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'''Bharatiya Jana Sangh''' was an [[India]]n right wing political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], a [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organisation. Later Jana Sangh succeeded by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Low1968">{{citation|editor=Donald Anthony Low|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA372|year=1968|publisher=University of California Press|pages=372–|id=GGKEY:6YPJXGZBWJQ}}</ref>
{{Short description|Former Indian political party}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name    = Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|colorcode    = {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|foundation    = {{start date and age|21 October 1951}}<ref>{{Citation |website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>
|founder      = [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]]
| split        = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]
|dissolution  = {{start date and age|1977}}
|merged        = [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)
|eci          =
|ideology      = [[Hindu nationalism]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=The Jana Sangh as a Nationalist Rally|page=94|encyclopedia=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics|first=Bruce D.|last=Graham|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br />[[Hindutva]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Elite Parties, Poor Voters|first=Tariq|last=Thachil|page=42|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br />[[Integral humanism (India)|Integral humanism]]<ref>{{cite book|title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation|first=Stanley|last=Kochanek|page=333|year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning}}</ref><br />[[National conservatism]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Jana Sangh: a biography of an Indian political party|year=1969|first=Craig|last=Baxter|author-link = Craig Baxter|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|page=171}}</ref><br/>[[Economic nationalism]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Fundamentalisms and the State|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|page=418|first=Martin E.|last=Marty}}</ref>
|position      = [[Right-wing]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Electoral Politics in the Indian States|first=John Osgood|last=Field|publisher=Manohar Book Service|page=28}}</ref>
|symbol        = [[File:Oil lamp drawing.png|120px|Diya, a traditional oil lamp, was the symbol of the party]]
|successor    = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1980–present)
|colours      = {{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}|border=darkgray}} [[Orange (colour)|Saffron]]
}}
{{Conservatism sidebar}}
{{Islamophobia}}
The '''Bharatiya Jana Sangh''' ({{small|abbreviated as}} '''BJS''' or '''JS''', short name: '''Jan Sangh''', full name: '''Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh'''<ref name="Low1968">{{citation|editor=Donald Anthony Low|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA372|year=1968|publisher=University of California Press|pages=372–|id=GGKEY:6YPJXGZBWJQ}}</ref>) ([[ISO 15919]]: '' Akhila Bhāratīya Jana Saṅgha '' )  was an Indian [[right wing]] political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and  was the political arm of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organisation.<ref name="Hindu2013">{{cite news|last1=Gurumurthy|first1=S|title=Lifting of the ban on the RSS was unconditional|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Lifting-of-ban-on-RSS-was-unconditional/article11806185.ece|access-date=29 January 2018|work=The Hindu|date=16 October 2013}}</ref> In 1977, it merged with several other [[Left-wing politics|left]], [[Political centre|centre]] and [[Right-wing politics|right]] parties opposed to the [[Indian National Congress]] and formed the [[Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 June 2021|title=Syama Prasad Mookerjee: Lesser-known facts about the Bharatiya Jana Sangh founder-India News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/syama-prasad-mookerjee-lesser-known-facts-about-the-bharatiya-jana-sangh-founder-9744191.html|access-date=14 July 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref> In 1980, Jana Sangh faction broke away from Janata Party over the issue of dual membership (of the political Janata Party and the social organization RSS), and formed [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].


==Origins==
==Origins==
[[File:Syama Prasad Mookerjee.jpg|thumb|right|[[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]], founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
[[File:Shyama Prasad Mukherjee portrait in Parliament.jpg|thumb|right|[[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]], founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]


After 1949, members of the right-wing Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) began to contemplate  the formation of a political party to continue their work, begun in the days of the [[British Raj]], and take their ideology further. Around the same time, [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] left the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] political party that he had once led because of a disagreement with that party over permitting non-Hindu membership.{{sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001|p=381}}{{sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Islam|2006b|p=227}} The BJS was subsequently started by Mukherjee on 21 October 1951<ref>{{cite web|title=Founding of Jan Sangh|url=http://www.bjp.org/en/about-the-party/history?u=founder |website=www.bjp.org |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> in [[Delhi]], with the collaboration of the RSS, as a "nationalistic alternative" to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]].<ref name=IEGuinha>{{cite news|title=Revive Jan Sangh -- BJP hardlines|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html|access-date=11 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 January 2000|author=Sharad Gupta|author2=Sanjiv Sinha|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012195411/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>
After 2000, members of the right-wing Hindu nationalist [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)]] began to contemplate  the formation of a political party to continue their work, begun in the days of the [[British Raj]], and take their ideology further. Around the same time, [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] left the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] political party that he had once led because of a disagreement with that party over permitting non-Hindu membership.{{sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001|p=381}}{{sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Islam|2006b|p=227}} The BJS was subsequently started by Mukherjee on 21 October 1951<ref>{{cite web|title=Founding of Jan Sangh|url=http://www.bjp.org/en/about-the-party/history?u=founder |website=www.bjp.org |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> in [[Delhi]], with the collaboration of the RSS, as a "nationalistic alternative" to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]].<ref name=IEGuinha>{{cite news|title=Revive Jan Sangh – BJP hardlines|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html|access-date=11 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 January 2000|author=Sharad Gupta|author2=Sanjiv Sinha|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012195411/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.html|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>


The symbol of the party in Indian elections was an oil lamp and, like the RSS, its ideology was centred on [[Hindutva]]. In the [[1951–52 Indian general election|1952 general elections]] to the [[Parliament of India]], BJS won three seats, Mukherjee being one of the winning candidates. The BJS would often link up on issues and debates with the centre-right [[Swatantra Party]] of [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]. After the death of Mukherjee in 1953, RSS activists in the BJS edged out the career politicians and made it a political arm of the RSS and an integral part of the [[RSS family of organisations]] (''Sangh Parivar'').<ref>{{citation |first=Pralaya |last=Kanungo |title=Myth of the Monolith: The RSS Wrestles to Discipline Its Political Progeny |journal=Social Scientist |volume=34 |pages=51–69 |number=11/12 |date=November 2006 |jstor=27644183}}</ref>
The symbol of the party in Indian elections was an oil lamp and, like the RSS, its ideology was centred on [[Hindutva]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022|reason=Your explanation here}} In the [[1951–52 Indian general election|1952 general elections]] to the [[Parliament of India]], BJS won three seats, Mukherjee being one of the winning candidates. The BJS would often link up on issues and debates with the centre-right [[Swatantra Party]] of [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} After the death of Mukherjee in 1953, RSS activists in the BJS edged out the career politicians and made it a political arm of the RSS and an integral part of the [[RSS family of organisations]] (''Sangh Parivar'').<ref>{{citation |first=Pralaya |last=Kanungo |title=Myth of the Monolith: The RSS Wrestles to Discipline Its Political Progeny |journal=Social Scientist |volume=34 |pages=51–69 |number=11/12 |date=November 2006 |jstor=27644183}}</ref>
 
The strongest election performance of the BJS came in the [[1967 Indian general election|1967 Lok Sabha election]], when the Congress majority was its thinnest ever.<ref name="General Election of India 1967">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=General Election of India 1967, 4th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>
 
==Ideology==
{{main|Hindutva}}
The BJS was ideologically close to the RSS, and derived most of its political activist base and candidates from the RSS ranks. It also attracted many economically conservative members of Congress who were disenchanted with the more socialist policies and politics of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and the Congress Party. The BJS's strongest constituencies were in [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}
 
The BJS leadership strongly supported a stringent policy against Pakistan and China, and were averse to the [[USSR]] and [[communism]]. Many BJS leaders also inaugurated the drive to ban [[cow slaughter]] nationwide in the early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/article16183780.ece|title=Anti-cow slaughter mob storms Parliament {{!}} From the Archives (dated 8 November 1966)|date=8 November 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 January 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|quote=Thousands of rupees worth of damage to buildings and vehicles, both private and public, was caused by the mob which, in a violent and vociferous way, was demonstrating for the imposition of a ban on cow slaughter by Government. The parties who organised the demonstration, the number of participants in which was estimated between 3 lakhs and 7 lakhs, were the Jan Sangh, the Hindu Mahasabha, the Arya Samaj and the Sanatan Dharma Sabha}}</ref>
 
==Emergency of 1975==
In 1975, [[Indira Gandhi]] declared a state of [[Indian Emergency|Emergency]], and threw many major opposition politicians in jail including the leaders of the BJS. In 1977, the Emergency was withdrawn, and elections were held. The BJS, joined forces with the [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]], the [[Indian National Congress (Organization)|Congress (O)]], and the [[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]], to form the [[Janata Party]] (People's Party). The Janata Party became the first Indian government not led by what was by then called the [[Indian National Congress]]. Former BJS leaders [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[L. K. Advani]] became the External Affairs (Foreign), and Information and Broadcasting Ministers respectively.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}
 
==Chronological list of presidents==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" |#
!Portrait
!Name
! scope="col" |Term
|-
|1
|
|[[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]]
|1951-52
|-
|2
|
|[[Mauli Chandra Sharma]]
|1954
|-
|3
|
|[[Prem Nath Dogra]]
|1955
|-
|4
|
|[[Debaprasad Ghosh]]
|1956-59
|-
|5
|
|[[Pitamber Das]]
|1960
|-
|6
|
|[[Avasarala Rama Rao]]
|1961
|-
|(4)
|
|[[Debaprasad Ghosh]]
|1962
|-
|7
|
|[[Raghu Vira]]
|1963
|-
|(4)
|
|[[Debaprasad Ghosh]]
|1964
|-
|8
|
|[[Bachhraj Vyas]]
|1965
|-
|9
|
|[[Balraj Madhok]]
|1966
|-
|10
|
|[[Deendayal Upadhyaya]]
|1967-68
|-
|11
|[[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee tribute image (cropped).jpg|91x91px]]
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|1968-72
|-
|12
|[[File:Lkadvani.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[L. K. Advani]]
|1973-77
|}
 
== In general elections ==
The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was created in 1951, and the first general election it contested was in 1951–52, in which it won only three Lok Sabha seats, in line with the four seats won by [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and three seats won by [[Ram Rajya Parishad]].  Shyama Prasad Mookerjee and Durga Charan Banerjee were elected from Bengal and Uma Shankar Trivedi from Rajasthan. All the like-minded parties formed a block in the Parliament, led by Shyama Prasad Mookerjee.{{sfn|Nag|2014|loc=chapter 1}}<ref name=roots>{{cite news |author=Archis Mohan |title=The roots of India's second republic |newspaper=Business Standard |date=9 October 2014 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-roots-of-india-s-second-republic-114100901275_1.html |access-date=8 November 2014}}
</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! style="width:25%;"| Year
! style="width:15%;"| General Election
! style="width:15%;"| Seats Won
! style="width:15%;"| Change in Seat
! style="width:15%;"| % of votes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1951 Indian general election]]
|| [[1st Lok Sabha]]
|| 3
|| –
|| 3.06
||{{sfn|Nag|2014|loc=chapter 1}}{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=165}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1957 Indian general election]]
|| [[2nd Lok Sabha]]
|| 4
|| {{increase}} 1
|| 5.93
||<ref name=roots/>{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=165}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1962 Indian general election]]
|| [[3rd Lok Sabha]]
|| 14
|| {{increase}} 10
|| 6.44
||<ref name=roots/>{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=165}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1967 Indian general election]]
|| [[4th Lok Sabha]]
|| 35
|| {{increase}} 21
|| 9.41
||<ref name=roots/>{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=165}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1971 Indian general election]]
|| [[5th Lok Sabha]]
|| 22
|| {{decrease}} 13
|| 7.35
||{{sfn|Nag|2014|loc=chapter 4}}{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=165}}
|}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
'''Sources'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Nag |first=Kingshuk |author-link=Kingshuk Nag |title=The Saffron Tide: The Rise of the BJP |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-8129134295 |year=2014 }}
* {{cite book |first1=Walter K. |last1=Andersen |author-link=Walter K. Andersen |first2=Shridhar D. |last2=Damle |title=The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism |url=https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodinsaf0000ande |url-access=registration |orig-year=Oringally published by Westview Press |publisher=Vistaar Publications|location=Delhi |year=1987 }}
 
{{Refend}}


==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=Craig |last=Baxter |author-link = Craig Baxter|title=The Jana Sangh – A Biography of an Indian Political Party |publisher=Oxford University Press, Bombay |year=1971 |orig-year=first published by [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] 1969 |isbn=0812275837 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/janasanghbiograp0000baxt }}
* {{cite book |last=Graham |first=B. D. |title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=0-521-38348X}}
* {{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1850653011 }}


{{stub}}
{{Sangh Parivar}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Political parties in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh| ]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1951]]
[[Category:1950s establishments in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:1977 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in India]]
[[Category:1970s disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu political parties]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1977]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1977 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in India]]
[[Category:Right-wing parties]]

Latest revision as of 19:43, 25 July 2023



Template:Islamophobia The Bharatiya Jana Sangh (abbreviated as BJS or JS, short name: Jan Sangh, full name: Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh[8]) (ISO 15919: Akhila Bhāratīya Jana Saṅgha ) was an Indian right wing political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation.[9] In 1977, it merged with several other left, centre and right parties opposed to the Indian National Congress and formed the Janata Party.[10] In 1980, Jana Sangh faction broke away from Janata Party over the issue of dual membership (of the political Janata Party and the social organization RSS), and formed Bharatiya Janata Party.

Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh
FounderSyama Prasad Mukherjee
Founded21 October 1951; 73 years ago (21 October 1951)[1]
Dissolved1977; 48 years ago (1977)
Split fromHindu Mahasabha
Merged intoJanata Party (1977–1980)
Succeeded byBharatiya Janata Party (1980–present)
IdeologyHindu nationalism[2]
Hindutva[3]
Integral humanism[4]
National conservatism[5]
Economic nationalism[6]
Political positionRight-wing[7]
Colours  Saffron
Election symbol
Diya, a traditional oil lamp, was the symbol of the party

OriginsEdit

 
Syama Prasad Mukherjee, founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh

After 2000, members of the right-wing Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) began to contemplate the formation of a political party to continue their work, begun in the days of the British Raj, and take their ideology further. Around the same time, Syama Prasad Mukherjee left the Hindu Mahasabha political party that he had once led because of a disagreement with that party over permitting non-Hindu membership.[11][12][13] The BJS was subsequently started by Mukherjee on 21 October 1951[14] in Delhi, with the collaboration of the RSS, as a "nationalistic alternative" to the Congress Party.[15]

The symbol of the party in Indian elections was an oil lamp and, like the RSS, its ideology was centred on Hindutva.[citation needed] In the 1952 general elections to the Parliament of India, BJS won three seats, Mukherjee being one of the winning candidates. The BJS would often link up on issues and debates with the centre-right Swatantra Party of Chakravarti Rajagopalachari.[citation needed] After the death of Mukherjee in 1953, RSS activists in the BJS edged out the career politicians and made it a political arm of the RSS and an integral part of the RSS family of organisations (Sangh Parivar).[16]

The strongest election performance of the BJS came in the 1967 Lok Sabha election, when the Congress majority was its thinnest ever.[17]

IdeologyEdit

Main article: Hindutva

The BJS was ideologically close to the RSS, and derived most of its political activist base and candidates from the RSS ranks. It also attracted many economically conservative members of Congress who were disenchanted with the more socialist policies and politics of Jawaharlal Nehru and the Congress Party. The BJS's strongest constituencies were in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.[citation needed]

The BJS leadership strongly supported a stringent policy against Pakistan and China, and were averse to the USSR and communism. Many BJS leaders also inaugurated the drive to ban cow slaughter nationwide in the early 1960s.[18]

Emergency of 1975Edit

In 1975, Indira Gandhi declared a state of Emergency, and threw many major opposition politicians in jail including the leaders of the BJS. In 1977, the Emergency was withdrawn, and elections were held. The BJS, joined forces with the Bharatiya Lok Dal, the Congress (O), and the Socialist Party, to form the Janata Party (People's Party). The Janata Party became the first Indian government not led by what was by then called the Indian National Congress. Former BJS leaders Atal Bihari Vajpayee and L. K. Advani became the External Affairs (Foreign), and Information and Broadcasting Ministers respectively.[citation needed]

Chronological list of presidentsEdit

# Portrait Name Term
1 Syama Prasad Mukherjee 1951-52
2 Mauli Chandra Sharma 1954
3 Prem Nath Dogra 1955
4 Debaprasad Ghosh 1956-59
5 Pitamber Das 1960
6 Avasarala Rama Rao 1961
(4) Debaprasad Ghosh 1962
7 Raghu Vira 1963
(4) Debaprasad Ghosh 1964
8 Bachhraj Vyas 1965
9 Balraj Madhok 1966
10 Deendayal Upadhyaya 1967-68
11   Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1968-72
12   L. K. Advani 1973-77

In general electionsEdit

The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was created in 1951, and the first general election it contested was in 1951–52, in which it won only three Lok Sabha seats, in line with the four seats won by Hindu Mahasabha and three seats won by Ram Rajya Parishad. Shyama Prasad Mookerjee and Durga Charan Banerjee were elected from Bengal and Uma Shankar Trivedi from Rajasthan. All the like-minded parties formed a block in the Parliament, led by Shyama Prasad Mookerjee.[19][20]

Year General Election Seats Won Change in Seat % of votes Ref.
1951 Indian general election 1st Lok Sabha 3 – 3.06 [19][21]
1957 Indian general election 2nd Lok Sabha 4   1 5.93 [20][21]
1962 Indian general election 3rd Lok Sabha 14   10 6.44 [20][21]
1967 Indian general election 4th Lok Sabha 35   21 9.41 [20][21]
1971 Indian general election 5th Lok Sabha 22   13 7.35 [22][21]

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ ThePrint {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  2. ↑ Graham, Bruce D. "The Jana Sangh as a Nationalist Rally". Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 94.
  3. ↑ Thachil, Tariq (2014). Elite Parties, Poor Voters. Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
  4. ↑ Kochanek, Stanley (2007). India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation. Cengage Learning. p. 333.
  5. ↑ Baxter, Craig (1969). The Jana Sangh: a biography of an Indian political party. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 171.
  6. ↑ Marty, Martin E. (1996). Fundamentalisms and the State. University of Chicago Press. p. 418.
  7. ↑ Field, John Osgood. Electoral Politics in the Indian States. Manohar Book Service. p. 28.
  8. ↑ Donald Anthony Low, ed. (1968), Soundings in Modern South Asian History, University of California Press, pp. 372–, GGKEY:6YPJXGZBWJQ
  9. ↑ Gurumurthy, S (16 October 2013). "Lifting of the ban on the RSS was unconditional". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  10. ↑ "Syama Prasad Mookerjee: Lesser-known facts about the Bharatiya Jana Sangh founder-India News , Firstpost". Firstpost. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  11. ↑ Urmila Sharma & SK Sharma 2001, p. 381.
  12. ↑ Kedar Nath Kumar 1990, pp. 20–21.
  13. ↑ Islam 2006b, p. 227.
  14. ↑ "Founding of Jan Sangh". www.bjp.org. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  15. ↑ Sharad Gupta; Sanjiv Sinha (18 January 2000). "Revive Jan Sangh – BJP hardlines". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  16. ↑ Kanungo, Pralaya (November 2006), "Myth of the Monolith: The RSS Wrestles to Discipline Its Political Progeny", Social Scientist, 34 (11/12): 51–69, JSTOR 27644183
  17. ↑ "General Election of India 1967, 4th Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  18. ↑ "Anti-cow slaughter mob storms Parliament | From the Archives (dated 8 November 1966)". The Hindu. 8 November 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 January 2020. Thousands of rupees worth of damage to buildings and vehicles, both private and public, was caused by the mob which, in a violent and vociferous way, was demonstrating for the imposition of a ban on cow slaughter by Government. The parties who organised the demonstration, the number of participants in which was estimated between 3 lakhs and 7 lakhs, were the Jan Sangh, the Hindu Mahasabha, the Arya Samaj and the Sanatan Dharma Sabha
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Nag 2014, chapter 1.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Archis Mohan (9 October 2014). "The roots of India's second republic". Business Standard. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Andersen & Damle 1987, p. 165.
  22. ↑ Nag 2014, chapter 4.

Sources

Further readingEdit

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