only killed by a female. Durga is seen as a motherly figure and often depicted as a beautiful woman, riding a lion or tiger, with many arms each carrying a weapon and often defeating demons.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|1999|p=306}}{{sfn|David R Kinsley|1989|pp=3–5}}{{sfn|Laura Amazzone|2011|pp=71–73}}{{sfn|Donald J LaRocca|1996|pp=5–6}} | |||
The historian Ramaprasad Chanda stated in 1916 that Durga evolved over time in the Indian subcontinent. A primitive form of Durga, according to Chanda, was the result of "[[syncretism]] of a mountain-goddess worshiped by the dwellers of the [[Himalaya]] and the [[Vindhya]]s", a deity of the [[Abhiras]] conceptualised as a war-goddess. In the [[Virata Parva|Virata Parvan stuti]] and [[Vaishnavism|Visnuite]] texts, the Goddess is called the Māhāmāyā, or the Yoganidrā of [[Vishnu|Visnu]]. These further points her Abhira or [[Gopa (caste)|Gopa]] origins.<ref>{{cite book|first=Indira S. |last=Aiyar |title=Durga As Mahisasuramardini |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4bXAAAAMAAJ&q=parvan+stuti |publisher=Gyan Publishing House, 1997 |isbn=9788121205108 |page=217}}</ref> Durga then transformed into Kali as the personification of the all-destroying time, while aspects of her emerged as the primordial energy ([[Adya Sakti]]) integrated into the [[samsara]] (cycle of rebirths) concept and this idea was built on the foundation of the Vedic religion, mythology and philosophy.{{sfn|June McDaniel|2004|p=214}} | |||
The 6th-century CE inscriptions in early Siddhamatrika script, such as at the Nagarjuni hill cave during the [[Maukhari]] era, already mention the legend of her victory over Mahishasura (buffalo-hybrid demon).<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ |year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509984-3|pages=200–201}}</ref> | |||
==Rule of the Konkan== | ==Rule of the Konkan== | ||
| Line 51: | Line 60: | ||
==Abhiras of Gupta empire == | ==Abhiras of Gupta empire == | ||
{{main|Abhira dynasty}} | |||
During the reign of [[Samudragupta]] (c. 350), the Abhiras lived in [[Rajputana]] and [[Malwa|Malava]] on the western frontier of the [[Gupta empire]]. Historian [[Dineshchandra Sircar]] thinks of their original abode was the area of Abhiravan, between [[Herat]] and [[Kandahar]], although this is disputed.<ref name="google10">{{cite book|first=Tej Ram |last=Sharma |title=A political history of the imperial Guptas: from Gupta to Skandagupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA87 |year=1989 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-251-4 |page=87}}</ref> Their occupation of [[Rajasthan]] also at later date is evident from the [[Jodhpur]] inscription of [[Hindu calendar|Samvat]] 918 that the Abhira people of the area were a terror to their neighbours, because of their violent demeanour.<ref name="google10"/> Abhiras of Rajputana were sturdy and regarded as [[Mleccha]]s, and carried on anti-Brahmanical activities. As a result, life and property became unsafe. Pargiter{{who|date=January 2018}} points to the Pauranic tradition that the Vrishnis and Andhakas, while retreating northwards after the [[Kurukshetra War]] from their western home in Dwarka and Gujarat, were attacked and broken up by the rude Abhiras of Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kailash Chand |last=Jain |title=Ancient cities and towns of Rajasthan: a study of culture and civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQx5a48dzlYC |year=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120806696 }}</ref> They were the supporters of the [[Duryodhana]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aqo4AAAAIAAJ&q=Abhira+warriors |title=Man in India – Google Books |date=17 July 2007}}</ref><ref>Man in India, Volume 54-page-39</ref> and [[Kaurava]]s, and in the Mahabharata,<ref>Ancient Nepal</ref> Abhir, Gopa, Gopal<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrAwAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Abhiras+and+Gopalas+are+synonymous |title=Ancient Nepal – D. R. Regmi, Nepal Institute of Asian Studies – Google Books |date=1 December 1973 |last1=Regmi |first1=D. R. }}</ref> and Yadavas are all synonyms.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43Fzt-G_-XYC&q=great+abhiras&pg=PA3 |title=Encyclopaedia of ancient Indian ... – Subodh Kapoor – Google Books |isbn=9788177552980 |last1=Kapoor |first1=Subodh |year=2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ&q=abhiras+looted+arjuna |title=Social movements and social ... – M. S. A. Rao – Google Books |date=14 December 2006 |last1=Rao |first1=M. S. A. |isbn=9780333902554 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ&q=Kauravas |title=Social movements and social ... – M. S. A. Rao – Google Books |date=14 December 2006 |last1=Rao |first1=M. S. A. |isbn=9780333902554 }}</ref> They defeated the hero of Mahabharatha war, and did spare him when he disclosed the identity of the members of the family of Sri Krishna.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJNHAAAAMAAJ&q=looted+the+train+of+Arjuna%2C |title=Yadavas through the ages, from ... – J. N. Singh Yadav – Google Books |date=28 August 2007 |isbn=9788185616032 |last1=Singh Yadav |first1=J. N. }}</ref> The [[Gopas]], whom [[Krishna]] had offered to Duryodhana to fight in his support when he himself joined Arjuna's side, were no other than the [[Yadavas]] themselves, who were also the Abhiras.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGMqAQAAIAAJ&q=Gopas%2C+whom+Krishna |title=Man in India – Google Books |year=1974 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFHRAAAAMAAJ&q=abhiras |title=Ethnic history of Gujarat – Popatlal Govindlal Shah – Google Books |date=13 February 2009 |last1=Shah |first1=Popatlal Govindlal }}</ref><ref>Ethnic history of Gujarat</ref> The Abhiras also have been described as [[Kshatriya|Vrata Kshatriyas]]. | During the reign of [[Samudragupta]] (c. 350), the Abhiras lived in [[Rajputana]] and [[Malwa|Malava]] on the western frontier of the [[Gupta empire]]. Historian [[Dineshchandra Sircar]] thinks of their original abode was the area of Abhiravan, between [[Herat]] and [[Kandahar]], although this is disputed.<ref name="google10">{{cite book|first=Tej Ram |last=Sharma |title=A political history of the imperial Guptas: from Gupta to Skandagupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA87 |year=1989 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-251-4 |page=87}}</ref> Their occupation of [[Rajasthan]] also at later date is evident from the [[Jodhpur]] inscription of [[Hindu calendar|Samvat]] 918 that the Abhira people of the area were a terror to their neighbours, because of their violent demeanour.<ref name="google10"/> Abhiras of Rajputana were sturdy and regarded as [[Mleccha]]s, and carried on anti-Brahmanical activities. As a result, life and property became unsafe. Pargiter{{who|date=January 2018}} points to the Pauranic tradition that the Vrishnis and Andhakas, while retreating northwards after the [[Kurukshetra War]] from their western home in Dwarka and Gujarat, were attacked and broken up by the rude Abhiras of Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kailash Chand |last=Jain |title=Ancient cities and towns of Rajasthan: a study of culture and civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQx5a48dzlYC |year=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120806696 }}</ref> They were the supporters of the [[Duryodhana]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aqo4AAAAIAAJ&q=Abhira+warriors |title=Man in India – Google Books |date=17 July 2007}}</ref><ref>Man in India, Volume 54-page-39</ref> and [[Kaurava]]s, and in the Mahabharata,<ref>Ancient Nepal</ref> Abhir, Gopa, Gopal<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrAwAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Abhiras+and+Gopalas+are+synonymous |title=Ancient Nepal – D. R. Regmi, Nepal Institute of Asian Studies – Google Books |date=1 December 1973 |last1=Regmi |first1=D. R. }}</ref> and Yadavas are all synonyms.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43Fzt-G_-XYC&q=great+abhiras&pg=PA3 |title=Encyclopaedia of ancient Indian ... – Subodh Kapoor – Google Books |isbn=9788177552980 |last1=Kapoor |first1=Subodh |year=2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ&q=abhiras+looted+arjuna |title=Social movements and social ... – M. S. A. Rao – Google Books |date=14 December 2006 |last1=Rao |first1=M. S. A. |isbn=9780333902554 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ&q=Kauravas |title=Social movements and social ... – M. S. A. Rao – Google Books |date=14 December 2006 |last1=Rao |first1=M. S. A. |isbn=9780333902554 }}</ref> They defeated the hero of Mahabharatha war, and did spare him when he disclosed the identity of the members of the family of Sri Krishna.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJNHAAAAMAAJ&q=looted+the+train+of+Arjuna%2C |title=Yadavas through the ages, from ... – J. N. Singh Yadav – Google Books |date=28 August 2007 |isbn=9788185616032 |last1=Singh Yadav |first1=J. N. }}</ref> The [[Gopas]], whom [[Krishna]] had offered to Duryodhana to fight in his support when he himself joined Arjuna's side, were no other than the [[Yadavas]] themselves, who were also the Abhiras.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGMqAQAAIAAJ&q=Gopas%2C+whom+Krishna |title=Man in India – Google Books |year=1974 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFHRAAAAMAAJ&q=abhiras |title=Ethnic history of Gujarat – Popatlal Govindlal Shah – Google Books |date=13 February 2009 |last1=Shah |first1=Popatlal Govindlal }}</ref><ref>Ethnic history of Gujarat</ref> The Abhiras also have been described as [[Kshatriya|Vrata Kshatriyas]]. | ||
| Line 65: | Line 75: | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
===Sources=== | |||
* {{cite web | title=Durga - Hindu mythology | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=19 February 2015 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga | ref={{sfnref | Encyclopedia Britannica | 2015}} | access-date=15 February 2017}} | |||
* {{cite book |author=Laura Amazzone |editor=Patricia Monaghan |title=Goddesses in World Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35465-6}} | |||
* {{cite book |author=Wendy Doniger |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0}} | |||
* {{cite book |author=David R Kinsley |title=The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East and West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b0jmXOPBXkwC |year=1989 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-835-5}} | |||
* {{cite book |author=Donald J LaRocca |title=The Gods of War: Sacred Imagery and the Decoration of Arms and Armor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B5B4B5IcQkC |year=1996 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-779-2}} | |||
* {{cite book |author=June McDaniel |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534713-5}} | |||
* {{cite book |author1=Charles Phillips |author2=Michael Kerrigan |author3=David Gould |title=Ancient India's Myths and Beliefs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3-RkE-Xxa0C |year=2011 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4488-5990-0}} | |||
* {{cite book |author=Paul Reid-Bowen |editor1=Denise Cush |editor2=Catherine Robinson |editor3=Michael York |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-18979-2}} | |||
[[Category:History of Haryana]] | [[Category:History of Haryana]] | ||
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]] | [[Category:History of Rajasthan]] | ||