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Hartal: Difference between revisions
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{{ | {{about|the type of strike action|the Canadian painter and poet|Paul Hartal}} | ||
'''Hartal''' ({{IPA-hns|ɦəɽ.t̪aːl|pron}}) is a term in many [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] for a [[strike action]] that was first used during the [[Indian | '''Hartal''' ({{IPA-hns|ɦəɽ.t̪aːl|pron}}) is a term in many [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] for a [[strike action]] that was first used during the [[Indian independence movement]] (also known as the nationalist movement) of the early 20th century. A hartal is a [[mass protest]], often involving a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law, and a form of [[civil disobedience]] similar to a labour strike. In addition to being a [[general strike]], it involves the voluntary closure of schools and places of business. It is a mode of appealing to the sympathies of a government to reverse an unpopular or unacceptable decision.<ref>[http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html Online edition of Sunday Observer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050510163424/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html |date=2005-05-10 }} - 10 Aug 2003</ref> A hartal is often used for political reasons, for example by an [[opposition party]] protesting against a governmental policy or action. | ||
The term comes from [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ({{Lang-gu|હડતાળ|translit=haḍtāḷ|label=none}}, or {{Lang-gu|હડતાલ|translit=haḍtāl|label=none}}), signifying the closing down of shops and warehouses with the goal of satisfying a demand. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who hailed from [[Gujarat]], used the term to refer to his [[Indian independence movement|pro-independence]] general strikes, effectively institutionalizing the term. | The term comes from [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ({{Lang-gu|હડતાળ|translit=haḍtāḷ|label=none}}, or {{Lang-gu|હડતાલ|translit=haḍtāl|label=none}}), signifying the closing down of shops and warehouses with the goal of satisfying a demand. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who hailed from [[Gujarat]], used the term to refer to his [[Indian independence movement|pro-independence]] general strikes, effectively institutionalizing the term. | ||
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=== In South Asia === | === In South Asia === | ||
Hartals are still common in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and in parts of [[Sri Lanka]], where the term is often used to refer specifically to the [[ | Hartals are still common in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and in parts of [[Sri Lanka]], where the term is often used to refer specifically to the [[1953 Ceylonese Hartal]]. | ||
=== In Southeast Asia === | === In Southeast Asia === | ||
The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-[[Malayan Union|Malaya]] Hartal of 1947 and the [[Penang]] | The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-[[Malayan Union|Malaya]] Hartal of 1947 and the [[1967 Penang Hartal riot]].<ref name="Gross99" /> | ||
The term was revived in modern [[Malaysia]] to | The term was revived in modern [[Malaysia]] to the [[Hartal Doktor Kontrak]], a strike by doctors in July 2021 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia|COVID-19 pandemic]] in response to the lack of permanent employment opportunities provided for them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/26/contract-medical-officers-walk-out-nationwide-in-support-of-hartal-call-for-immediate-reform|title=Contract medical officers walk out nationwide in support of Hartal, call for immediate reform|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=26 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chua|first=Minxi|date=23 July 2021|title=“We Are All Hartal”: Malaysian Contract Doctors to Strike|url=http://newnaratif.com/we-are-all-hartal-malaysian-contract-doctors-to-strike/share/wtbyqoret/23ac5c7a4f5baf9388a7ef179f045907/|url-status=live|access-date=28 July 2021|website=New Naratif|language=en-GB}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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* {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |author-link1=Barbara D. Metcalf |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |author-link2=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 2001 |title=A concise history of modern India |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=168 |isbn=978-0-521-86362-9}} | * {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |author-link1=Barbara D. Metcalf |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |author-link2=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 2001 |title=A concise history of modern India |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=168 |isbn=978-0-521-86362-9}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Mahfuzul H. |year=2003 |title=Democratization in South Asia : lessons from American institutions |publisher=Ashgate |pages=84, 92 |isbn=0-7546-3423-X}} | * {{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Mahfuzul H. |year=2003 |title=Democratization in South Asia : lessons from American institutions |publisher=Ashgate |pages=84, 92 |isbn=0-7546-3423-X}} | ||
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Baxter |editor1-first=Craig |editor2-last=Malik |editor2-first=Yogendra K. |editor3-last=Kennedy |editor3-first=Charles H. |editor4-last=Oberst |editor4-first=Robert C. |year=2002 |orig-year=First published 1987 |title=Government and politics in South Asia |publisher=Westview Press |edition=5th |page=296 |isbn=0-8133-3901-4}} | * {{cite book |editor1-last=Baxter |editor1-first=Craig|editor1-link = Craig Baxter |editor2-last=Malik |editor2-first=Yogendra K. |editor3-last=Kennedy |editor3-first=Charles H. |editor4-last=Oberst |editor4-first=Robert C. |year=2002 |orig-year=First published 1987 |title=Government and politics in South Asia |publisher=Westview Press |edition=5th |page=296 |isbn=0-8133-3901-4}} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Riaz |first1=Ali |author1-link=Ali Riaz |last2=Sajjadur Rahman |first2=Mohammad |year=2016 |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh |publisher=Routledge |pages=17–18 |isbn=978-0-415-73461-5}} | * {{cite book |last1=Riaz |first1=Ali |author1-link=Ali Riaz |last2=Sajjadur Rahman |first2=Mohammad |year=2016 |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh |publisher=Routledge |pages=17–18 |isbn=978-0-415-73461-5}} | ||
* {{cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=Akhtar |title=Anatomy of Hartal Politics in Bangladesh |journal=Asian Survey |date=May–June 2000 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=508–529 |doi=10.2307/3021159 |jstor=3021159}} | * {{cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=Akhtar |title=Anatomy of Hartal Politics in Bangladesh |journal=Asian Survey |date=May–June 2000 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=508–529 |doi=10.2307/3021159 |jstor=3021159}} | ||
Latest revision as of 02:14, 11 January 2022
Hartal (pronounced [ɦəɽ.t̪aːl]) is a term in many Indian languages for a strike action that was first used during the Indian independence movement (also known as the nationalist movement) of the early 20th century. A hartal is a mass protest, often involving a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law, and a form of civil disobedience similar to a labour strike. In addition to being a general strike, it involves the voluntary closure of schools and places of business. It is a mode of appealing to the sympathies of a government to reverse an unpopular or unacceptable decision.[1] A hartal is often used for political reasons, for example by an opposition party protesting against a governmental policy or action.
The term comes from Gujarati (હડતાળ, haḍtāḷ, or હડતાલ, haḍtāl), signifying the closing down of shops and warehouses with the goal of satisfying a demand. Mahatma Gandhi, who hailed from Gujarat, used the term to refer to his pro-independence general strikes, effectively institutionalizing the term.
Hartal is step 118 in Gene Sharp's 198 Methods of Nonviolent Action.[2]
History[edit]
The contemporary origins of this form of public protest date back to the colonial period of Indian history. Unpopular policies, particular regarding taxation by the colonial authorities and the princely states often triggered such localized public protests, as in Benares and Bardoli.[3]
In South Asia[edit]
Hartals are still common in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and in parts of Sri Lanka, where the term is often used to refer specifically to the 1953 Ceylonese Hartal.
In Southeast Asia[edit]
The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-Malaya Hartal of 1947 and the 1967 Penang Hartal riot.[3]
The term was revived in modern Malaysia to the Hartal Doktor Kontrak, a strike by doctors in July 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic in response to the lack of permanent employment opportunities provided for them.[4][5]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Online edition of Sunday Observer Archived 2005-05-10 at the Wayback Machine - 10 Aug 2003
- ↑ Sharp, Gene. "198 Methods of Nonviolent Action". Albert Einstein Institution. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1490572741.
- ↑ "Contract medical officers walk out nationwide in support of Hartal, call for immediate reform". The Star. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ↑ Chua, Minxi (23 July 2021). ""We Are All Hartal": Malaysian Contract Doctors to Strike". New Naratif. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Further reading[edit]
- Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006) [First published 2001]. A concise history of modern India (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-521-86362-9.
- Chowdhury, Mahfuzul H. (2003). Democratization in South Asia : lessons from American institutions. Ashgate. pp. 84, 92. ISBN 0-7546-3423-X.
- Baxter, Craig; Malik, Yogendra K.; Kennedy, Charles H.; Oberst, Robert C., eds. (2002) [First published 1987]. Government and politics in South Asia (5th ed.). Westview Press. p. 296. ISBN 0-8133-3901-4.
- Riaz, Ali; Sajjadur Rahman, Mohammad (2016). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh. Routledge. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-415-73461-5.
- Hossain, Akhtar (May–June 2000). "Anatomy of Hartal Politics in Bangladesh". Asian Survey. 40 (3): 508–529. doi:10.2307/3021159. JSTOR 3021159.