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'''Lodha kshatriy''' There is an ancient Hindu caste living in India. In the ancient Varna system, this caste is considered to be Kshatriya Varna and was known as Lodh.<ref name="The chronicles of Oonao. A district in Oudh">{{cite book |last1=Elliott |first1=Charles Alfred |title=The chronicles of Oonao. A district in Oudh. |publisher=Printed at the Allahabad Mission Press |page=25,33,36,47,54,68,97 |edition=1862 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/chronicles-of-oonao-a-district-in-oudh/oclc/4217921 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Jati Anvenshan">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Chhotey Lal |title=जाति अन्वेषण भाग १ {{!}} Jati Anveshan Volume -i {{!}} छोटेलाल शर्मा - Chhotelal Sharma {{!}} Hindi PDF Download {{!}} Read Online {{!}} – ePustakalay |page=20,41,59,79,287 & 288 |url=https://epustakalay.com/book/4708-jati-anveshan-volume-i-by-chhotelal-sharma/ |language=hi-IN}}</ref> Over time, this caste came to be known as Lodha from Lodh and was identified as a hardworking farmer. In British India, the Lodha caste has been considered as the dominant cultivator.<ref name="Hindu Tribes and Casts as Represented in Benaras">{{cite book |last1=Sherring |first1=M. A. |title=Hindu tribes and castes as represented in Benares |publisher=Trubner and Co, Calcutta |page=348,349 |edition=1872 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6640}}</ref> <ref name="Brief view on the caste system of the North-Western">{{cite book |last1=Nesfield |first1=John C. |title=Brief view on the caste system of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, together with an examination of the names and figures shown in the census report, 1882 |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press, Allahabad |page=14 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5949/page/n19/mode/1up}}</ref> In the British era, '''The people of the Lodha caste spread from the United Provinces towards the Central Provinces and after going there the Lodha people changed their name to Lodhi But his real and permanent name is Lodha only.''' <ref name="The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India">{{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=R. V. |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume IV |page=112-119 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20668/20668-h/20668-h.htm |language=en-uk}}</ref> <ref name="Madhyprdesh District Gazetteers Narsinghpur">{{cite book |last1=Shriwastav |first1=P.N. |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Narsimhapur |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/madhya-pradesh-district-gazetteers-narsimhapur |language=en}}</ref> Presently, this caste is known by the three names Lodh, Lodha and Lodhi and they have been included in other backward castes in the states of Assam, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Telangana etc. <ref name="State Wise Central List of OBC">{{cite web |title=National Commission for Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/centralliststateview.aspx |website=www.ncbc.nic.in}}</ref> Whereas in rest of states, they are placed in the General category . <ref name="List of Scheduled Tribes of West Bengal">{{cite web |title=Tribal Development Department, Government of West Bengal |url=https://adibasikalyan.gov.in/html/st-list.php |website=adibasikalyan.gov.in}}</ref> <ref name="Recommendation of Backward Class Commission 1951">{{cite book |title=Report of the List of other Backward Class as Recommended by the Backward Class Commission, 1951 |publisher=The Manager, Govt. of India Press, Nasik Road, Published By the Manager of Publications, Delhi |edition=1955 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/report-list-other-backward-class-recommended-backward-class-commission-1951 |language=en}}</ref>
{{for|the town in Uttar Pradesh, India|Lodha, Aligarh}}
 
{{other uses|Lodhi (disambiguation)}}
== Origin of Lodha Caste ==
'''Lodha''' is a name of various Indian communities and may refer to:
The origin of the Lodha caste is the caste derived from the word 'Lodham' used in Mandala 3, Sukta 53 and Mantra 23 of the oldest book of the Rigveda. The word Lodhan was used in this mantra as an adjective to demonstrate the qualities of a skilled warrior. <ref name="Rigveda">{{cite book |title=Rg Veda all 10 Mandalas |url=https://archive.org/details/RgVeda/RigVedaMandal03}}</ref> It is said that at the time of the conflict between Chandravansh and Suryavansha, Chandravanshi Maharaj Budh, with the advice of Kulguru, prepared the army of heroes with Lodh virtues according to the meaning of this mantra and won the battle. Later the heroes of this army came to be identified as Lodh Kshatriya, which later became known as Lodha Kshatriya. <ref name="Jati Anvenshan" />
* [[Lodha people]], a tribal people living primarily in the Indian states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]], mostly in the [[Paschim Medinipur]] district. A section of the Lodha has converted to Islam, and form a distinct community of [[Lodha Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_westbengal.pdf |title = West Bengal: Data Highlights the Scheduled Tribes| accessdate = 26 September 2009 | last = | first = | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://mayurbhanj.nic.in/tribe.htm |title = Mayurbhanj, Tribal languages, festivals and culture| accessdate = 26 September 2009 | last =  | first = | publisher = }}</ref>
British historians have expressed different views about the origin of the Lodha caste.
* [[Lodhi (caste)]], agriculturalist caste primarily found in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWtDAAAAYAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica |volume=2 |page=737 |last=Sharma |first=Jagdish Saran |year=1981}}</ref> sometimes categorised as [[Other Backward Class]], but claim [[Rajput]] ties and prefer to be known as "Lodhi-Rajput",<ref>{{cite book|title=Opposition in a Dominant-Party System|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFV0XXoL5vcC&pg=PA26|first=Angela Sutherland |last=Burger |year=1969|publisher=University of California Press|page=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA400 |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1 | publisher=Asian Educational Services |author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan |year=1920 |page=400 |isbn=978-8-12060-488-9}}</ref><ref>Chauhan, Brij Raj (1980). Extending frontiers of sociological learning. Meerut University. Institute of Advanced Studies. Dept. of Sociology, Institute of Advanced Studies, Meerut University. p. 55.</ref>
'''M. A. Sherring ''' has written in his book 'Hindu Tribes and Casts as Representative in Benaras' that the people of Lodh caste originally sold the bark of a tree called Lodh which was used for coloring and medicine, hence these people are called Lodh.<ref name="Hindu Tribes and Casts as Represented in Benaras" />
* [[Oswal]], also known as Oswal Lodha, [[Jain]] community from [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Rajputana gazetteers|author=Rajputana|date=1879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqYIAAAAQAAJ|page=249|accessdate=16 April 2015}}</ref>
'''John C. Nesfield''' has written in his book 'Brief View of Caste System' that the word "Lodha" is derived from the word Clod-Breaker in English. Here Clod means 'lod' and Breaker means 'ha', adding these to form the word "Lodha."<ref name="Brief view on the caste system of the North-Western" />
'''W. Crooke ''' wrote in his book 'The Tribes and Casts of North-Western provinces and Awadh' that the word "Lodha" is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Lodhara' which means 'the bark of a tree' which is used for coloring as these people start. because of this used to live by selling the bark of this tree, hence it is called Lodha. "Crook's second opinion was that" Lodha is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Lubdhaka' which means 'a fearless' or 'a hunter'. As it is said for them. <ref name="Tribes and Castes of the North -Western and Oudh">{{cite book |last1=Crooke |first1=W. |title=Tribes and castes of the north -western provinces and oudh vol.3 |page=364-370 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/tribes-and-castes-north-western-provinces-and-oudh-vol3 |language=en}}</ref>
'''R. V. Russell''' has written in his book "The Tribes and Cast of the Central Provinces of India" that "He came from Ludhiana in Punjab in the Madhya Pradesh and that is why he came to be called Lodhi." His permanent name is Lodha. "It is further written in this book that" In Sagar district, it is said that the first Lodhi was created by Mahadeo from a scarecrow in a Kurmi woman's field and given the vocation of a farmservant.<ref name="The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India" />
'''E. A. Gait''' has written in the year 1901 Bengal census report that "about the origin of this caste, it is said in Midnapore that they were chosen by the Pandavas for hunting, while in Mayurbhanj they are said to be descendants of King Bali."<ref name="Census Of India Bengal 1901">{{cite book |last1=Gait |first1=E. A |title=Census Of India 1901 Vol.6 (lower Provinces Of Bengal And Their Leudatoties) Pt.1 (reports) |page=422 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55930/page/n434/mode/1up}}</ref>Ramesh Chandra Gunarthi writes in his book Rajasthani Jatiyon Ki Khoj that this caste is also considered a branch of Yaduvanshis. It is from the race of Samant, the second son of King Bhuvanpal, who first went to Punjab and settled the city of Ludhiana. It is from here that the sect army of this feudal lord was named Lodha.</ref>Rajasthani Jatiyon ki khoj by Ramesh Chander Gunarthi pege no. 140,141</ref>
 
== History of Lodha caste ==
The Lodha caste has existed since mythological times. There are many castes mentioned in the Puranas, which were called Sodh, Rodh, Lodh, Bodh, Lodha are descendants of these. <ref name="Tribes and castes of the north -western provinces and oudh">{{cite book |last1=Crooke |first1=W. |title=Tribes and castes of the north -western provinces and oudh vol.3 |page=364-370 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/tribes-and-castes-north-western-provinces-and-oudh-vol3 |language=en}}</ref> The Lodha caste is from the Kshatriya dynasty. Kshatriyatva of this caste is also proved by the memories and the Atra Samhita.<ref name="Jati Anvenshan" /> Even in the Mughal period, the Lodha caste is mentioned as Lodh Rajput. During the time of Mughal Emperor Akbar, Lodh Rajput horsemen and soldiers were in large numbers in the royal army of Agra, Konda and Ahmedabad. <ref name="Ain I Akbari">{{cite book |last1=Jarrett (Translator) |first1=H.S. |title=4551 Ain I Akbari Vol 2 (1978) |page=193 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.245022/page/n19/mode/1up?q}}</ref>
=== Lodha caste in North Western Provinces (present Uttar Pradesh) ===
In the British books, the Lodha caste in North Western Provinces (present-day Uttar Pradesh) is considered as an independent caste among the peasantry and it is mentioned among the major cultivating castes. It has been written about the Lodha caste that they are good crop growers, quiet and hardworking.<ref name="Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western Provinces Vol-1">{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Edwin T. (Edwin Thomas) |title=Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western Provinces of India |publisher=Allahabad : Printed at the North-western Provinces' Government Press |page=267,331,345,347 |edition=1872 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023947736}}</ref>They have been living in the Awadh region since ancient times. Lodha, named Kantha, who lived about nine hundred years, had established a city called Kantha. Which is 9 miles from the tehsil and 18 miles from Sadar station in Purva Pargana of Unnao district. For nearly a thousand years, a Lodha named Mankhi settled in Mankhi town, which is in Tehsil Hasanganj district, Unnao.
<ref name="Gazetteer of Oudh Vol. II H to M">{{cite book |last1=William Charles Benett |first1=Oudh |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Oudh... |publisher=Printed at the Oudh government press [etc.] |page=72-75,100,111,205,426 |url=https://archive.org/details/gazetteerprovin00oudhgoog/page/n128/mode/1up?q |language=English}}</ref> According to the census in 1921, the population of the Lodha caste in the United Provinces, British Territory, Oudh and Agra divisions was 10,46,816.
<ref name="Census of India, 1921 United Provinces of Agra and Oudh,">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1921United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Volume XVI |page=136,206,207 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/census-india-1921united-provinces-agra-and-oudh-volume-xvi-0 |language=en}}</ref> In almost all the districts of United and North Western Provinces (present Uttar Pradesh), especially in Agra, Etah, Etawah, Mainpuri, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Sarangpur, Aligarh, Bulandshahar, Meerut, Badaun, Bijnor, Bareilly, Kanpur, Gorakhpur, Farukhabad and Fatehpur etc. People of the Lodha caste used to reside here and it is not only laborers or farmers but also landlords, hence they were also called "Mukadam" in many places here.
<ref name="Statistical D. N.W. Pro. Vol-II">{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Edwin T. (Edwin Thomas) |title=Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western Provinces of India |publisher=Allahabad : Printed at the North-western Provinces' Government Press |page=45,182 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023947744/page/n58/mode/1up}}</ref> <ref name="Statistical, D. of the N.W. Pro. Vol-III">{{cite book |title=Statistical descriptive and historical account of the North-Western provinces of India0 |publisher=[Dr.:] North-West. Provinces' Governm. Press |page=48,51,73 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=CBTc7SPqr2kC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Statistical, D. of the N.W. Pro. Vol-IV">{{cite book |title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India: Agra division part 1 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government |page=44,46,47 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9XhRXus-_NgC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Lodha Castes in Central Provinces (Present Madhya Pradesh) ===
The people of the Lodha caste from the United Provinces moved rapidly towards the Central Provinces (present-day Madhya Pradesh). These people spread to the Narmada Valley, Banganga and Khairabad in Chhattisgarh But here they are known as Lodhi. Their proper designation is Lodha, but it has become corrupted to Lodhi in the Central Provinces. It is said about them here that they are hot blooded, avengers and ready to get involved in any disturbance anywhere.
At the time of the census of 1911, their population here was about 3 lakhs. In the districts of Hoshangabad, Jabalpur, Sagar, Narsingpur, Bhandara, Mandla, Chhindwara, Raipur, and Damoh, etc. Lodhas lived in large numbers. Here they had become the owners of their own land and started calling themselves "Thakurs" like the upper castes. The Raja of Panna had also given titles of Raja and Diwan to some of these families. He was given the status of "Patel" in Narsingpur. According to historians, those who came here from Ludhiana in Punjab started being called Lodhi, their permanent name is Lodha.
<ref name="Census of India, 1891 Centeral Prov." />
<ref name="Hindu Tribes And Castes  Vol. 2">{{cite book |last1=Sherring |first1=M. A. |title=Hindu Tribes And Castes  Vol. 2 |page=102,103 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38500}}</ref> <ref name="The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India" /> <ref name="Madhyprdesh District Gazetteers Narsinghpur" />
 
=== Lodha caste in Rajputana (present-day Rajasthan) ===
In Rajputana(present-day Rajasthan), the Lodha caste was considered to be the dominant peasant caste. These people used to cultivate more land in the eastern Rajputana districts. In Dholpur, he was the owner of 45 villages and used the land of 91 more villages, thus in 1880 he used to cultivate 17 thousand acres of land.
<ref name="Hindu Tribes And Castes  Vol. 3">{{cite book |last1=Sherring |first1=M. A. |title=Hindu Tribes And Castes  Vol. 3 |page=55 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38501/page/n74/mode/1up}}</ref> Prior to 1697, the Untgiri tehsil located in the southwest of Karauli state was under the occupation of the Lodha people. Ponds built of Lodhas are still present here. Lodra Rajput lived on the southern border of Devaraval, his capital name was Ludrava, it is 10 miles west of Jaisalmer.<ref name="राजपूताने का इतिहास भाग 1 Gahlot">{{cite book |last1=Gahlot |first1=Jagdish Singh |title=राजपूताने का इतिहास भाग 1 {{!}} Rajputane ka Itihas Vol.1 {{!}} जगदीश सिंह गहलोत - Jagdish Singh Gehlot {{!}} Hindi PDF Download {{!}} Read Online {{!}} – ePustakalay |page=588,639 |url=https://epustakalay.com/book/3379-rajputane-ka-itihas-vol1-by-jagdish-singh-gehlot/ |language=hi-IN}}</ref> In the census of 1901, the population of Lodha people in Rajputana area was stated to be 44,943. Lodha lived in greater numbers in Rajputane's Jaipur, Bharatpur, Dhaulpur, Kota, Bundi, Tonk, Jhalawar, Sirohi, Mewar, Marwar, Pratapgarh, Alwar and Shahpura etc.<ref name="Census of India Rajputana 1901">{{cite book |last1=Bannerman |first1=A. D. |title=Census of India 1901 vol.25-A (Rajputana); pt.2 (Imperial tables) |page=252 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.31044/page/250/mode/1up |language=English}}</ref>
 
=== Lodha caste in Bengal and Orissa ===
The castes of Lodh, Lodha and Nodh were the tribal castes of the tributaries of Angul and Orissa. It is said that these Lodhs came from Singhbhum and Mayurbhanj and they are related to the people of Mayurbhanj. Which is one of the ancient castes here. The Sahar and Sabar tribes in Midnapore are said to be synonymous with it. Their traditional business was to collect wild products like lac, cocoon, honey etc. In the tributary states, they were called Lodha Khediya.<ref name="Census Of India Bengal 1901" /><ref name="TRIBAL WORLD">{{cite book |last1=Hrisikesh Mandal |first1=Sumit Mukherjee Archana Datta |title=INDIA AN ILLUSTRATED ATLAS OF TRIBAL WORLD |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India 27, Jawaharlal Nehru Road Kolkata- 700 016 |page=30,31,32,39,88,89,94,95,105 |edition=2002 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaillustratedOOmand}}</ref>
 
== Subcastes and Gotras of Lodha Caste ==
Patharia, Mathuria, Sankla Jariya, Karhar, Banayan, Lakhia, Kharia, Khagi, Panis, Purbia, Katharia, Mahoria, Jaiswar, Singraur, Narwaria, Antaravedi
<ref name="Tribes and Castes of the North -Western and Oudh">{{cite book |last1=Crooke |first1=W. |title=Tribes and castes of the north -western provinces and oudh vol.3 |page=364-370 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/tribes-and-castes-north-western-provinces-and-oudh-vol3 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Statistical, D. of the N.W. Pro. Vol-IV">{{cite book |title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India: Agra division part 1 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government |page=44,46,47 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9XhRXus-_NgC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |language=en}}</ref> Mahadele, Bhadoria, Jariya, Khakaraha, Jaisari, Onto, Basayan, Chandpuria, Daudansia, Gudaleya, Hardia, Jangra, Janghel, Kirbanis, Lohbansi etc.
<ref name="Census of India, 1891 Centeral Prov.">{{cite book |last1=Robertson |first1=B |title=Census of India, 1891. Volume XI, The Central Provinces and feudatories. Part I, The report: Census Reports - 1891 |page=173,174 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352810?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents |language=English}}</ref> Pandit Chhotalal Sharma has described 515 strains of the Lodha caste in his book 'Jati Anvenshan'.
<ref name="Jati Anvenshan" />
== Population of Lodha Caste ==
According to the census conducted in 1891, the population of the Lodha caste in India was 16,74,098<ref name="Census of India 1891">{{cite book |title=General Report of the Census of India, 1891 |publisher=His Majesty’s Stationery Office (London) |page=192 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109811}}</ref> Whereas in the 1911 census, the population of the Lodha caste had increased to 17,32,230.<ref name="Census of India 1911">{{cite book |last1=Gait |first1=E. A. |title=Census of India, 1911, Vol. I; India; Part I.-Report |publisher=The Superintendent Government Printing (Calcutta) |page=396 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.92537}}</ref>In which the maximum population is stated to be 10,29,213 in North Western Provinces (present Uttar Pradesh), 2,87,241 in Central Provinces (current Madhya Pradesh) and 45,524 in Rajputana (present Rajasthan).
'''Lodha''' The Lodha caste is an ancient Kshatriya Hindu caste of India.<ref name="Jati Anvenshan" /> Some Jain Dharmavalambi also writes the surname Lodha, but it has a different pronunciation in Hindi language.
* [[Lodha people]], are also a [[Adivasi|tribal]] people living primarily in the Indian states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]], mostly in the [[Paschim Medinipur]] district. A section of the Lodha has converted to Islam, and form a distinct community of [[Lodha Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_westbengal.pdf
|title = West Bengal: Data Highlights the Scheduled Tribes| accessdate = 26 September 2009 | last =  | first =  | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://mayurbhanj.nic.in/tribe.htm
|title = Mayurbhanj, Tribal languages, festivals and culture| accessdate = 26 September 2009 | last =  | first =  | work = | publisher = }}</ref>
* [[Lodhi (caste)|Lodhi]], of northern and central [[India]] are also Lodha but the Lodha people changed their name to Lodhi,<ref name="Madhyprdesh District Gazetteers Narsinghpur" /><ref name="The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India" /> while there{{clarify|dated=April 2015|date=April 2015}} is  also a [[Muslim]] clan named Lodi.<ref>Chauhan, Brij Raj (1980). Extending frontiers of sociological learning. Meerut University. Institute of Advanced Studies. Dept. of Sociology, Institute of Advanced Studies, Meerut University. p. 55.</ref>
* [[Oswal]], also known as Oswal Lodha, belongs to [[Jain]] religion but it has a different pronunciation in Hindi language.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Rajputana gazetteers|author=Rajputana|date=1879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqYIAAAAQAAJ|page=249|accessdate=16 April 2015}}</ref>
== External Links ==
'''History of Lodha Caste''' https://archive.org/details/lodhas-history-in-blog/mode/2up


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 20:28, 23 July 2023

For the town in Uttar Pradesh, India, see Lodha, Aligarh.
For other uses, see Lodhi (disambiguation).

Lodha is a name of various Indian communities and may refer to:

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "West Bengal: Data Highlights the Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census of India 2001. Census Commission of India. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  2. ↑ "Mayurbhanj, Tribal languages, festivals and culture". Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  3. ↑ Sharma, Jagdish Saran (1981). Encyclopaedia Indica. Vol. 2. p. 737.
  4. ↑ Burger, Angela Sutherland (1969). Opposition in a Dominant-Party System. University of California Press. p. 27.
  5. ↑ Syed Siraj ul Hassan (1920). The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1. Asian Educational Services. p. 400. ISBN 978-8-12060-488-9.
  6. ↑ Chauhan, Brij Raj (1980). Extending frontiers of sociological learning. Meerut University. Institute of Advanced Studies. Dept. of Sociology, Institute of Advanced Studies, Meerut University. p. 55.
  7. ↑ Rajputana (1879). The Rajputana gazetteers. p. 249. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
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