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{{short description|Country in South America}}
{{short description|Country in South America}}
{{about|the Federative Republic of Brazil}}
{{redirect|Brazilian Republic}}
{{pp|vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
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== History ==
== History ==
{{Main|History of Brazil|Timeline of Brazilian history}}
{{Main|History of Brazil}}


=== Pre-Cabraline era ===
==Languages==
{{multiple image
The official language of Brazil is [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. Brazil is the only country in South America that speaks Portuguese.
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| image1 = Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara (31729373313).jpg
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| caption1 = [[Rock art]] at [[Serra da Capivara National Park]], one of the largest and oldest concentrations of prehistoric sites in the [[Americas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html|website=New York Times|date=27 March 2014|access-date=31 May 2014|first=Simon|last=Romero}}</ref>
| image2 = Burian urn, AD 1000-1250, Marajoara culture - AMNH - DSC06177 b.jpg
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| caption2 = Burial urn, [[Marajoara culture]], [[American Museum of Natural History]]. That culture appeared to flourish between 400 AD and 1400 AD, based on archeological studies.<ref name=Mann />
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Some of the earliest human remains found in the [[Americas]], [[Luzia Woman]], were found in the area of [[Pedro Leopoldo]], [[Minas Gerais]] and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years.<ref>About.com, http://gobrazil.about.com/od/ecotourismadventure/ss/Peter-Lund-Museum.htm</ref><ref name="LevineCrocitti1999">{{cite book|author1=Robert M. Levine|author2=John J. Crocitti|title=The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R28K2JA9PM8C&pg=PA11|access-date=12 December 2012|year=1999|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-2290-0|pages=11–}}</ref>
 
The earliest [[pottery]] ever found in the Western Hemisphere was excavated in the [[Amazon basin]] of Brazil and [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dated]] to 8,000 years ago (6000 BC). The pottery was found near [[Santarém, Pará|Santarém]] and provides evidence that the tropical forest region supported a complex prehistoric culture.<ref name="Eighth Millennium Pottery from a Prehistoric Shell Midden in the Brazilian Amazon">Science Magazine, 13 December 1991 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/254/5038/1621.abstract</ref> The [[Marajoara culture]] flourished on [[Marajó]] in the Amazon delta from 400 CE to 1400 CE, developing sophisticated pottery, [[social stratification]], large populations, [[mound building]], and complex social formations such as [[chiefdom]]s.<ref name=Mann>{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Charles C. |author-link=Charles C. Mann |title=1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus |orig-year=2005 |year=2006 |publisher=Vintage Books |pages=[https://archive.org/details/149100char/page/326 326–33] |isbn=978-1-4000-3205-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/149100char/page/326 }}</ref>
 
Around the time of the Portuguese arrival, the territory of current day Brazil had an estimated indigenous population of 7 million people,<ref>{{cite book |last=Levine |first=Robert M. |title=The History of Brazil |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-4039-6255-3 |page=32 }}</ref> mostly semi-nomadic, who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. The indigenous population of Brazil comprised several large indigenous ethnic groups (e.g. the [[Tupí people|Tupis]], [[Guaraní people|Guaranis]], [[Gê peoples|Gês]], and [[Arawak peoples|Arawaks]]). The Tupí people were subdivided into the [[Tupiniquim people|Tupiniquins]] and [[Tupinambá people|Tupinambás]], and there were also many subdivisions of the other groups.{{sfnp|Levine|2003|p=31}}
 
Before the arrival of the Europeans, the boundaries between these groups and their subgroups were marked by wars that arose from differences in culture, language and moral beliefs.<ref name="Fausto">{{cite book |last=Fausto |first=Carlos |title=Os Índios antes do Brasil |trans-title=The Indians before Brazil |language=pt |editor-first=Jorge |editor-last=Zahar |year=2000 |isbn =978-85-7110-543-0 |pages=45–46, 55 }}</ref> These wars also involved large-scale military actions on land and water, with [[cannibalism|cannibalistic]] rituals on [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]].<ref>Gomes, Mercio P. ''The Indians and Brazil'' University Press of Florida 2000 {{ISBN|0-8130-1720-3}} pp. 28–29</ref>{{sfnp|Fausto|2000|pp=78–80}} While heredity had some weight, leadership status was more subdued over time, than allocated in succession ceremonies and conventions.<ref name="Fausto" /> [[Slavery]] among the Indians had a different meaning than it had for Europeans, since it originated from a diverse socioeconomic organization, in which asymmetries were translated into [[kinship]] relations.{{sfnp|Fausto|2000|p=50}}
 
=== Portuguese colonization ===
{{Main|Colonial Brazil|War of the Emboabas|Inconfidência Mineira}}
[[File:Desembarque de Pedro Álvares Cabral em Porto Seguro em 1500 by Oscar Pereira da Silva (1865–1939).jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] landing in [[Porto Seguro]] in 1500, ushering in more than 300 years of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] rule of [[Colonial Brazil]].]]
 
Following the 1494 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], the land now called Brazil was claimed for the [[Portuguese Empire]] on 22 April 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]].<ref name="Boxer, p. 98">Boxer, p.&nbsp;98.</ref> The Portuguese encountered indigenous peoples divided into several tribes, most of whom spoke languages of the [[Tupi–Guarani]] family and fought among themselves.<ref name="Boxer, p.&nbsp;100">Boxer, p. 100.</ref> Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, [[colonization]] effectively began in 1534, when King [[John III of Portugal|John&nbsp;III of Portugal]] divided the territory into the fifteen private and autonomous [[Captaincies of Brazil|Captaincy Colonies of Brazil]].<ref>Boxer, pp.&nbsp;100–101.</ref><ref name="Skidmore, p.&nbsp;27">Skidmore, p.&nbsp;27.</ref>
 
However, the decentralized and unorganized tendencies of the captaincy colonies proved problematic, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into the [[Governorate General of Brazil]] in the city of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], which became the capital of a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America.<ref name="Skidmore, p.&nbsp;27" /><ref>Boxer, p.&nbsp;101.</ref> In the first two centuries of colonization, Indigenous and European groups lived in constant war, establishing [[opportunistic]] alliances in order to gain advantages against each other.<ref>Meuwese, Mark "Brothers in Arms, Partners in Trade: Dutch-Indigenous Alliances in the Atlantic World, 1595–1674" Koninklijke Brill NV 2012 {{ISBN|978-90-04-21083-7}} ''Chapter III''</ref><ref>Metcalf, Alida C. "Go-betweens And the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600" University of Texas Press 2005, pp. 70, 79, 202 [https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&pg=PA202 View on Google Books]</ref>{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012}}<ref>Minahan, James B. "Ethnic Groups of the Americas" ABC-CLIO 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-61069-163-5}} p. 300, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8jVig0ysnu8C&pg=PA300 View on Google Books]</ref> By the mid-16th century, [[Sugar#Sugarcane|cane sugar]] had become Brazil's most important export,<ref name="Boxer, p.&nbsp;100" /><ref>Skidmore, p.&nbsp;36.</ref> while slaves purchased in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] in the [[Slavery in Africa#Atlantic slave trade|slave market of Western Africa]]<ref>Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard "Colonial America: A History to 1763" Wiley-Blackwell Publishing 1st edition 1992 {{ISBN|978-1-4443-9628-7}} Chapter 2, Section 4 (final, last page and half of previous one) [https://books.google.com/books?id=2hexv5SmqLgC&pg=PT54 View on Google Books]</ref> (not only those from Portuguese allies of their colonies in [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] and [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]]), had become its largest import,<ref>Boxer, p.&nbsp;110</ref><ref>Skidmore, p.&nbsp;34.</ref> to cope with [[Plantation economy|plantations]] of sugarcane, due to increasing international demand for Brazilian sugar.<ref name="Boxer, p.&nbsp;102">Boxer, p.&nbsp;102.</ref><ref>Skidmore, pp.&nbsp;32–33.</ref> Portuguese Brazil received more than 2.8 million slaves from Africa between the years of 1500 to 1800.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Stuart A. P. |title=The Library An Illustrated History |date=2009 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-1-60239-706-4 |page=101}}</ref>
 
[[File:Antônio Parreiras - Prisão de Tiradentes, 1914.jpg|thumb|left|Painting showing the arrest of [[Tiradentes]]; he was sentenced to death for his involvement in the best known [[Inconfidência Mineira|movement for independence]] in Colonial Brazil. Painting of 1914.]]
 
By the end of the 17th century, sugarcane exports began to decline<ref>Boxer, p.&nbsp;164.</ref> and the discovery of gold by [[bandeirantes]] in the 1690s would become the new backbone of the colony's economy, fostering a [[Brazilian Gold Rush]]<ref>Boxer, pp.&nbsp;168, 170.</ref> which attracted thousands of new [[Settler colonialism|settlers]] to Brazil from Portugal and all Portuguese colonies around the world.<ref>Boxer, p.&nbsp;169.</ref> This increased level of immigration in turn caused [[War of the Emboabas|some conflicts]] between newcomers and old settlers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kohn|first=George C.|title=Dictionary of Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT186|edition=1st|year=1986|publisher=Facts on File, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7|page=174}}</ref>
 
Portuguese expeditions known as [[Bandeirantes|Bandeiras]] gradually advanced the Portugal colonial [[Treaty of Tordesillas|original frontiers]] in South America to approximately the current Brazilian borders.<ref>{{cite book|author1=George Richard Potter|author2=Henry Clifford Darby|author3=Harold Fullard|title=The New Cambridge Modern History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA498|edition=1st|volume=3|year=1957|publisher=CUP Archive|page=498}}</ref><ref>Corrado, Jacopo "The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism" [[Cambria Press]] 2008 {{ISBN|978-1-60497-529-1}} pp. 95 (Brazil) and 145, note 5 [https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q=tordesilha%20bandeira%20portugal%20brazil%20advance View on Google Books]</ref> In this era other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French [[France Antarctique|in Rio during the 1560s]], [[Equinoctial France|in Maranhão during the 1610s]], and the [[Dutch Brazil|Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco]], during the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]], after the end of [[Iberian Union]].<ref>Bethell, Leslie "Colonial Brazil" Cambridge University Press 1987 pp. 19, 74, 86, 169–70</ref>
 
The Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil had two objectives that would ensure colonial order and the [[monopoly]] of Portugal's wealthiest and largest colony: to keep under control and eradicate all forms of [[slave rebellion]] and resistance, such as the [[Palmares (quilombo)|Quilombo of Palmares]],<ref>Schwartz, Stuart B. "Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels" Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois 1992 {{ISBN|0-252-06549-2}} Chapter 4 [https://books.google.com/books?id=YTnY5h0NE3sC&pg=PA103 View on Google Books]</ref> and to repress all movements for [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomy]] or [[independence]], such as the [[Inconfidência Mineira|Minas Conspiracy]].<ref>MacLachlan, Colin M. "A History of Modern Brazil: The Past Against the Future"; Scholarly Resources Inc. 2003 p. 3 [https://books.google.com/books?id=8m3RcnkKwJgC&pg=PA3 View on Google Books]</ref>
{{clear}}
 
=== United Kingdom with Portugal ===
{{Main|United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves}}
[[File:Aclamação do rei Dom João VI no Rio de Janeiro.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Acclamation of [[John VI of Portugal|King João VI]] of the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], 6 February 1818]]
In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of [[continental Portugal]], causing [[John VI of Portugal|Prince Regent João]], in the name of [[Maria I of Portugal|Queen Maria I]], to move the royal court from [[Lisbon]] to [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|Rio de Janeiro]].<ref name="Boxer, p.&nbsp;213">Boxer, p.&nbsp;213</ref> There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local [[stock exchange]]s<ref>Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo; ''Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil'' ("Financial Markets' Histories in Brazil") (Portuguese) Campus Elsevier 2011 {{ISBN|85-352-3994-4}} Introduction (by Ney Carvalho), Intro. p. xiv</ref> and its [[Banco do Brasil|National Bank]], additionally ending the Portuguese [[monopoly]] on Brazilian trade and opening Brazil to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the [[Portuguese conquest of French Guiana]].<ref>Bueno, p.&nbsp;145.</ref>
 
With the end of the [[Peninsular War]] in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent João return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a [[colony]]. In 1815, to justify continuing to live in Brazil, where the royal court had thrived for six years, the Crown established the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves]], thus creating a [[pluricontinental]] transatlantic monarchic state.<ref name="Mosher2008">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey C. Mosher|title=Political Struggle, Ideology, and State Building: Pernambuco and the Construction of Brazil, 1817–1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_yszWOZUCkC&pg=PA9|year=2008|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-3247-1|page=9}}</ref> However, the leadership in Portugal, resentful of the new status of its larger colony, continued to demand the return of the court to Lisbon (''v.'' [[Liberal Revolution of 1820]]). In 1821, acceding to the demands of revolutionaries who had taken the city of [[Porto]],<ref name="Adelman2006">{{cite book|author=Jeremy Adelman|title=Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvFpURNsBRIC&pg=PA334|year=2006|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12664-7|pages=334–}}</ref> D. João VI departed for Lisbon. There he swore an oath to the new constitution, leaving his son, [[Pedro I of Brazil|Prince Pedro de Alcântara]], as Regent of the [[Kingdom of Brazil]].<ref>Lustosa, pp.&nbsp;109–110</ref>
 
=== Independent empire ===
{{Main|Independence of Brazil|Empire of Brazil}}
[[File:Independence of Brazil 1888.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|left|Declaration of the [[War of Independence of Brazil|Brazilian independence]] by Prince Pedro (later Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro&nbsp;I]]) on 7 September 1822.]]
Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased and the [[Portuguese Cortes]], guided by the new political regime imposed by the 1820 Liberal Revolution, tried to re-establish Brazil as a colony.<ref>Lustosa, pp.&nbsp;117–19</ref> The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to stand with them, [[Brazilian Declaration of Independence|declaring the country's independence from Portugal]] on 7 September 1822.<ref>Lustosa, pp.&nbsp;150–153</ref> A month later, Prince Pedro was declared the first [[Emperor of Brazil]], with the royal title of Dom [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro&nbsp;I]], resulting in the foundation of the [[Empire of Brazil]].<ref>Vianna, p.&nbsp;418</ref>
 
The [[Brazilian War of Independence]], which had already begun along this process, spread through the northern, northeastern regions and in [[Cisplatina]] province.<ref>Diégues 2004, pp.&nbsp;168, 164, 178</ref> The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824;<ref>Diégues 2004, pp.&nbsp;179–80</ref> Portugal officially recognized Brazil on 29 August 1825.<ref>Lustosa, p.&nbsp;208</ref>
 
On 7 April 1831, worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissent with both liberal and conservative sides of politics, including an attempt of [[Confederation of the Equator|republican secession]]{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|pp=82–83}} and unreconciled to the way that absolutists in Portugal had given in the succession of King John VI, Pedro&nbsp;I went to Portugal to [[Liberal Wars|reclaim his daughter's crown]], abdicating the Brazilian throne in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (who thus became the Empire's second monarch, with the royal title of Dom [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro&nbsp;II]]).<ref>Lyra (v. 1), p.&nbsp;17</ref>
[[File:Pedro Américo - D. Pedro II na abertura da Assembléia Geral.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], [[List of monarchs of Brazil|Emperor of Brazil]] between 1831 and 1889.]]
 
As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he came of age, a [[Regency (government)|regency]] was set up by the National Assembly.<ref>Carvalho 2007, p.&nbsp;21</ref> In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power, during this period a series of localized rebellions took place, such as the [[Cabanagem]] in [[Grão-Pará Province]], the [[Malê Revolt]] in [[Salvador da Bahia]], the [[Balaiada]] ([[Maranhão]]), the [[Sabinada]] ([[Bahia]]), and the [[Ragamuffin War]], which began in [[Rio Grande do Sul]] and was supported by [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. These emerged from the dissatisfaction of the provinces with the central power, coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar to a vast, slaveholding and newly independent [[nation state]].{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3}} This period of internal political and social upheaval, which included the [[Praieira revolt]] in [[Pernambuco]], was overcome only at the end of the 1840s, years after the end of the regency, which occurred with the [[Dom Pedro II#Early coronation|premature coronation of Pedro II]] in 1841.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999}}
 
During the last phase of the monarchy, internal political debate centered on the issue of slavery. The [[Atlantic slave trade]] was abandoned in 1850,<ref>[[Leslie Bethell|Bethell, Leslie]] "The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade" [[Cambridge University Press]] 1970, ''"Cambridge Latin American Studides"'', Chapters 9 to 12. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2LsNTUPI_6sC View on Google Books]</ref> as a result of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Aberdeen Act]], but only in [[Lei Áurea|May 1888]] after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of [[Slavery in Brazil|slavery in the country]], was the institution formally abolished.<ref>Scott, Rebecca and others, ''The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil'', Duke University Press 1988 {{ISBN|0-8223-0888-6}} [[Seymour Drescher]], Chap. 2: "Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective"</ref>
 
The foreign-affairs policies of the monarchy dealt with issues with the countries of the [[Southern Cone]] with whom Brazil had borders. Long after the [[Cisplatine War]] that resulted in independence for [[Uruguay]],<ref>Levine, Robert M. "The history of Brazil" Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1999, p. 62, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpIxe2utj8C&pg=PA62 View on Google Books]</ref> Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro&nbsp;II. These were the [[Platine War]], the [[Uruguayan War]] and the devastating [[Paraguayan War]], the largest [[war effort]] in Brazilian history.<ref>Lyra (v.1), pp.&nbsp;164, 225, 272</ref>{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Chapter 2, p. 83, and 2.6 "The Paraguayan War"}}
 
Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's [[form of government]],{{sfn|Ermakoff|2006|p=189}} on 15 November 1889, in disagreement with the majority of [[Imperial Brazilian Army|Army]] officers, as well as with rural and financial elites (for different reasons), the monarchy was overthrown by a military coup.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smallman |first=Shawn C. |title=Fear in Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society |publisher=[[University of North Carolina]] Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8078-5359-7 |chapter=The Overthrow of the Empire |pages=16–18 }}</ref> 15 November is now [[Republic Day]], a national holiday.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://brazilian.report/opinion/2017/11/15/brazils-press-republic-day/ |title=Brazil's Proclamation of the Republic through the press |date=15 November 2017 |work=The Brazilian Report |access-date=13 November 2018 |language=en-US }}</ref>
 
=== Early republic ===
{{Main|First Brazilian Republic|Vargas Era#Estado Novo|Second Brazilian Republic}}
[[File:Proclamação da República by Benedito Calixto 1893.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|''[[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Proclamation of the Republic]]'', 1893, oil on canvas by [[Benedito Calixto]].]]
 
The early republican government was nothing more than a military dictatorship, with army dominating affairs both in Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power.{{sfnp|Smallman|2002|loc=end of Chapter 1, from p. 18 "Military rule"}} Not until 1894, following [[encilhamento|an economic]] crisis and [[Revolta da Armada|a military one]], did civilians take power, remaining there until October 1930.{{sfnp|Smallman|2002|pp=21–26}}<ref>Triner, Gail D. "Banking and Economic Development: Brazil, 1889–1930" Palgrave 2000, pp. 69–74 {{ISBN|0-312-23399-X}}</ref><ref>Needell, Jeffrey D. "A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro" Cambridge University Press 2010, pp. 10, 12</ref>
 
If in relation to its foreign policy, the country in this first republican period maintained a relative balance characterized by a success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries,<ref>David R. Mares; "Violent peace: militarized interstate bargaining in Latin America" [[Columbia University]] Press 2001 Chapter 5 p. 125</ref> only broken by the [[Acre War]] (1899–1902) and [[Brazil during World War I|its involvement]] in [[World War I]] (1914–1918),<ref>Bradford Burns 1993, p. 305</ref><ref>M.Sharp, I. Westwell & J.Westwood; "History of World War I, Volume 1" Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2002, p. 97</ref><ref>{{Citation |title= Uma história diplomática do Brasil, 1531–1945 |pages= 265–69}}</ref> followed by a failed attempt to exert a prominent role in the [[League of Nations]];<ref>Charles Howard Ellis; "The origin, structure & working of the League of Nations" The LawBook Exchange Ltd 2003 pp. 105, 145</ref> Internally, from the ''crisis of Encilhamento''<ref>{{Citation |author= Viscount of Taunay |title= O encilhamento: scenas contemporaneas da bolsa em 1890, 1891 e 1892 |publisher= Melhoramentos |year=1893}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last = Nassif |first = Luís |title= Os cabeças-de-planilha |publisher= Ediouro |year= 2007 | isbn = 978-85-00-02094-0 |pages= 69–107}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first= Ney O. Ribeiro |last= de Carvalho |title= O Encilhamento: anatomia de uma bolha brasileira |publisher= Bovespa |year= 2004 |isbn = 978-85-904019-1-9}}</ref> and the [[Revolta da Armada|Armada Revolts]],<ref>{{Citation |first = Hélio L |last = Martins |title= A Revolta da Armada |publisher= BibliEx |year= 1997}}</ref> a prolonged cycle of financial, political and social instability began until the 1920s, keeping the country besieged by various rebellions, both civilian<ref>{{Citation |first = Edmundo |last = Moniz |title= Canudos: a luta pela terra |publisher= Global |year= 1984}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last = Sevcenko |first = Nicolau |title= A Revolta da Vacina | publisher= Cosac Naify |year= 2010 | isbn = 978-85-7503-868-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first = Aureliano P |last = de Moura |title= Contestado: a guerra cabocla |publisher= Biblioteca do Exército |year= 2003}}</ref> and military.<ref>{{Citation |first = Arthur |last = Thompson |title= Guerra civil do Brazil de 1893–1895 |publisher= Ravaro |year= 1934}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last = Roland |first = Maria Inês |title= A Revolta da Chibata |publisher= Saraiva |year= 2000 | isbn = 978-85-02-03095-4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first = Maria CS |last = Forjaz |title= Tenentismo e politica |publisher= Paz e Terra |year= 1977}}</ref>
{{Multiple image
| align    = right
| direction = vertical
| image1    = 50º Aniversário da República Brasileira.png
| caption1  = In half of the first 100 years of republic, the [[Brazilian Army|Army]] ruled directly or through figures like [[Getúlio Vargas|Vargas]] (center).
| image2    = Massarosaw.jpg
| caption2  = Soldiers of the [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|FEB]], the only [[Latin America]]n military force in [[World War II]], in [[Massarosa]], [[Italy]], 1944.
}}


Little by little, [[Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil#1st Republican period (1889–1930)|a cycle of general instability]] sparked by these crises undermined the regime to such an extent that in the wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate [[Getúlio Vargas]], supported by most of the military, successfully led the [[Revolution of 1930]].<ref>Levine; Robert M. & Crocitti; John J. ''The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics'', Duke University Press 1999, IV – The Vargas Era</ref><ref>Keen, Benjamin / Haynes, Kate ''A History of Latin America; Volume 2'', Waldsworth Cengage Learning 2004, pp.&nbsp;356–57</ref> Vargas and the military were supposed to assume power temporarily, but instead closed the Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with their own supporters.<ref>McCann; Frank D. ''Soldiers of the Patria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937'', [[Stanford University]] Press 2004, p. 303 {{ISBN|0-8047-3222-1}}</ref><ref>Ibidem Williams 2001</ref>
Some people in Brazil speak [[German language|German]] dialects. That came from German immigrants. 2% of Brazilians speak German as their [[first language]]. [[Yiddish]] is spoken by the elders of the [[Jew]]ish community.


In the 1930s, three failed attempts to remove Vargas and his supporters from power occurred. The first was the [[Constitutionalist Revolution]] in 1932, led by the [[São Paulo (state)|Paulista]] [[oligarchy]]. The second was a [[Brazilian uprising of 1935|Communist uprising]] in November 1935, and the last one a ''putsch'' attempt by [[Brazilian Integralism|local fascists]] in May 1938.<ref>E. Bradford Burns; ''A History of Brazil'' Columbia University Press 1993 p. 352 {{ISBN|978-0-231-07955-6}}</ref><ref>Dulles, John W.F. ''Anarchists and Communists in Brazil, 1900–1935'' University of Texas Press 2012 {{ISBN|0-292-74076-X}}</ref><ref>Frank M. Colby, Allen L. Churchill, Herbert T. Wade & Frank H. Vizetelly; ''The New international year book'' Dodd, Mead & Co. 1989, p. 102 "The Fascist Revolt"</ref> The 1935 uprising created a security crisis in which the Congress transferred more power to the executive. The 1937 ''coup d'état'' resulted in the cancellation of the 1938 election, formalized Vargas as dictator, beginning the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado Novo]] era, which was noted for government brutality and censorship of the press.<ref>Bourne, Richard ''Getulio Vargas of Brazil, 1883–1954'' C. Knight 1974, p. 77</ref>
Other people in Brazil speak their ancestors' languages like [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[French language|French]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Korean language|Korean]]. [[Spanish language|Spanish]] or "Portunhol", a mix of Portuguese and Castilian (Spanish) is spoken at some of the borders. Indigenous languages as [[Guarani language|Guarani]] and [[Aymara language|Aymará]] are the first languages of a small number of Brazilians.
 
Foreign policy during the Vargas years was marked by the antecedents{{clarify|date=September 2019}} and [[World War II]]. Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the country entered on the [[Allies of World War II|allied side]],<ref>Scheina, Robert L. ''Latin America's Wars Vol.II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001''. Potomac Books, 2003 {{ISBN|1-57488-452-2}} Part 9; Ch. 17 – World War II, Brazil, and Mexico, 1942–45</ref><ref>Thomas M. Leonard & John F. Bratzel; ''Latin America during World War II'' Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. 2007 p. 150</ref> after suffering [[Submarine warfare#Atlantic ocean|retaliation]] by [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]], in a strategic dispute over the South Atlantic.<ref>Mónica Hirst & Andrew Hurrell; ''The United States and Brazil: A Long Road of Unmet Expectations'', Taylor & Francis Books 2005 {{ISBN|0-415-95066-X}} pp. 4–5</ref> In addition to [[Battle of the Atlantic#South Atlantic (May 1942 – September 1943)|its participation in the battle of the Atlantic]], Brazil also sent an [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|expeditionary force]] to fight in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]].<ref>{{Citation |first1=Celso |last1=Castro |first2=Vitor |last2=Izecksohn |first3=Hendrik |last3=Kraay |pages=13–14 |title=Nova história militar brasileira |publisher=Fundação Getúlio Vargas |year=2004 |isbn=978-85-225-0496-1}}</ref>
 
With the Allied victory in 1945 and the end of the Nazi-fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup, with democracy "reinstated" by the same army that had ended it 15 years earlier.<ref>McCann 2004, p. 441</ref> Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis, after having returned to power by election in 1950.<ref>Roett; Riordan ''Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society'', GreenWood Publishing Group 1999, pp. 106–08 {{ISBN|0-275-95899-X}}</ref><ref>Keen & Haynes 2004, pp.&nbsp;361–62</ref>
 
=== Contemporary era ===
{{Main|Military dictatorship in Brazil|History of Brazil since 1985}}
{{Multiple image
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| image1    = Construção do Congresso Nacional Esplanada dos Ministérios 1959-10.jpg
| caption1  = Construction of the building of [[National Congress of Brazil]] in [[Brasília]], the new capital, 1959.
|image2    = Tanques ocupam a Avenida Presidente Vargas, 1968-04-04.jpg
|caption2  =[[M41 Walker Bulldog|M41s]] along the [[Avenida Presidente Vargas]] during the [[Brazilian military government|military government]].
}}
 
Several brief interim governments followed Vargas's suicide.<ref>Skidmore, p.&nbsp;201</ref> [[Juscelino Kubitschek]] became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the [[Opposition (politics)|political opposition]] that allowed him to govern without major crises.<ref>Skidmore, pp.&nbsp;202–203</ref> The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,<ref>Skidmore, p.&nbsp;204</ref> but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of [[Brasília]], inaugurated in 1960.<ref>Skidmore, pp.&nbsp;204–205</ref>
 
Kubitschek's successor, [[Jânio Quadros]], resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.<ref>Skidmore, pp.&nbsp;209–210</ref> His vice-president, [[João Goulart]], assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition<ref>Skidmore, p.&nbsp;210</ref> and was [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|deposed in April 1964]] by a coup that resulted in a [[Brazilian military government|military regime]].<ref>Fausto (2005), p.&nbsp;397</ref>
 
The new regime was intended to be transitory<ref>Gaspari, ''A Ditadura Envergonhada'', pp. 141–42.</ref> but gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the [[AI-5|Fifth Institutional Act]] in 1968.<ref name="Gaspari p.35">Gaspari, ''A Ditadura Envergonhada'', p.&nbsp;35.</ref> Oppression was not limited to those who resorted to guerrilla tactics to fight the regime, but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil society,{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA395 395], last paragraph}}<ref>Richard Young, Odile Cisneros "Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater" Scare Crow Press 2011, p. 224, 2nd § [https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ZyleoLY5UC&pg=PA224 View on Google Books]</ref> inside and outside the country through the infamous "[[Operation Condor]]".<ref>Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen & Amaya Úbeda de Torres "The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Case Law and Commentary" Oxford University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-19-958878-7}} p. 299 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fQpnBsRWNlYC&pg=PA299 View on Google Books]</ref>{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA396 396]}} Despite its brutality, like other [[authoritarianism|authoritarian regimes]], due to an economic boom, known as an "economic miracle", the regime reached a peak in popularity in the early 1970s.{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA395 395–97]}}
 
Slowly, however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power that had not slowed the repression, even after the defeat of the leftist guerrillas,<ref>Bradford Burns 1993, p. 457</ref> plus the inability to deal with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure, made an opening policy inevitable, which from the regime side was led by Generals [[Ernesto Geisel]] and [[Golbery do Couto e Silva]].{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Chapter 6 "The military government and the transition to democracy (1964–1984)"}} With the enactment of the [[Amnesty law#Brazil|Amnesty Law]] in 1979, Brazil began a slow return to democracy, which was completed during the 1980s.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999}}
 
Civilians returned to power in 1985 when [[José Sarney]] assumed the presidency. He became unpopular during his tenure through failure to control the economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] he inherited from the military regime.<ref>Fausto (2005), pp.&nbsp;464–65.</ref> Sarney's unsuccessful government led to the [[Brazilian presidential election, 1989|election in 1989]] of the almost-unknown [[Fernando Collor de Mello|Fernando Collor]], subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992.<ref>Fausto (2005), pp.&nbsp;465, 475.</ref>
 
Collor was succeeded by his vice-president, [[Itamar Franco]], who appointed [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] Minister of Finance. In 1994, Cardoso produced a highly successful [[Plano Real]],<ref>Skidmore, p.&nbsp;311.</ref> that, after decades of failed economic plans made by previous governments attempting to curb hyperinflation, finally stabilized the Brazilian economy.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Epilogue}}<ref>Fausto (2005), p.&nbsp;482.</ref> Cardoso won the [[Brazilian presidential election, 1994|1994 election]], and [[Brazilian presidential election, 1998|again in 1998]].<ref>Fausto (2005), p.&nbsp;474.</ref>
 
{{Multiple image
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| image1    = Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg
| caption1  = [[Ulysses Guimarães]] holding the [[Constitution of Brazil|Constitution of 1988]] in his hands.
|image2    =1-real-2019-25-anos.png
|caption2  =Coin of [[Brazilian real|1 real]] commemorating 25 years of [[Real Plan]], which brought stability to the [[Economy of Brazil|Brazilian economy]] after [[Hyperinflation in Brazil|years of hyperinflation]].
}}
 
The [[peaceful transition of power]] from Cardoso to his main opposition leader, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] ([[Brazilian presidential election, 2002|elected in 2002]] and [[Brazilian presidential election, 2006|re-elected in 2006]]), was seen as proof that Brazil had achieved a long-sought political stability.<ref>Fausto (2005), p.&nbsp;502.</ref><ref>Zirin, 2014. Chapter 3</ref> However, sparked by indignation and frustrations accumulated over decades from corruption, [[police brutality]], inefficiencies of the political [[The Establishment|establishment]] and [[public service]], [[2013 protests in Brazil|numerous peaceful protests]] erupted in Brazil from the middle of first term of [[Dilma Rousseff]], who had succeeded Lula after winning election [[Brazilian presidential election, 2010|in 2010]] and again [[Brazilian presidential election, 2014|in 2014]] by narrow margins.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/22/urban-protest-changing-global-social-network "Global protest grows as citizens lose faith in politics and the State"] article on "the Guardian"</ref><ref>Zirin, 2014. Chapter 7 & Conclusion.</ref>
 
Rousseff [[Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff|was impeached]] by the [[Brazilian Congress]] in 2016, halfway into her second term,<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/31/dilma-rousseff-impeached-president-brazilian-senate-michel-temer |title=Dilma Rousseff impeached by Brazilian senate |author=Jonathan Watts & Donna Bowater |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/01/world/americas/brazil-impeachment-coup.html Article of] New York Times about the denouement of Rousseff's impeachment process.</ref> and replaced by her Vice-President [[Michel Temer]], who assumed full presidential powers after Rousseff's impeachment was accepted on 31 August. Large street [[2015–16 protests in Brazil|protests for and against her]] took place during the impeachment process.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/28879ada-0499-11e6-96e5-f85cb08b0730.html#axzz46ZJ07xgT Article] in ''[[Financial Times]]'' (18 April 2016) about the political ambiance in Brazil on the day vote for the Deputies chamber decision about open an impeachment procedure against President Dilma. 2nd to 4th paragraph.</ref> The charges against her were fueled by political and economic crises along with evidence of involvement with politicians (from all the primary political parties) in several [[bribery]] and [[tax evasion]] schemes.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/20/opinion/dilma-rousseffs-impeachment-isnt-a-coup-its-a-cover-up.html Article] at [[The New York Times]], 19 April 2016, On the Brazilian political context that led to the approval of impeachment proceedings against Dilma Rousseff.</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-panama-tax-brazil-idUSKCN0X11C1 Article] at [[Reuters]] on the involvement of Brazilian politicians in tax evasion schemes unveiled by the [[Panama Papers]]. 4 April 2016.</ref>
 
In 2017, the Supreme Court requested the investigation of 71 Brazilian lawmakers and nine ministers of President [[Michel Temer]]'s cabinet who were allegedly linked to the [[Operation Car Wash|Petrobras corruption scandal]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-politics-probes-idUSL1N1HJ1NO? "Brazil supreme court judge orders probe into nine ministers – paper"]. Reuters. 11 April 2017.</ref> President Temer himself was also accused of [[Corruption in Brazil|corruption]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/world/americas/brazil-temer-corruption-charge-joesley-batista.html "President Michel Temer of Brazil Is Charged With Corruption"]. ''The New York Times''. 26 June 2017.</ref> According to a 2018 poll, 62% of the population said that corruption was Brazil's biggest problem.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/09/20/a-scary-election-in-brazil|title=A scary election in Brazil|work=The Economist|access-date=1 October 2018|language=en}}</ref>
 
Through the [[Operation Car Wash]], the [[Federal Police of Brazil]] has since acted on the deviations and corruption of the PT and allied parties at that time. In the fiercely disputed [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018 elections]], the controversial conservative candidate [[Jair Bolsonaro]] of the [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|Social Liberal Party]] (PSL) was elected president, winning in the second round [[Fernando Haddad]], of the [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers Party]] (PT), with the support of 55.13% of the valid votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/jair-bolsonaro-e-eleito-presidente-do-brasil/|title=Jair Bolsonaro é eleito presidente do Brasil|website=veja.abril.com.br}}</ref>
 
In the early 2020s, Brazil became one of the hardest hit countries during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], receiving the second-highest death toll worldwide after the [[United States]].<ref name="BBCGuerin">{{cite news|last=Guerin|first=Orla|title=Covid-19 pandemic: 'Everything you should not do, Brazil has done'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57733540|access-date=2 August 2021|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=9 July 2021|location=[[Brasília]]}}</ref> Experts have largely blamed the situation on the leadership of President Bolsonaro, who throughout the pandemic has repeatedly downplayed the threat of COVID-19 and dissuaded states and cities from enforcing quarantine measures, prioritizing the nation's economy.<ref name="BBCGuerin"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Tom|title=Bolsonaro's 'genocidal' Covid response has led to Brazilian catastrophe, Dilma Rousseff says|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/10/brazil-bolsonaro-dilma-rousseff-coronavirus-crisis|access-date=2 August 2021|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group|Guardian News & Media Limited]]|date=10 April 2021|location=[[Rio de Janeiro]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Covid: Brazil's Bolsonaro calls governors 'tyrants' over lockdowns|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56479614|access-date=2 August 2021|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=22 March 2021}}</ref>


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Brazil}}
Brazil has the world's largest [[rainforest]], the [[Amazon Rainforest]]. It makes up 40% of the country's land area. Brazil also has other types of land, including a type of [[savanna]] called ''cerrado'', and a dry plant region named ''caatinga''.
[[File:Brazil topo.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Topographic map of Brazil]]
 
Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior,<ref name="Encarta 6">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Land and Resources |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html# |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028044617/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |archive-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=dead}} {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}<!-- tertiary source --></ref> sharing land borders with [[Uruguay]] to the south; [[Argentina]] and [[Paraguay]] to the southwest; [[Bolivia]] and [[Peru]] to the west; [[Colombia]] to the northwest; and [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]] and [[France]] (French overseas region of [[French Guiana]]) to the north. It shares a border with every South American country except [[Ecuador]] and [[Chile]].<ref name="CIA Geo" />
 
It also encompasses a number of oceanic [[archipelago]]s, such as [[Fernando de Noronha]], [[Rocas Atoll]], [[Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago|Saint Peter and Paul Rocks]], and [[Trindade and Martim Vaz]].<ref name="CIA Geo" /> Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.<ref name="Encarta 6" /> Including its [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] islands, Brazil lies between latitudes [[6th parallel north|6°N]] and [[34th parallel south|34°S]], and longitudes [[28th meridian west|28°]] and [[74th meridian west|74°W]].<ref name="CIA Geo" />
 
Brazil is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|fifth largest]] country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of {{convert|8515767.049|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="Official Area">[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm Official Area (In Portuguese)] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/64i0P2Lb0?url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm |date=15 January 2012 }} IBGE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 8 January 2010.</ref> including {{convert|55455|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of water.<ref name="CIA Geo" /> It spans four [[time zone]]s; from [[UTC-05|UTC−5]] comprising the state of [[Acre (state)|Acre]] and the westernmost portion of [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]], to [[UTC−04|UTC−4]] in the western states, to [[UTC−03|UTC−3]] in the eastern states (the [[Time in Brazil|national time]]) and [[UTC−02|UTC−2]] in the [[List of islands of Brazil|Atlantic islands]].<ref name="timezones">{{cite web |title=Hora Legal Brasileira |publisher=Observatório Nacional |url=http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm |access-date=28 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722173247/http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Brazil is the longest country in the world, spanning 4,395&nbsp;km (2,731&nbsp;mi) from north to south. Brazil is also the only country in the world that has the [[equator]] and the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] running through it. Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between {{convert|200|m}} and {{convert|800|m}} in elevation.<ref name="Encarta 7">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Natural Regions |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html# |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028044617/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |archive-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=dead}} {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}<!-- tertiary source --></ref> The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.<ref name="Encarta 7" /> The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.<ref name="Encarta 7" />
[[File:Amanhecer no Hercules --.jpg|thumb|[[List of rock formations|Rock formations]] and the ''Dedo de Deus'' (God's Finger) peak in the background, [[Serra dos Órgãos National Park]], [[Rio de Janeiro state]]]]
 
The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to {{convert|1200|m}}.<ref name="Encarta 7" /> These ranges include the [[Mantiqueira Mountains|Mantiqueira]] and [[Espinhaço Mountains|Espinhaço]] mountains and the [[Serra do Mar]].<ref name="Encarta 7" /> In the north, the [[Guiana Shield|Guiana Highlands]] form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the [[Amazon Basin]] from rivers that empty into the [[Orinoco]] River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the [[Pico da Neblina]] at {{convert|2994|m}}, and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="CIA Geo" />
 
Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic.<ref name="Encarta 8">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Rivers and Lakes |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028044617/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |archive-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=dead}} {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}<!-- tertiary source --></ref> Major rivers include the [[Amazon River|Amazon]] (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the [[Paraná River|Paraná]] and its major tributary the [[Iguazu River|Iguaçu]] (which includes the [[Iguazu Falls]]), the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Negro]], [[São Francisco River|São Francisco]], [[Xingu River|Xingu]], [[Madeira River|Madeira]] and [[Tapajós]] rivers.<ref name="Encarta 8" />
 
=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Brazil}}
[[File:Köppen Climate Classification Brazil.tiff|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Brazil map of [[Köppen climate classification]] zones]]
 
The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.<ref name="CIA Geo" /> According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen system]], Brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes: [[Desert climate|desert]], [[Tropical rainforest climate|equatorial]], [[tropical climate|tropical]], [[Semi-arid climate|semiarid]], [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] and [[Humid subtropical climate|subtropical]]. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|equatorial rainforests]] in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to [[temperate coniferous forest]]s in the south and [[tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|tropical savannas]] in central Brazil.<ref name="BBC Weather">{{cite web |title=Brazil |website=Country Guide |publisher=BBC Weather |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT005220 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208034235/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT005220 |archive-date=8 February 2011 |access-date=11 June 2008}}</ref> Many regions have starkly different [[microclimate]]s.<ref name="Encarta 9">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Natural Regions |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034943/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead}} {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}<!-- tertiary source --></ref><ref name="BT">{{cite web |title=Temperature in Brazil |publisher=Brazil Travel |url=http://www.v-brazil.com/information/geography/temperature-graphs.html |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-date=12 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612200827/http://www.v-brazil.com/information/geography/temperature-graphs.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real [[dry season]], but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.<ref name="BBC Weather" /> Temperatures average {{convert|25|°C}},<ref name="BT" /> with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.<ref name="Encarta 9" />
 
Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.<ref name="Encarta 9" /> This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.<ref name="BBC Weather" /> In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme.<ref name="Rain" />
 
The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than {{convert|800|mm|1}} of rain,<ref name="Rain">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/servicos/dadosmet/cem-anual.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820215606/http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/servicos/dadosmet/cem-anual.html|archive-date=20 August 2007|title=Annual averages of Mandacaru Agro-meteorological station|author=Embrapa|language=pt|access-date=21 October 2008|author-link=Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária}}</ref> most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year<ref>{{cite web|url=http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm|title=CPD: South America, Site SA19, Caatinga of North-eastern Brazil, Brazil|publisher=Botany.si.edu|access-date=29 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606055642/http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm|archive-date=6 June 2009}}</ref> and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.<ref name="Encarta 9" /> Brazil's 1877–78 ''[[Grande Seca]]'' (Great Drought), the worst in Brazil's history,<ref>[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/6/07-1331_article.htm "Drought, Smallpox, and Emergence of Leishmania braziliensis in Northeastern Brazil"]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).</ref> caused approximately half a million deaths.<ref>[http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8857.html "Ó Gráda, C.: Famine: A Short History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112061115/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8857.html |date=12 January 2016 }}. Princeton University Press.</ref> A similarly devastating drought occurred in 1915.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/W8514E/W8514E29.htm "Inland fishery enhancements"]. FAO.</ref>
 
South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most of the state of São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year.<ref name="BBC Weather" /> The south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding {{convert|18|°C|1}};<ref name="BT" /> winter frosts and [[Snow in Brazil|snowfall]] are not rare in the highest areas.<ref name="BBC Weather" /><ref name="Encarta 9" />
 
=== Biodiversity and environment ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Brazil|Deforestation in Brazil|Conservation in Brazil}}
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Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the [[Amazon rainforest]], recognized as having the greatest [[Biodiversity|biological diversity]] in the world,<ref name="WWF">{{cite web |title=One fifth of the world's freshwater |website=Amazon |publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature |date=6 August 2007 |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/amazon/about_the_amazon/ecosystems_amazon/rivers/ |access-date=12 June 2008}}</ref> with the [[Atlantic Forest]] and the [[Cerrado]], sustaining the greatest biodiversity.<ref name="Encarta 10">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Plant and Animal Life |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |access-date=12 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034943/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the south, the [[Araucaria]] pine forest grows under temperate conditions.<ref name="Encarta 10" /> The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of [[Wildlife of Brazil|plant]] and [[Wildlife of Brazil|animal species]] in Brazil could approach four million, mostly invertebrates.<ref name="Encarta 10" />
 
Larger mammals include carnivores [[Cougar|pumas]], [[jaguar]]s, [[ocelot]]s, rare [[bush dog]]s, and [[fox]]es, and herbivores [[peccary|peccaries]], [[tapir]]s, [[anteater]]s, [[sloth]]s, [[opossum]]s, and [[armadillo]]s. [[Deer]] are plentiful in the south, and many species of [[New World monkey]]s are found in the northern [[Rainforest|rain forests]].<ref name="Encarta 10" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Atlantic Forest, Brazil |work=Map: Biodiversity hotspots |publisher=BBC News |date=1 October 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3707888.stm#brazil |access-date=12 June 2008}}</ref> Concern for the environment has grown in response to global interest in environmental issues.<ref name="Encarta 11">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Environmental Issues |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |access-date=12 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034943/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Brazil's Amazon Basin is home to an extremely diverse array of fish species, including the [[red-bellied piranha]].
[[File:Amazon CIAT (5).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Amazon rainforest]], the most biodiverse [[rainforest]] in the world]]
By 2013, Brazil's "dramatic policy-driven reduction in Amazon Basin deforestation" was a "global exception in terms of forest change", according to scientific journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''.<ref name="sciencemag_Hansen_20131115">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.1244693| pmid = 24233722 | volume = 342| issue = 6160| pages = 850–853| last1 = Hansen| first1 = M. C.| last2 = Potapov| first2 = P. V.| last3 = Moore| first3 = R.| last4 = Hancher| first4 = M.| last5 = Turubanova| first5 = S. A.| last6 = Tyukavina| first6 = A.| last7 = Thau| first7 = D.| last8 = Stehman| first8 = S. V.| last9 = Goetz| first9 = S. J.| last10 = Loveland| first10 = T. R.| last11 = Kommareddy| first11 = A.| last12 = Egorov| first12 = A.| last13 = Chini| first13 = L.| last14 = Justice| first14 = C. O.| last15 = Townshend| first15 = J. R. G.| title = High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change| journal = Science| date = 15 November 2013| bibcode = 2013Sci...342..850H| s2cid = 23541992 }}</ref>{{rp|852}} From 2003 to 2011, compared to all other countries in the world, Brazil had the "largest decline in annual forest loss", as indicated in the study using high-resolution satellite maps showing global forest cover changes.<ref name="sciencemag_Hansen_20131115" />{{rp|850}}
The annual loss of forest cover decreased from a 2003/2004 record high of more than {{convert|40,000|km2|e3ha e6acre mi2}} to a 2010/2011 low of under {{convert|20,000|km2|e3ha e6acre mi2}},<ref name="sciencemag_Hansen_20131115" />{{rp|850}} reversing widespread deforestation<ref name="sciencemag_Hansen_20131115" />{{rp|852}} from the 1970s to 2003.
 
In 2017, preserved native vegetation occupies 61% of the Brazilian territory. Agriculture occupied only 8% of the national territory and pastures 19.7%. <ref>[https://g1.globo.com/mato-grosso-do-sul/noticia/2017/01/vegetacao-nativa-preservada-ocupa-61-da-area-do-brasil-diz-embrapa.html Preserved native vegetation occupies 61% of Brazil's area, says Embrapa]</ref> In terms of comparison, in 2019, although 43% of the entire European continent has forests, only 3% of the total forest area in Europe is of native forest. <ref>[https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-50162105 How Europe has multiplied its forests and why this can be a problem]</ref>
 
In 2020 the government of Brazil pledged to reduce its annual [[greenhouse gas]]es emissions by 43% by 2030. It also set as indicative target of reaching [[carbon neutrality]] by the year 2060 if the country gets 10 billion dollars per year.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Felin |first1=Bruno |title=STATEMENT: Brazil Sets Weak 2030 Emission Reduction Target |url=https://www.wri.org/news/2020/12/statement-brazil-sets-weak-2030-emission-reduction-target |website=World Resources Institute |date=10 December 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref>
 
== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Brazil|Federal government of Brazil|Elections in Brazil}}
[[File:Reflexos do Planalto.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Palácio do Planalto]], the official workplace of the [[President of Brazil]].]]
The form of government is a [[Democracy|democratic]] [[Federation|federative]] [[republic]], with a [[presidential system]].<ref name="Constituição" /> The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term,<ref name="Constituição" /> with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is [[Jair Bolsonaro]]. The previous president, [[Michel Temer]], replaced [[Dilma Rousseff]] after her [[Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff|impeachment]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/31/americas/brazil-rousseff-impeachment-vote/index.html|title=Brazil's Senate ousts Rousseff in impeachment vote|first1=Catherine E. |last1=Shoichet |first2=Euan |last2=McKirdy|website=CNN|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> The President appoints the [[Minister of State|Ministers of State]], who assist in government.<ref name="Constituição" /> Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of law in Brazil. The [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|Chamber of Deputies]] and the [[Senate of Brazil|Federal Senate]]. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively. Brazil is a [[democracy]], according to the [[Democracy Index]] 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2010 |url=http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf|website=eiu.com|access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref>
 
The political-administrative organization of the Federative Republic of Brazil comprises the Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities.<ref name="Constituição" /> The Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities, are the "spheres of government". The [[federation]] is set on five fundamental principles:<ref name="Constituição" /> sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the social values of labor and freedom of enterprise, and political [[pluralism (political theory)|pluralism]]. The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial under a checks and balances system) are formally established by the Constitution.<ref name="Constituição" /> The executive and legislative are organized [[Separation of powers|independently in all three spheres of government]], while the judiciary is organized only at the federal and state and Federal District spheres.
 
All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.<ref name=embassy>{{cite web |url=http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/brazil_in_brief/political_institution.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100724/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/brazil_in_brief/political_institution.html |archive-date=25 July 2011 |title=Embassy of Brazil&nbsp;– Ottawa |quote=Political Institutions&nbsp;– The Executive |access-date=19 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/government/brazil_government.html |title=City Mayors |quote=Brazil federal, state and local government |access-date=19 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title = Contributions to the Physical Geography of the Mississippi River, and Its Delta|last = Fontaine|first = Edward|journal = Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York|issn = 1536-0407|volume = 3|year = 1872|pages = 343–78|doi = 10.2307/196424|jstor = 196424}}</ref> Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.<ref name=embassy /> For most of its democratic history, Brazil has had a multi-party system, proportional representation. Voting is compulsory for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.<ref name="Constituição" />
[[File:Brasilia Congresso Nacional 05 2007 221.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]], seat of the [[legislative branch]].]]
 
Together with several smaller parties, four political parties stand out: [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]] (PT), [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party]] (PSDB), [[Brazilian Democratic Movement]] (MDB) and [[Democrats (Brazil)|Democrats]] (DEM). Fifteen political parties are represented in Congress. It is common for politicians to switch parties, and thus the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southtravels.com/america/brazil/government.html |title=Government – Brazil |publisher=Southtravels.com |date=5 October 1988 |access-date=17 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128075345/http://www.southtravels.com/america/brazil/government.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Almost all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive.
 
The country has more than 40 active political parties, and only one of them defines itself as a right-wing party ([[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|PSL]]), with a clear political imbalance. The country has several far-left parties like [[Socialism and Liberty Party|PSOL]], [[Workers' Cause Party|PCO]], [[United Socialist Workers' Party|PSTU]], [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]], [[Communist Party of Brazil|PC do B]], left parties like [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]], [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]], [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]], [[Green Party (Brazil)|PV]], [[Sustainability Network|Rede]] and [[Solidariedade]] and center-left like [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]], [[Democrats (Brazil)|DEM]], [[Party of National Mobilization|PMN]] and [[Cidadania]]. Ten parties declare themselves as the center: [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|MDB]], [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|PL]], [[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|PSD]], [[Christian Labour Party|PTC]], [[Christian Democracy (Brazil)|DC]], [[Republican Party of the Social Order|PROS]], [[Avante (political party)|Avante]], [[Patriota]], [[Podemos (Brazil)|Podemos]] and [[Party of the Brazilian Woman|PMB]]. Five parties declare themselves as center-right: [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|PTB]], [[Progressistas]], [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|PSC]], [[Brazilian Labour Renewal Party|PRTB]] and [[Republicans (Brazil)|Republicanos]]. The only party that claims to be purely liberal, without further consideration, is [[New Party (Brazil)|Novo]]. When asked about their ideological spectrum, Brazilian parties tend to give obtuse and non-conclusive answers on the subject.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/apenas-um-partido-se-define-como-de-direita-no-brasil-esquerda-tem-sete/|title=Apenas um partido se define como de direita no Brasil; Esquerda tem sete|website=Gazeta do Povo}}</ref>
 
=== Law ===
{{Main|Law of Brazil|Law enforcement in Brazil|Crime in Brazil}}
 
[[File:Supremo Brasil.jpg|thumb|left|[[Supreme Federal Court of Brazil]] serves primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country]]
 
Brazilian law is based on the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] legal system<ref>[http://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/en/bra/en_bra-int-des-ordrjur.html "The Brazilian Legal System"], Organization of American States. Retrieved 17 May 2007.</ref> and [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases.
 
The legal system is based on the [[Constitution of Brazil|Federal Constitution]], promulgated on 5 October 1988, and the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.<ref>José Afonso da Silva, ''Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo'' (Malheiros, 2004; {{ISBN|85-7420-559-1}}), p.&nbsp;46.</ref> {{As of|2007|04}}, there have been 53 amendments. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.<ref>Silva, ''Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo'', p.&nbsp;592.</ref> Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" ({{lang|pt|leis orgânicas}}), which act in a similar way to constitutions.<ref name="DeffentiBarral2011">{{cite book|author1=Fabiano Deffenti|author2=Welber Oliveira Barral|title=Introduction to Brazilian Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ba2J5eD8wYC&pg=PA20|access-date=6 June 2013|year=2011|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=978-90-411-2506-4|pages=20–}}</ref> Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.<ref name="Constituição" /> Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the [[Constitution of Brazil|Federal Constitution]] allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.<ref name="Constituição" /> There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts.<ref name="Constituição" /> The highest court is the [[Supreme Federal Court]].
 
This system has been criticized over the last few decades for the slow pace of decision-making. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings.<ref>Miguel Glugoski and Odete Medauar, [http://www.usp.br/jorusp/arquivo/2003/jusp667/pag0304.htm "Nossos direitos nas suas mãos"], [[University of São Paulo|USP]] Journal, 24–30 November 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2007.</ref> Nevertheless, the Supreme Federal Tribunal was the first court in the world to transmit its sessions on television, and also via [[YouTube]].<ref>Diego Abreu, [http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL1326475-5598,00.html "Primeira Corte do mundo a ter canal de vídeo no YouTube é o STF"], [http://g1.globo.com/ G1]. {{in lang|pt}} Accessed 12 October 2009.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160609/http://esma.tjpb.jus.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=109%3Astf-primeira-corte-no-mundo-no-youtube&catid=1%3Anoticias&Itemid=20 "STF: Primeira corte do mundo no YouTube"]. [http://esma.tjpb.jus.br/ ESMA-PB]. {{in lang|pt}} Accessed 12 October 2009.</ref> In December 2009, the Supreme Court adopted [[Twitter]] to display items on the day planner of the ministers, to inform the daily actions of the Court and the most important decisions made by them.<ref>[http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=117153 "Página do STF no Twitter está no ar"] (12 January 2009). [http://www.stf.jus.br/ STF Official Website]. {{in lang|pt}} Consulted on 5 December 2009.</ref>
 
=== Military ===
{{Main|Brazilian Armed Forces}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| width = 220
| image1 = 23 10 2020 Comemoração do Dia do Aviador e da Força Aérea Brasileira (50521336872) (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Brazilian Air Force]] [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen#Brazil|Saab Gripen NG]]
| image2 = GLAM MB Chegada do PHM "Atlântico" (29323273127).jpg
| caption2 = [[Brazilian Navy]]'s [[flagship]] [[PHM Atlântico|PHM ''Atlântico'']]
}}
The armed forces of Brazil are the [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|largest]] in Latin America by active personnel and the largest in terms of military equipment.<ref>[http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI14439-15273-2,00-UMA+NOVA+AGENDA+MILITAR.html Uma Nova Agenda Militar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325232014/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0%2C%2CEMI14439-15273-2%2C00-UMA%2BNOVA%2BAGENDA%2BMILITAR.html |date=25 March 2017 }} Revista Época. Retrieved on 19 February 2009.</ref> It consists of the [[Brazilian Army]] (including the [[Brazilian Army Aviation Command|Army Aviation Command]]), the [[Brazilian Navy]] (including the [[Brazilian Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] and [[Brazilian Naval Aviation|Naval Aviation]]), and the [[Brazilian Air Force]]. Brazil's [[conscription]] policy gives it one of the world's largest military forces, estimated at more than 1.6&nbsp;million [[Military Reserve|reservists]] annually.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/|title=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|access-date=26 March 2010}}</ref>
 
Numbering close to 236,000 active personnel,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2006/Decreto/D5670.htm|title=Decreto Nº 5.670 de 10 de Janeiro de 2006|publisher=Presidência da República|language=pt|access-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> the Brazilian Army has the largest number of armored vehicles in [[South America]], including armored transports and [[battle tank|tanks]].<ref name="militarypower1" /> It is also unique in Latin America for its large, elite forces specializing in unconventional missions, the [[Brazilian Special Operations Command]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdaopesp.eb.mil.br/ |title=Brigada de Operações Especiais |editor=Exército |access-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923015650/https://www.bdaopesp.eb.mil.br/ |archive-date=23 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defesanet.com.br/sof/cb_bda_opesp_1.htm|title=Defesanet – Brigada de operações especiais|access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tropaselite.t35.com/BRASIL_Brigada_de_Operacoes_Especiais_Parte-1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028052113/http://tropaselite.t35.com/BRASIL_Brigada_de_Operacoes_Especiais_Parte-1.htm|archive-date=28 October 2010|title=Brigada de Operações Especiais – Bda Op Esp|website=tropaselite.t35.com|access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> and the versatile Strategic Rapid Action Force, made up of highly mobilized and prepared Special Operations Brigade, [[Parachute Infantry Brigade (Brazil)|Infantry Brigade Parachutist]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militarypower.com.br/combatentes.htm|title=Military Power|access-date=27 June 2010|place=Brasil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdainfpqdt.eb.mil.br/|title=Brigada de Infantaria Pára-quedista|publisher=Exército|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605010004/http://www.bdainfpqdt.eb.mil.br/|archive-date=5 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> 1st Jungle Infantry Battalion (Airmobile)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1bis.eb.mil.br/|title=1º Batalhão de Infantaria de Selva (Aeromóvel)|publisher=Exército|access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> and 12th Brigade Light Infantry (Airmobile)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdaamv.eb.mil.br/|title=12º Brigada de Infantaria Leve (Aeromóvel)|publisher=Exército|place=Brasil|access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> able to act anywhere in the country, on short notice, to counter external aggression.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tropaselite.t35.com/BRASIL_FORCA%20DE%20ACAO%20RAPIDA.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018073453/http://tropaselite.t35.com/BRASIL_FORCA%20DE%20ACAO%20RAPIDA.htm|archive-date=18 October 2010|title=Força de Ação Rápida – FAR|website=tropaselite.t35.com|access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> The states' [[Military Police (Brazil)|Military Police]] and the [[Military Firefighters Corps]] are described as an ancillary forces of the Army by the constitution, but are under the control of each state's governor.<ref name="Constituição" />
 
Brazil's navy, the second-largest in the Americas, once operated some of the most powerful warships in the world with the two {{Sclass|Minas Geraes|battleship|0}} [[dreadnought]]s, which sparked a [[South American dreadnought race]] between Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.<ref>Scheina (1987), p. 81.</ref> Today, it is a [[green-water navy|green water]] force and has a group of specialized elite in retaking ships and naval facilities, [[GRUMEC]], unit specially trained to protect Brazilian oil platforms along its coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tropaselite.t35.com/BRASIL_GRUMEC.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327162505/http://tropaselite.t35.com/BRASIL_GRUMEC.htm|archive-date=27 March 2010|title=Grupamento de Mergulhadores de Combate – GruMeC|website=tropaselite.t35.com|access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> It is the only navy in Latin America that operates an [[aircraft carrier]], [[PHM Atlantico]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mar.mil.br/menu_v/ccsm/perguntas/perguntas_mais_frequentes.htm#44.44 |number=44 |title=More asked questions |publisher=Marinha |access-date=16 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714231056/https://www.mar.mil.br/menu_v/ccsm/perguntas/perguntas_mais_frequentes.htm |archive-date=14 July 2007}}</ref> and one of the ten navies of the world to operate one.<ref name="militarypower1">{{cite web|place=Brasil|url=http://www.militarypower.com.br/mundo.htm|title=Military Power|access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref>
 
The Air Force is the largest in Latin America and has about 700 manned aircraft in service and effective about 67,000 personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/imprensa/fab_numeros.php |title=Sala de imprensa – FAB em números |publisher=Força Aérea Brasileira |language=pt |access-date=12 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617153748/http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/imprensa/fab_numeros.php |archive-date=17 June 2008}}</ref>
 
Brazil has not been invaded since 1865 during the [[Paraguayan War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI14439-15273-3,00-UMA+NOVA+AGENDA+MILITAR.html |title=Especial – NOTÍCIAS – Uma nova agenda militar |publisher=Revistaepoca.globo.com |access-date=19 June 2010}}</ref> Additionally, Brazil has no contested territorial disputes with any of its neighbors<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> and neither does it have rivalries, like Chile and Bolivia have with each other.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200610/25/eng20061025_315049.html |title=People's Daily Online – Bolivia bans Argentina from reselling gas to Chile |publisher=English.peopledaily.com.cn |date=25 October 2006 |access-date=19 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3632235.stm |work=BBC News |title=Fresh anger over Bolivia gas plan |date=16 April 2004 |access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref> The Brazilian military has also three times intervened militarily to overthrow the [[Government of Brazil|Brazilian government]].<ref name="revistaepoca.globo.com">{{cite web|url=http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/1,,EMI14440-15273,00.html |title=Especial – NOTÍCIAS – Os pés de barro de um gigante |publisher=Revistaepoca.globo.com |access-date=19 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825094407/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/1%2C%2CEMI14440-15273%2C00.html |archive-date=25 August 2010 }}</ref> It has built a tradition of participating in UN [[peacekeeping]] missions such as in [[Haiti]], [[East Timor]] and [[Central African Republic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/01/world/brazil-is-leading-a-largely-south-american-mission-to-haiti.html |work=The New York Times |title=Brazil Is Leading a Largely South American Mission to Haiti |first=Larry |last=Rohter |date=1 August 2004 |access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref> Brazil signed the UN [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref>
 
=== Foreign policy ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Brazil}}
[[File:Brasilia-2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Itamaraty Palace]], the seat of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]]]
 
Brazil's international relations are based on Article 4 of the [[Constitution of Brazil|Federal Constitution]], which establishes [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]], [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international cooperation]] and the [[Peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of conflicts]] as the guiding principles of Brazil's relationship with other countries and multilateral organizations.<ref>[http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html Article 4 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |date=28 September 2018 }} V-Brazil. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</ref> According to the Constitution, the [[President of Brazil|President]] has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while the [[National Congress of Brazil|Congress]] is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and [[Treaty|international treaties]], as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy.<ref>[http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleIV.html Article 84 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919114914/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleIV.html |date=19 September 2019 }} V-Brazil. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</ref>
 
Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's position as a [[regional power]] in [[Latin America]], a leader among [[developing countries]], and an emerging [[world power]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090710013700/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/news/docs/RL33456.pdf U.S. Congressional Report on Brazil] [[United States Congress]]. Retrieved on 23 June 2009.</ref> Brazilian foreign policy has generally been based on the principles of [[multilateralism]], peaceful dispute settlement, and [[non-interventionism|non-intervention]] in the affairs of other countries.<ref>Georges D. Landau, "The Decision-making Process in Foreign Policy: The Case of Brazil", Center for Strategic and International Studies: Washington DC: March 2003</ref> Brazil is a founding member state of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of [[Lusophone]] nations across four continents, where [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is an official language.
 
An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries.<ref name="ODI1">Cabral and Weinstock 2010. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid Brazil: an emerging aid player] ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113185641/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid|date=13 January 2011}}). London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels.<ref name="ODI1" /> Total aid is estimated to be around $1&nbsp;billion per year, which includes.<ref name="ODI1" /> In addition, Brazil already managed a [[United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti|peacekeeping mission in Haiti]] ($350&nbsp;million) and makes in-kind contributions to the [[World Food Programme]] ($300&nbsp;million).<ref name="ODI1" /> This is in addition to humanitarian assistance and contributions to multilateral development agencies. The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India.<ref name=ODI1 /> The Brazilian [[South-South]] aid has been described as a "global model in waiting".<ref>Cabral, Lidia 2010. [http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx Brazil's development cooperation with the South: a global model in waiting] ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430190841/http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx|date=30 April 2011}}). London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref>
 
=== Law enforcement and crime ===
 
{{Main|Law enforcement in Brazil|Crime in Brazil}}
[[File:COT (6883689782).jpg|thumb|left|Field agents of the [[Federal Police of Brazil|Federal Police]]'s [[Comando de Operações Táticas|Tactical Operations Command]].]]
In Brazil, the [[Constitution of Brazil|Constitution]] establishes five different police agencies for law enforcement: [[Federal Police Department]], [[Federal Highway Police (Brazil)|Federal Highway Police]], [[Federal Railroad Police]], [[Military Police (Brazil)|Military Police]] and [[Civil Police (Brazil)|Civil Police]]. Of these, the first three are affiliated with federal authorities and the last two are subordinate to state governments. All police forces are the responsibility of the executive branch of any of the federal or state powers.<ref name="Constituição" /> The [[National Public Security Force]] also can act in public disorder situations arising anywhere in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/defesa-e-seguranca/2012/05/ordem-publica-e-prioridade-da-forca-nacional-de-seguranca |title=Ordem pública é prioridade da Força Nacional de Segurança |publisher=Portal Brasil |date=29 April 2012 |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>
 
The country still has above-average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence and homicide. In 2012, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) estimated the number of 32 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the [[List of countries by intentional homicide rate|highest rates of homicide of the world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brasil.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,brasil-tem-maior-numero-absoluto-de-homicidios-do-mundo,1604827|title=Brasil tem maior número absoluto de homicídios do mundo|publisher=[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]|date=10 December 2014}}</ref> The number considered tolerable by the WHO is about 10 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Secretaria de Segurança Pública do Estado de São Paulo |url=http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/estatistica/dados.aspx?id=E |title=Taxa de delito por 100 mil habitantes |date=31 January 2011 |access-date=14 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811121142/http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/estatistica/dados.aspx?id=E |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, Brazil had a record 63,880 murders.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Year of Violence Sees Brazil's Murder Rate Hit Record High |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/americas/brazil-murder-rate-record.html |work=The New York Times |date=10 August 2018}}</ref> However, there are differences between the crime rates in the [[States of Brazil|Brazilian states]]. While in [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] the homicide rate registered in 2013 was 10.8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, in [[Alagoas]] it was 64.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/noticias/uma-pessoa-e-assassinada-a-cada-dez-minutos-no-brasil|title=Os estados com mais homicídios no Brasil|magazine=[[Exame]]|date=11 November 2014|access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref>
 
Brazil also has high levels of incarceration and the third largest prison population in the world (behind only [[China]] and the [[United States]]), with an estimated total of approximately 700,000 prisoners around the country (June 2014), an increase of about 300% compared to the index registered in 1992.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2014/06/1465527-brasil-passa-a-russia-e-tem-a-terceira-maior-populacao-carceraria-do-mundo.shtml|title=Brasil passa a Rússia e tem a terceira maior população carcerária do mundo|newspaper=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=5 June 2014}}</ref> The high number of prisoners eventually overloaded the Brazilian prison system, leading to a shortfall of about 200,000 accommodations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2014/01/brasil-tem-hoje-deficit-de-200-mil-vagas-no-sistema-prisional.html|title=Brasil tem hoje deficit de 200 mil vagas no sistema prisional|publisher=G1|date=15 January 2014|access-date=21 March 2014}}</ref>
 
=== Administrative divisions ===
{| class="infobox"
|style="text-align: center;"|{{Brazil Labelled Map}}[[States of Brazil]] and [[Regions of Brazil]]
|}
{{Main|States of Brazil|Municipalities of Brazil}}
{{See also|Regions of Brazil}}
Brazil is a federation composed of 26 [[Federated state|states]], one [[federal district]], and the 5570 [[Municipality|municipalities]].<ref name="Constituição" /> States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by their voters. They also have independent Courts of Law for common justice. Despite this, states have much less autonomy to create their own laws than in the United States. For example, criminal and civil laws can be voted by only the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.<ref name="Constituição" />
 
The states and the federal district may be grouped into regions: [[Northern Region, Brazil|Northern]], [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]], [[Central-West Region, Brazil|Central-West]], [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast]] and [[Southern Region, Brazil|Southern]]. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical, not political or administrative divisions, and they do not have any specific form of government. Although defined by law, Brazilian regions are useful mainly for statistical purposes, and also to define the distribution of federal funds in development projects.
 
Municipalities, as the states, have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Union and state government.<ref name="Constituição" /> Each has a mayor and an elected legislative body, but no separate Court of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice administrative division called ''[[comarca]]'' (county).
 
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Brazil}}
[[File:Brazil Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|left|A proportional representation of Brazil exports, 2019]]
{{See also|Brazilian real|Agriculture in Brazil|Mining in Brazil|Industry in Brazil}}
 
Brazil is the largest national economy in [[Latin America]], the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|world's ninth largest economy]] and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|eighth largest]] in [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP) according to 2018 estimates. Brazil has a [[mixed economy]] with abundant natural resources. After rapid growth in preceding decades, the country [[2014–2016 Brazilian economic recession|entered an ongoing recession in 2014]] amid a political corruption scandal and nationwide protests.
 
Its [[Gross domestic product]] (PPP) per capita was $15,919 in 2017<ref name="imf">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=54&pr1.y=7&c=223&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Brazil |publisher=International Monetary Fund (IMF) |access-date=1 April 2016}}</ref> putting Brazil in the 77th position according to IMF data. Active in [[agriculture|agricultural]], mining, manufacturing and [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sectors]] Brazil has a labor force of over 107 million (ranking 6th worldwide) and unemployment of 6.2% (ranking 64th worldwide).<ref name="CIA Econ">{{cite web |title=Economy of Brazil |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2008 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ |access-date=3 June 2008}}</ref>
 
The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and [[commodity market|commodities markets]], and is one of a group of four emerging economies called the [[BRIC]] countries.<ref>{{cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Jim |author-link=Jim O'Neill (economist) |title=BRICs |publisher=Goldman Sachs |url=http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/ |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> Brazil has been the world's largest [[Coffee production in Brazil|producer of coffee]] for the last 150 years.<ref name="Neilson102">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834|page=102|title=Value Chain Struggles|author1=Jeff Neilson |author2=Bill Pritchard |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4443-5544-4}}</ref> The country is a major exporter of soy, iron ore, pulp (cellulose), maize, beef, chicken meat, soybean meal, sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, orange juice, footwear, airplanes, cars, vehicle parts, gold, ethanol, semi-finished iron, among other products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fazcomex.com.br/|title=Fazcomex Tecnologia para Comércio Exterior – Soluções para Comex|website=Fazcomex &#124; Tecnologia para Comércio Exterior}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/agronegocio-tem-oito-entre-dez-produtos-líderes-das-exportacoes-brasileiras/20200102-130051-c255|title=Agronegócio tem oito entre os dez produtos líderes das exportações brasileiras em 2019|website=Avicultura Industrial}}</ref>
{{multiple image
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|align = right
|width = 220
|image1 = Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.jpg
| caption1 = Quotes panel in the interior of [[B3 (stock exchange)|B3]], in [[São Paulo]], one of the [[List of stock exchanges|top 20 stock exchanges by market capitalization]].
|image2 = Ronodonópolis colheita soja (Roosevelt Pinheiro) 28mar09.jpg
|caption2 = [[Soybean]] crop in [[Rondonópolis]], [[Mato Grosso]].<ref name="exportaçãoagrícola">{{cite news|title=Brasil será maior exportador agrícola mundial em 2024|publisher=EXAME|date=1 July 2015|url=https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/brasil-sera-maior-exportador-agricola-mundial-em-2024/|access-date=9 May 2018|language=pt|archive-date=9 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509220949/https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/brasil-sera-maior-exportador-agricola-mundial-em-2024/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|image3 = KC-390 - RIAT 2018 (41847171670).jpg
| caption3 = The [[KC-390]], developed by [[Embraer]], the third largest producer of [[civil aircraft]], after [[Boeing]] and [[Airbus]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Embraer vê clientes mais dispostos à compra de aviões |publisher = Exame Magazine |url = http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/empresas/noticias/embraer-ve-clientes-mais-dispostos-compra-avioes-554715 |access-date = 8 February 2014|date = 10 October 2010 }}</ref>
|image4 = Oil platform P-51 (Brazil).jpg
|caption4 = P-51, an [[oil platform]] of [[Petrobras]], one of the largest public companies in the world.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.forbes.com/companies/petrobras/?sh=4a2b30dd2dea | title= Forbes Global 2000 | access-date = 31 October 2020}}</ref>
|image5=Perdigão Agroindustrial.jpg
|caption5=Industry of [[BRF S.A.]] in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]. Brazil is a major meat exporter.
}}
 
Brazil's diversified economy includes agriculture, industry, and a wide range of services.<ref name="BansalPhatak2009">{{cite book|author1=Alok Bansal|author2=Yogeshwari Phatak|author3=I C Gupta|author4=Rajendra Jain|title=Transcending Horizons Through Innovative Global Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm4IWvB4rEUC&pg=PA29|year= 2009|publisher=Excel Books |isbn=978-81-7446-708-9|page=29}}</ref> [[Agriculture in Brazil|Agriculture]] and allied sectors like [[forestry]], [[logging]] and fishing accounted for 5.1% of the [[gross domestic product|GDP]] in 2007.<ref name="CIA GDP">{{cite web |title=Field Listing – GDP – composition by sector |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2008 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2012.html |access-date=9 June 2008}}</ref> Brazil is the [[List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities|largest producer of various agricultural commodities]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/|title=FAOSTAT|website=www.fao.org}}</ref> and also has a large [[cooperative]] sector that provides 50% of the food in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ica.coop/en/media/news/how-are-agricultural-co-operatives-making-difference-brazil|title=How are agricultural co-operatives making a difference in Brazil? {{pipe}} ICA|website=ica.coop}}</ref> The world's largest healthcare cooperative [[Unimed (organization)|Unimed]] is also located in Brazil, and accounts for 32% of the healthcare insurance market in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.coop/97242/sector/health/20-million-brazilians-rely-co-operative-healthcare/|title=Why 20 million Brazilians rely on a co-operative for healthcare|date=20 August 2015}}</ref>
 
Brazil is one of the largest producers of animal proteins in the world. In 2019, the country was the world's largest exporter of chicken meat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/conheca-os-3-paises-que-desafiam-o-brasil-nas-exportacoes-de-frango/20200122-093443-o532|title=Conheça os 3 países que desafiam o Brasil nas exportações de frango|website=Avicultura Industrial}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.farmnews.com.br/mercado/maiores-exportadores-de-carne-de-frango/|title=Maiores exportadores de carne de frango entre 2015 e 2019|first=Ivan|last=Formigoni|date=30 May 2019}}</ref> It was also the world's second largest producer of beef,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beefpoint.com.br/ibge-rebanho-de-bovinos-tinha-21823-milhoes-de-cabecas-em-2016/|title=IBGE: rebanho de bovinos tinha 218,23 milhões de cabeças em 2016 {{pipe}} BeefPoint|website=beefpoint.com.br}}</ref> third largest producer of milk,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agronewsbrazil.com.br/brasil-e-o-3o-maior-produtor-de-leite-do-mundo-superando-o-padrao-europeu-em-alguns-municipios/|title=Brasil é o 3º maior produtor de leite do mundo, superando o padrão Europeu em alguns municípios|date=8 February 2020|access-date=15 August 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917042822/https://agronewsbrazil.com.br/brasil-e-o-3o-maior-produtor-de-leite-do-mundo-superando-o-padrao-europeu-em-alguns-municipios/|url-status=dead}}</ref> fourth largest producer of pork<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmnews.com.br/mercado/principais-paises-produtores-de-carne-suina/|title=Principais países produtores de carne suína entre 2017 e 2019|date=23 July 2019}}</ref> and seventh largest producer of eggs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/brasil-e-setimo-maior-produtor-mundial-de-ovos/20171113-144114-a215|title=Brasil é sétimo maior produtor mundial de ovos|website=Avicultura Industrial}}</ref>
 
In the [[Mining in Brazil|mining sector]], Brazil stands out in the extraction of [[iron ore]] (the second highest world exporter), copper, gold,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/brasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019|title=Brasil extrai cerca de 2 gramas de ouro por habitante em 5 anos|date=29 June 2019|website=R7.com}}</ref> [[bauxite]] (one of the five largest producers in the world), [[manganese]] (one of the five largest producers in the world), [[tin]] (one of the largest producers in the world), [[niobium]] (concentrates 98% of reserves known to the world)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/12/12/niobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml|title=Nióbio: G1 visita em MG complexo industrial do maior produtor do mundo|website=G1}}</ref> and [[nickel]]. In terms of precious stones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of [[amethyst]], [[topaz]], [[agate]] and one of the main producers of [[tourmaline]], [[emerald]], [[aquamarine (gemstone)|aquamarine]] and [[garnet]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Algumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html|title=Serviço Geológico do Brasil|website=cprm.gov.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noticias.band.uol.com.br/noticias/100000911432/rio-grande-do-sul-o-maior-exportador-de-pedras-preciosas-do-brasil.html|title=Rio Grande do Sul: o maior exportador de pedras preciosas do Brasil|website=Band.com.br}}</ref>
 
[[Industry in Brazil]] - from automobiles, steel and [[petrochemical]]s to computers, aircraft and [[durable good|consumer durables]] - accounted for 30.8% of the gross domestic product.<ref name="CIA GDP" /> Industry is highly concentrated in metropolitan São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, [[Campinas]], [[Porto Alegre]], and [[Belo Horizonte]].<ref name="GiordanoLanzafame2005">{{cite book|author1=Paolo Maria Giordano|author2=Francesco Lanzafame|author3=Jörg Meyer-Stamer|title=Asymmetries in Regional Integration And Local Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HZoGDAc_y0C&pg=PA129|year=2005|publisher=IDB|isbn=978-1-59782-004-2|page=129}}</ref> Brazil has become the fourth largest car market in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gasnier |first=Mat|date=15 January 2012|title=The 20 biggest car markets in the world: Russia on the up! |publisher=Best Selling Cars |url=http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2012/01/15/the-20-biggest-car-markets-in-the-world-russia-on-the-up/ |access-date=17 November 2014}}</ref> Major export products include aircraft, electrical equipment, automobiles, [[ethanol fuel|ethanol]], textiles, footwear, iron ore, steel, coffee, orange juice, soybeans and [[corned beef]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The economy of heat |newspaper=The Economist |date=12 April 2007 |url=https://www.economist.com/node/8952496?story_id=8952496 |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> In total, Brazil ranks 23rd worldwide in [[List of countries by exports|value of exports]]. In the [[food industry]], in 2019, Brazil was the second largest exporter of processed foods in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alimentosprocessados.com.br/industria-na-sociedade-brasileira.php|title=Alimentos Processados {{pipe}} A indústria de alimentos e bebidas na sociedade brasileira atual|website=alimentosprocessados.com.br}}</ref> In 2016, the country was the 2nd largest producer of [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]] in the world and the 8th producer of paper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://valor.globo.com/empresas/noticia/2020/02/21/producao-nacional-de-celulose-cai-66percent-em-2019-aponta-iba.ghtml|title=Produção nacional de celulose cai 6,6% em 2019, aponta Ibá|website=Valor Econômico}}</ref> In the [[footwear industry]], in 2019, Brazil ranked 4th among world producers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-franca/noticia/2019/07/14/industrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml|title=Indústrias calçadistas em Franca, SP registram queda de 40% nas vagas de trabalho em 6 anos|website=G1}}</ref> In 2019, the country was the 8th producer of vehicles and the 9th producer of steel in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diariodocomercio.com.br/livre/minas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019/|title=Minas Gerais produz 32,3% do aço nacional em 2019|first=Diário do|last=Comércio|date=24 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/|title=O novo mapa das montadoras, que agora rumam para o interior do País|date=8 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/sul-do-rio-costa-verde/noticia/industria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml|title=Indústria automobilística do Sul do Rio impulsiona superavit na economia|website=G1}}</ref> In 2018, the [[chemical industry]] of Brazil was the 8th in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf|title=Indústria Química no Brasil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf|title=Estudo de 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/estadao-conteudo/2020/02/03/producao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm|title=Produção nacional da indústria de químicos cai 5,7% em 2019, diz Abiquim|website=economia.uol.com.br}}</ref> Although it was among the five largest world producers in 2013, Brazil's textile industry is very little integrated into world trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3|title=Industria Textil no Brasil}}</ref>
 
The tertiary sector (trade and services) represented 75.8% of the country's GDP in 2018, according to the IBGE. The service sector was responsible for 60% of GDP and trade for 13%. It covers a wide range of activities: commerce, accommodation and catering, transport, communications, financial services, real estate activities and services provided to businesses, public administration (urban cleaning, sanitation, etc.) and other services such as education, social and health services, research and development, sports activities, etc., since it consists of activities complementary to other sectors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/economia/setor-de-servicos-sustenta-o-crescimento-do-pib-de-2018/|title=Setor de serviços sustenta o crescimento do PIB de 2018|website=VEJA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/produtividade-e-comercio-exterior/pt-br/index|title=Produtividade e Comércio Exterior|website=SECINT e SEPEC}}</ref> Micro and small businesses represent 30% of the country's GDP. In the commercial sector, for example, they represent 53% of the GDP within the activities of the sector.<ref>[https://revistapegn.globo.com/Negocios/noticia/2020/04/pequenos-negocios-ja-representam-30-do-produto-interno-bruto-do-pais.html Pequenos negócios já representam 30% do Produto Interno Bruto do país]</ref>
 
Brazil pegged its currency, the [[Brazilian real|real]], to the U.S. dollar in 1994. However, after the [[1997 Asian financial crisis|East Asian financial crisis]], the [[1998 Russian financial crisis|Russian default]] in 1998<ref>{{cite conference |first1=Taimur |last1=Baig |first2=Ilan |last2=Goldfajn |title=The Russian default and the contagion to Brazil |book-title=IMF Working Paper |publisher=International Monetary Fund |year=2000 |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp00160.pdf |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> and the series of adverse financial events that followed it, the [[Central Bank of Brazil]] temporarily changed its [[monetary policy]] to a [[managed float regime]]<ref>{{cite conference |title=Os impasses da política econômica brasileira nos anos 90 |book-title=Revista FAAP |year=2010 |url=http://www.faap.br/revista_faap/rel_internacionais/rel_04/garcia.htm |access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> scheme while undergoing a [[currency crisis]], until definitively changing the exchange regime to [[free-float]] in January 1999.<ref>{{cite conference |first=Arminio |last=Fraga |title=Monetary Policy During the Transition to a Floating Exchange Rate: Brazil's Recent Experience |publisher=International Monetary Fund |year=2000 |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2000/03/fraga.htm |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref>
 
Brazil received an [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) rescue package in mid-2002 of $30.4&nbsp;billion,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wheatley |first=Jonathan |title=Brazil: When an IMF Bailout Is Not Enough |magazine=Business Week |date=2 September 2002 |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_35/b3797071.htm |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> a record sum at the time. Brazil's central bank repaid the IMF loan in 2005, although it was not due to be repaid until 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil to pay off IMF debts early |work=BBC News |date=14 December 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4527438.stm |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> One of the issues the [[Central Bank of Brazil]] recently dealt with was an excess of [[speculation|speculative]] short-term capital inflows to the country, which may have contributed to a fall in the value of the U.S. dollar against the real during that period.<ref>{{cite conference |title=Economic Quarterly |page=171 |publisher=Institute of Applied Economic Research |date=1 March 2007 |url=http://www.ipea.gov.br/sites/000/2/publicacoes/eqb/ieq11.pdf |access-date=6 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527193112/http://www.ipea.gov.br/sites/000/2/publicacoes/eqb/ieq11.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nonetheless, [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI), related to long-term, less speculative investment in production, is estimated to be $193.8&nbsp;billion for 2007.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Capital Flows to Emerging Markets Set at Close to Record Levels |publisher=The Institute of International Finance |date=31 May 2007 |url=http://www.iif.com/press/press+32.php |access-date=6 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713005259/http://www.iif.com/press/press+32.php |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Inflation]] monitoring and control currently plays a major part in the Central bank's role in setting short-term [[interest rate]]s as a [[monetary policy]] measure.<ref>{{cite conference |title=IPCA, IPC-FIPE and IPC-BR: Methodological and Empirical Differences |publisher=Central Bank of Brazil |year=2004 |url=http://www.bcb.gov.br/htms/relinf/ing/2004/06/ri200406b2i.pdf |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref>
 
[[Corruption in Brazil|Corruption]] costs Brazil almost $41&nbsp;billion a year alone in 2010, with 69.9% of the country's firms identifying the issue as a major constraint in successfully penetrating the global market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/app/article.aspx?id=4550 |title=Brazil: Corruption Costs $41 Billion |publisher=Latin Business Chronicle |access-date=22 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321110632/http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/app/article.aspx?id=4550 |archive-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> Local government corruption is so prevalent that voters perceive it as a problem only if it surpasses certain levels, and only if a local media e.g. a radio station is present to divulge the findings of corruption charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emlab.berkeley.edu/~ffinan/Finan_Audit.pdf |title=Exposing corrupt politicians? the effect of Brazil's publicly released audits on electoral outcomes|publisher=Quarterly Journal of Economics|date= May 2008 |access-date=22 March 2013}}</ref> Initiatives, like this exposure, strengthen awareness which is indicated by the Transparency International's [[Corruption Perceptions Index]]; ranking Brazil 69th out of 178 countries in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/ |title=Corruption perceptions index |publisher=Transparency International |access-date=22 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207220737/http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/ |archive-date=7 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The [[purchasing power]] in Brazil is eroded by the so-called [[Brazil cost]].<ref name="brcost">{{cite web|url=http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-27/rousseff-crisis-spurred-by-lula-debts-as-brazil-boom-diminishes |title=Rousseff Crisis Spurred by Lula Debts as Brazil Boom Diminishes|publisher=Mobile.bloomberg.com |date=27 September 2011 |access-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508113727/http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-27/rousseff-crisis-spurred-by-lula-debts-as-brazil-boom-diminishes |archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref>
 
=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in Brazil}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Itaipu geral.jpg
| caption1 = The [[Itaipu Dam]] on the [[Paraná River]], the second largest of the world. [[Energy policy of Brazil|Brazilian energy matrix]] is one of the [[Clean energy|cleanest]] in the world.
| image2 = Energia Eolica.jpg
| caption2 = [[Wind farm]] in [[Parnaíba]], [[Piauí]]. Brazil is one of the 10 largest producers of wind energy in the world
}}
 
Brazil is the world's [[List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production|tenth largest]] energy consumer with much of its energy coming from [[Renewable energy|renewable sources]], particularly [[hydroelectricity]] and [[ethanol]]; the [[Itaipu Dam]] is the world's largest [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric plant]] by energy generation,<ref name="SchmidtOnyango2011">{{cite book|author1=Michael Schmidt|author2=Vincent Onyango|author3=Dmytro Palekhov|title=Implementing Environmental and Resource Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67bRqegVVcwC&pg=PA42|year=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-77568-3|page=42}}</ref> and the country has other large plants like [[Belo Monte Dam|Belo Monte]] and [[Tucuruí Dam|Tucuruí]]. The first car with an ethanol engine was produced in 1978 and the first airplane engine running on ethanol in 2005.<ref name="OECDDevelopment2001">{{cite book|author1=OECD|author2=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|author3=Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff|title=OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6U8AUm1ef4C&pg=PA193|year=2001|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-19141-9|page=193}}</ref>
 
In total electricity generation, in 2019 Brazil reached 170,000 megawatts of installed capacity, more than 75% from renewable sources (the majority, hydroelectric plants).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aneel.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao/-/asset_publisher/XGPXSqdMFHrE/content/brasil-alcanca-170-mil-megawatts-de-capacidade-instalada-em-2019/656877?inheritRedirect=false|title=Brasil alcança 170 mil megawatts de capacidade instalada em 2019 – Sala de Imprensa – ANEEL|website=www.aneel.gov.br}}</ref> In 2019, Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity of 98,581 MW, 60.16% of the country's energy generation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/ |title=How many power generating plants do we have in Brazil?}}</ref> Brazil is one of the 5 largest hydroelectric energy producers in the world (2nd place in 2017).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abrapch.org.br/2017/03/brasil-desponta-como-terceiro-maior-produtor-de-eletricidade-das-americas/|title=Brasil desponta como terceiro maior produtor de eletricidade das Américas • Abrapch|date=24 March 2017}}</ref>
 
{{As of|2021|6|url=http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes|post=,}} according to ONS, total installed capacity of [[wind power]] was 18.7 GW, with average [[capacity factor]] of 58%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20E%C3%B3lica%202021-06.pdf|title=Boletim Mensal de Geração Eólica Junho/2021|language=pt|date=1 July 2021|publisher=Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS|pages=6, 14|access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> While the world average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record with average capacity factors over 60%;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/infraestrutura/2014/12/brasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica|title=Brasil é o país com melhor fator de aproveitamento da energia eólica|work=Governo do Brasil|access-date=7 October 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223102/http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/infraestrutura/2014/12/brasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica|archive-date=7 October 2018}}</ref> the average capacity factor in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]] is 45% in the coast and 49% in the interior.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-233/topico-520/Boletim_2020_Q1.pdf|title=Boletim Trimestral de Energia Eólica – Junho de 2020|language=pt-BR|publisher=[[Empresa de Pesquisa Energética]]|date=23 June 2020|page=4|access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref>
 
In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/|title=Quantas usinas geradoras de energia temos no Brasil?|date=5 April 2019|website=CBIE}}</ref> In 2019, it was estimated that the country had an estimated wind power generation potential of around 522 GW (this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/ventos-promissores-a-caminho/|title=Ventos promissores a caminho|website=revistapesquisa.fapesp.br}}</ref><ref>[http://www2.ctee.com.br/brazilwindpower/2016/zpublisher/materia/?url=potencial-eolico-onshore-brasileiro-pode-ser-de-880-gw-indica-estudo-20161026 Brazilian onshore wind potential could be 880 GW, study indicates]</ref> Brazil is one of the 10 largest wind energy producers in the world (8th place in 2019, with 2.4% of world production).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/ |title=GWEC Global Wind Report 2019 |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=[[Global Wind Energy Council]]|pages=25, 28|access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/ |title=Global Wind Report 2019 |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=[[Global Wind Energy Council]]|page=10|access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref>
 
{{As of|2021|6|url=http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes|post=,}} according to ONS, total installed capacity of [[photovoltaic solar]] was 9.7 GW, with average [[capacity factor]] of 23%. Some of the most [[Solar irradiance|irradiated]] Brazilian States are Minas Gerais, Bahia and Goiás.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sharenergy.com.br/quais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica/|title=Quais as melhores regiões do Brasil para geração de energia fotovoltaica? – Sharenergy|date=3 February 2017|work=Sharenergy|access-date=7 October 2018|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Solar%202021-06.pdf|title=Boletim Mensal de Geração Solar Fotovoltaica Junho/2021|language=pt|date=1 July 2021|publisher=Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS|pages=6, 13|access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> In 2019, solar power represented 1.27% of the energy generated in the country.<ref name="auto2" /> In 2020, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (7.8 GW). <ref>[https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021]</ref>
 
In 2020, Brazil was the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy through [[biomass]] (energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf |title=RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021 page 41 | access-date = 24 May 2021}}</ref>
 
Recent oil discoveries in the [[pre-salt layer]] have opened the door for a large increase in oil production.<ref name="BrainardMartinez-Diaz2009">{{cite book|author1=Lael Brainard|author2=Leonardo Martinez-Diaz|title=Brazil As an Economic Superpower?: Understanding Brazil's Changing Role in the Global Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gG3EhGct-z0C&pg=PA45|year=2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0365-5|page=45}}</ref> The governmental agencies responsible for the energy policy are the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the National Council for Energy Policy, the [[National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (Brazil)|National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels]], and the [[Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency|National Agency of Electricity]].<ref name="OECD2005">{{cite book|author=OECD|title=Economic Surveys: Brazil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdYCwdYoyX4C&pg=PA105|year=2005|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-00749-9|page=105}}</ref> In the beginning of 2020, in the production of [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[natural gas]], the country exceeded 4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez|title=Produção de petróleo e gás no Brasil ultrapassa 4 milhões de boe/d pela primeira vez|website=anp.gov.br}}</ref>
 
=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Brazil}}
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| image1 = PE_-_Parque_Nacional_Marinho_de_Fernando_de_Noronha_-_Baía_do_Sancho_-_Praia_do_Sancho.jpg
| caption1 = Sancho Bay, [[Fernando de Noronha]], elected the most beautiful beach in the world by [[TripAdvisor]].<ref name="praias">{{cite web|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/boa-viagem/praia-de-fernando-de-noronha-eleita-mais-bonita-do-mundo-11916584|title=Praia de Fernando de Noronha é eleita a mais bonita do mundo|author=O Globo|date=18 March 2014|access-date=4 January 2018|author-link=O Globo}}</ref>
| image2 = Historical Centre.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Colonial Brazil|colonial city]] of [[Ouro Preto]], a [[World Heritage Site]], is one of the most popular destinations in [[Minas Gerais]].
}}
 
Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economy of several regions of the country. The country had 6.36&nbsp;million visitors in 2015, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the main destination in South America and second in [[Latin America]] after Mexico.<ref>{{cite book |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-844-1814-5|doi = 10.18111/9789284418145}}</ref> Revenues from international tourists reached {{USD|6}} billion in 2010, showing a recovery from the [[Late-2000s recession|2008–2009 economic crisis]].<ref name="UNWTO2011">{{cite web|url=http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights – 2011 Edition|publisher=World Tourism Organization|date=June 2011|access-date=29 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105081502/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf|archive-date=5 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Historical records of 5.4&nbsp;million visitors and {{USD|6.8}} billion in receipts were reached in 2011.<ref name="MT1_2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/dadosefatos/home.html|title=Estatisticas e Indicadores: Receita Cambial|publisher=Ministério do Turismo|year=2012|access-date=13 February 2012|language=pt}}</ref><ref name="MT2_2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.nopatio.com.br/o-que-acontece/turismo-brasileiro-com-novo-recorde-em-2011/|title=Turismo Brasileiro com novo recorde em 2011|author=Ministério do Turismo|publisher=No Pátio|date=13 January 2012|access-date=13 February 2012|language=pt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822074421/http://www.nopatio.com.br/o-que-acontece/turismo-brasileiro-com-novo-recorde-em-2011/|archive-date=22 August 2013}}</ref> In the list of world tourist destinations, in 2018, Brazil was the 48th most visited country, with 6.6 million tourists (and revenues of 5.9 billion dollars).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152 |title=Highlights of international tourism|year=2019|doi=10.18111/9789284421152|isbn=9789284421152}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 
Natural areas are its most popular tourism product, a combination of [[ecotourism]] with leisure and recreation, mainly sun and beach, and adventure travel, as well as cultural tourism. Among the most popular destinations are the [[Amazon Rainforest]], beaches and dunes in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]], the [[Pantanal]] in the [[Center-West Region, Brazil|Center-West Region]], beaches at [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], cultural tourism in [[Minas Gerais]] and business trips to [[São Paulo]].<ref name="Palhares2012">{{cite book|author=Guilherme Lohmann Palhares|title=Tourism in Brazil: Environment, Management and Segments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA126|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67432-4|page=126}}</ref>
 
In terms of the 2015 [[Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report|Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index]] (TTCI), which is a measurement of the factors that make it attractive to develop business in the travel and tourism industry of individual countries, Brazil ranked in the 28st place at the world's level, third in the [[Americas]], after Canada and United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 |publisher=World Economic Forum |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/TT15/WEF_Global_Travel&Tourism_Report_2015.pdf |date=May 2015}}</ref><ref name="TTCI2013">{{cite web|url =http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TT_Competitiveness_Report_2013.pdf|editor1=Jennifer Blanke |editor2=Thea Chiesa |year = 2013 |title = Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 |publisher = [[World Economic Forum]], Geneva, Switzerland|access-date=14 April 2013}} ''See Table 4, pp. 18–19 and Country/Economy Profile: Brazil, pp. 116–17.''</ref>
 
Brazil's main competitive advantages are its natural resources, which ranked 1st on this criteria out of all countries considered, and ranked 23rd for its cultural resources, due to its many [[World Heritage site]]s. The TTCI report notes Brazil's main weaknesses: its ground transport infrastructure remains underdeveloped (ranked 116th), with the quality of roads ranking in 105th place; and the country continues to suffer from a lack of price competitiveness (ranked 114th), due in part to high ticket taxes and airport charges, as well as high prices and high taxation. Safety and security have improved significantly: 75th in 2011, up from 128th in 2008.<ref name="TTCI2013" />
 
== Infrastructure ==
 
=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Brazil}}
{{multiple image
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| align = left
| width = 220
| image1 = Vls1-mockup-test.jpg
| caption1 = [[VLS-1]] at the [[Alcântara Launch Center]] of the [[Brazilian Space Agency]].
| image2 = Ministro participa da inauguração do acelerador de partículas Sirius. (30970744907).jpg
| caption2 = [[Sirius (synchrotron light source)|Sirius]], a [[diffraction-limited storage ring]] [[Synchrotron radiation|synchrotron light source]] at the [[Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron]], in the municipality of [[Campinas]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]].
}}
 
Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from various government agencies.<ref name="DevelopmentStaff2006v">{{cite book|author1=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|author2=Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff|title=OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI8pqyWIluYC&pg=PA94|year=2006|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-02999-6|page=94}}</ref> Brazil's most esteemed technological hubs are the [[Fundação Oswaldo Cruz|Oswaldo Cruz Institute]], the [[Instituto Butantan|Butantan Institute]], the Air Force's [[Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology|Aerospace Technical Center]], the [[Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária|Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation]] and the [[National Institute for Space Research]].<ref name="Scientific2010f">{{cite book|author=United Nations Educational, Scientific|title=UNESCO Science Report 2010: The Current Status of Science Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZTLCOe_fqwC&pg=PA110|year=2010|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-104132-7|pages=110–18}}</ref><ref name="HarveySmid2010">{{cite book|author1=Brian Harvey|author2=Henk H.F. Smid|author3=Thâeo Pirard|title=Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA324|year=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4419-0874-2|page=324}}</ref>
 
The [[Brazilian Space Agency]] has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant resources to launch vehicles, and manufacture of [[artificial satellite|satellites]].{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PA628 628]}} Owner of relative technological sophistication, the country develops [[submarine]]s, aircraft, as well as being involved in space research, having a Vehicle Launch Center Light and being the only country in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] the integrate team building [[International Space Station]] (ISS).<ref name="NASA">[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/1996_1998/h97-233.html NASA Signs International Space Station Agreement With Brazil] [[NASA]].</ref>
 
The country is also a pioneer in the search for oil in deep water, from where it extracts 73% of its reserves.
[[Uranium]] is enriched at the [[Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory]], mostly for research purposes (as Brazil obtains 88% of its electricity from [[hydroelectricity]]<ref>{{cite web |title=O Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro |url=http://www.ecen.com/eee32/sistelet.htm |author=O.C. Ferreira |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref>) and the country's first nuclear submarine was delivered in 2015 (by France).<ref>{{cite news|title=Confirmed: Agreement with France Includes the Brazilian Nuclear Submarine |url=http://npsglobal.org/eng/news/139-peaceful-uses/490-confirmed-agreement-with-france-includes-the-brazilian-nuclear-submarine.html|work=[[Nonproliferation for Global Security Foundation]] |date=23 December 2008 |access-date=23 December 2008}}</ref>
 
Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html |title=Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität |publisher=Elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de |date=18 August 2008 |access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> with an operational [[Synchrotron]] Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences, and Brazil is the only Latin American country to have a [[semiconductor]] company with its own [[Semiconductor fabrication plant|fabrication plant]], the [[CEITEC]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/science-and-technology/the-digital-electronics-industry/ceitec/br_model1?set_language=en |url-status=dead |title=CEITEC |website=Portal Brasil |publisher=Brasil.gov.br |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=17 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117055936/http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/science-and-technology/the-digital-electronics-industry/ceitec/br_model1?set_language=en}}</ref> According to the Global Information Technology Report 2009–2010 of the World Economic Forum, Brazil is the world's 61st largest developer of information technology.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi2603201010.htm|title=Brasil cai duas posições em ranking mundial|newspaper=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|date=26 March 2010|access-date=26 March 2010}}</ref> Brazil was ranked 62nd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2020, up from 66th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en}}</ref>
 
Among the most renowned Brazilian inventors are priests [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]], [[Landell de Moura]] and Francisco João de Azevedo, besides [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/20/106920457.pdf |title=M. Santos Dumont Rounds Eiffel Tower |newspaper=The New York Times |date=20 October 1901 |access-date=29 December 2010}}</ref> [[Evaristo Conrado Engelberg]],<ref name="patentbritish">{{cite web|url=http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/detail.aspx?id=294 |title=Engelberg, Inc|access-date=17 July 2011|publisher=Vintage Machinery|year=2011}}</ref> [[Manuel Dias de Abreu]],<ref>Abreu, Manuel de, pag. 17 – Grande Enciclopédia Universal – edição de 1980 – Ed.Amazonas</ref> [[Andreas Pavel]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/16/news/profile.php |access-date=16 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309065937/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/16/news/profile.php |archive-date= 9 March 2009 |title=Portable stereo's creator got his due, eventually }}</ref> and Nélio José Nicolai.<ref>[http://www.cefetmg.br/noticias/2010/11/noticia0014.html Exposição destaca centenário do CEFET-MG] Sítio do Cefet-MG, acessado em 13 de novembro de 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813115503/http://www.cefetmg.br/noticias/2010/11/noticia0014.html |date=13 August 2014 }}</ref>
 
Brazilian science is represented by the likes of [[César Lattes]] (Brazilian [[physicist]] Pathfinder of ''[[Pion|Pi Meson]]''),<ref name="Lattes">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbpf.br/meson/meson.html|author=Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação|title=50 anos do Méson-Pi|access-date=29 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526200502/http://www.cbpf.br/meson/meson.html|archive-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> [[Mário Schenberg]] (considered the greatest theoretical physicist of Brazil),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/dh00186.2011_08_16_15_20_32.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331194248/http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/dh00186.2011_08_16_15_20_32.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2013|title=Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas – Coleção Galileo: Textos de Física|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> [[José Leite Lopes]] (only Brazilian physicist holder of the ''UNESCO Science Prize''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/bpi/science/content/news/upress/99-147e.htm|title=Atta-Ur-Rahman, José Leite Lopes and Juan Martín Maldacena receive UNESCO science prizes|publisher=UNESCOPRESS|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> [[Artur Ávila]] (the first Latin American winner of the [[Fields Medal]])<ref>[http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2014/08/1499290-brasileiro-ganha-a-medalha-fields-considerada-o-nobel-da-matematica.shtml Brasileiro ganha a Medalha Fields, considerada o "Nobel da Matemática"].</ref> and [[Fritz Müller]] (pioneer in factual support of the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin).<ref name="West, David A 2003">West, David A. 2003. Fritz Müller: a naturalist in Brazil. Blacksburg: Pocahontas Press</ref>
 
=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Brazil}}
 
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| width = 220
| image1 = Saopaulo aerea aeroportocumbica.jpg
| caption1 = Aerial view of the [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]], the [[List of the busiest airports in South America|busiest airport in South America]].
|image2 = Rodovia Rio-Teresópolis (BR-116) - panoramio (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[BR-116]] in [[Guapimirim]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], the longest [[Brazilian Highway System|highway]] in the country, with {{convert|4385|km|mi|abbr=on}} of extension.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://turismo.ig.com.br/destinos-nacionais/as-11-estradas-mais-incriveis-do-brasil/n1597216427845.html |title=As 11 estradas mais incríveis do Brasil |author=Fernanda Castello Branco |publisher=[[Internet Group|iG]] |access-date=22 September 2014 |archive-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411040044/http://turismo.ig.com.br/destinos-nacionais/as-11-estradas-mais-incriveis-do-brasil/n1597216427845.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
 
Brazilian roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. The road system totaled 1.98&nbsp;million km (1.23&nbsp;million mi) in 2002. The total of paved roads increased from {{convert|35496|km|0|abbr=on}} in 1967 to {{convert|215000|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Brazil-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Road system in Brazil |publisher=Nationsencyclopedia.com |access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2018/#|title=Anuário CNT do Transporte|website=anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br}}</ref> The country has about {{convert|14000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[divided highways]], {{convert|5000|km|0|abbr=on}} only in the [[São Paulo (state)|State of São Paulo]]. Currently it's possible to travel from [[Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande]], in the extreme south of the country, to [[Brasília]] ({{convert|2580|km|0|abbr=on}}) or [[Casimiro de Abreu, Rio de Janeiro|Casimiro de Abreu]], in the state of [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] ({{convert|2045|km|0|abbr=on}}), only on divided highways. The first investments in road infrastructure have given up in the 1920s, the government of [[Washington Luís]], being pursued in the governments of [[Getúlio Vargas]] and [[Eurico Gaspar Dutra]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Pereira|first1=L.A.G|last2=Lessa|first2=S.N.|last3=Cardoso|first3=A.D.|title=Planejamento e Transporte Rodoviário no Brasil}}</ref> President [[Juscelino Kubitschek]] (1956–61), who designed and built the capital Brasília, was another supporter of highways.<ref>Sydney Alberto Latini; "A Implantação da Indústria Automobilística no Brasil"; Editora Alaúde 2007 {{ISBN|978-85-98497-55-6}}</ref>
 
Brazil's [[Rail transport|railway]] system has been declining since 1945, when emphasis shifted to highway construction. The total length of railway track was {{convert|30875|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2002, as compared with {{convert|31848|km|0|abbr=on}} in 1970. Most of the railway system belonged to the Federal Railroad Corporation RFFSA, which was privatized in 2007.<ref>[http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/03-ferro/princ-ferro.html "OPrincipais ferrovias"]. Ministerio dos Transportes {{in lang|pt}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329092636/http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/03-ferro/princ-ferro.html |date=29 March 2013 }}</ref> The [[São Paulo Metro]] was the first underground transit system in Brazil. The other metro systems are in [[Rio de Janeiro Metro|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Porto Alegre Metro|Porto Alegre]], [[Recife Metro|Recife]], [[Belo Horizonte Metro|Belo Horizonte]], [[Brasília Metro|Brasília]], [[Salvador Metro|Salvador]] and [[Fortaleza Metro|Fortaleza]]. The country has an extensive rail network of {{convert|28538|km|abbr=off}} in length, the tenth largest network in the world.<ref name="2012ciagini">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html Country Comparison to the World: Gini Index – Brazil] [[The World Factbook]]. Retrieved on 3 April 2012.</ref> Currently, the Brazilian government, unlike the past, seeks to encourage this mode of transport; an example of this incentive is the project of the [[Rio–São Paulo high-speed rail]], that will connect the two main cities of the country to carry passengers.
 
There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing fields: the second largest number in the world, after the United States.<ref>[http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL86760-5598,00.html "Ociosidade atinge 70% dos principais aeroportos"]. ''O Globo'', 12 August 2007. {{in lang|pt}}</ref> [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]], near São Paulo, is the largest and busiest airport with nearly 20 million passengers annually, while handling the vast majority of commercial traffic for the country.<ref name="Palhares2012x">{{cite book|author=Guilherme Lohmann Palhares|title=Tourism in Brazil: Environment, Management and Segments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA48|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67432-4|page=48}}</ref>
 
For freight transport [[waterways]] are of importance, e.g. the [[Free Economic Zone of Manaus|industrial zones of Manaus]] can be reached only by means of the Solimões–Amazonas waterway ({{convert|3250|km|mi|disp=or|abbr=off}} in length, with a minimum depth of {{convert|6|m|ft|0|disp=or|abbr=off|spell=in}}). The country also has {{convert|50000|km|abbr=off}} of waterways.<ref name="2012ciagini" /> Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]]. Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itajaí, Rio Grande, Paranaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitória, Suape, Manaus and São Francisco do Sul are the most important.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081227224101/http://www.mzweb.com.br/santosbrasil/web/conteudo_pt.asp?idioma=0&tipo=3958&conta=28 "Mercado Brasileiro Terminais de Contêineres"], Santos Brasil. {{in lang|pt}}</ref> Bulk carriers have to wait up to 18 days before being serviced, container ships 36.3 hours on average.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2013/03/navios-esperam-ate-16-dias-para-atracar-em-porto-do-pais-diz-mdic.html|title=Navios esperam até 16 dias para atracar em porto do país, diz MDIC|first1=Fábio AmatoDo|last1=G1|first2=em|last2=Brasília|date=24 March 2013|website=Economia}}</ref>
 
=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Brazil|Sistema Único de Saúde}}
[[File:SUS_apenas_preenchimento.svg|thumb|left|[[Sistema Único de Saúde|SUS]] official symbol, the Brazilian [[public health]] system]]
 
The Brazilian [[public health]] system, the [[Sistema Único de Saúde|Unified Health System]] (''Sistema Único de Saúde'' – SUS), is managed and provided by all levels of government,<ref name="ForgiaCouttolenc2008">{{cite book|author1=Gerard Martin La Forgia|author2=Bernard F. Couttolenc|title=Hospital Performance in Brazil: The Search for Excellence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3R43xW5KqcC&pg=PA17|year=2008|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-7359-0|page=17}}</ref> being the largest system of this type in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conselho.saude.gov.br/web_sus20anos/index.html|title=20 Anos do SUS|publisher=Conselho Nacional de Saúde|access-date=13 April 2012}}</ref> On the other hand, private healthcare systems play a complementary role.<ref name="Wolper2004">{{cite book|author=Lawrence F. Wolper|title=Health Care Administration: Planning, Implementing, and Managing Organized Delivery Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zts-QdpDiWUC&pg=PA33|year=2004|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-0-7637-3144-1|page=33}}</ref>
 
Public health services are universal and offered to all citizens of the country for free. However, the construction and maintenance of health centers and hospitals are financed by taxes, and the country spends about 9% of its GDP on expenditures in the area. In 2012, Brazil had 1.85 doctors and 2.3 hospital beds for every 1,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=BR|title=Physicians (per 1,000 people)|website=World Health Organization's Global Health Workforce Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS|title=Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)|website=World Health Organization The World Bank}}</ref>


Despite all the progress made since the creation of the [[universal health care]] system in 1988, there are still several public health problems in Brazil. In 2006, the main points to be solved were the high [[List of countries by infant mortality rate|infant]] (2.51%) and maternal mortality rates (73.1 deaths per 1000 births).<ref name="Radar social" />
The most important cities are [[Brasília]] (the capital), [[Belém (Brazil)|Belém]], [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Curitiba]], [[Florianópolis]], [[Fortaleza (Brazil)|Fortaleza]], [[Goiânia]], [[Manaus]], [[Porto Alegre]],  [[Recife]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], [[São Paulo]] (the biggest city) and [[Vitória (Brazil)|Vitória]]. Other cities are at [[List of largest cities in Brazil]].


The number of deaths from noncommunicable diseases, such as [[cardiovascular diseases]] (151.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants) and [[cancer]] (72.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants), also has a considerable impact on the health of the Brazilian population. Finally, external but preventable factors such as car accidents, violence and suicide caused 14.9% of all deaths in the country.<ref name="Radar social">{{Cite web|title=Saúde|website=Radar social|publisher=Ministério do Planejamento|url=http://www.planejamento.gov.br/secretarias/upload/Arquivos/spi/programas_projeto/radar_social/2006_PRP_Radar_radarSocial.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081216074831/http://www.planejamento.gov.br/secretarias/upload/Arquivos/spi/programas_projeto/radar_social/2006_PRP_Radar_radarSocial.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2008|access-date=10 June 2008}}</ref> The Brazilian health system was ranked 125th among the 191 countries evaluated by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/paper30.pdf |title=Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|date=2000|access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>
Brazil is divided into [[Political subdivisions of Brazil|26 states]] plus the Federal District in five regions (north, south, northeast, southeast and centre-west):
* '''North''': Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia, Roraima, Pará, Amapá, Tocantins
* '''Northeast''': Maranhão, Pernambuco, Ceará, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia
* '''Centre-West''': Goiás, Mato grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Distrito Federal/ Federal District
* '''Southeast''': São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais
* '''South''': Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul


=== Education ===
The country is the fifth largest in the world by area. It is known for its many [[rainforest]]s and [[jungle]]s. It is next to every country in South America except [[Chile]] and [[Ecuador]].
{{Main|Education in Brazil}}
The name Brazil comes from a tree named brazilwood.


The [[Constitution|Federal Constitution]] and the Law of Guidelines and Bases of National Education determine that the [[Federal government of Brazil|Union]], the [[States of Brazil|states]], the [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]], and the [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipalities]] must manage and organize their respective education systems. Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as the mechanisms and funding sources. The constitution reserves 25% of the state budget and 18% of federal taxes and municipal taxes for education.<ref name="Usa2005">{{cite book|author=Usa Ibp Usa|title=Brazil: Tax Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzhWjfK8CswC&pg=PA42|year=2005|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-0-7397-3279-3|page=42}}</ref>
== People/culture ==
[[File:Arquitetura_Prédio_Histórico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paraná.jpg|thumb|Historical building of the [[Federal University of Paraná]], one of the oldest universities in Brazil, located in [[Curitiba]].]]
Brazil is the largest country in South America and fifth largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 50 largest (area) countries in the world|url=http://www.geohive.com/earth/area_top50.aspx|publisher=GeoHive|accessdate=9 December 2016|archive-date=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119003408/http://www.geohive.com/earth/area_top50.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its people are called Brazilians or Brasileiros (In Portuguese). The people include citizens of Portuguese or other European descent who mainly live in the South and Southeast, Africans, Native Americans, Arabs, Gypsies and people of Mixed ancestry. Brazil also has the largest Japanese community outside [[Japan]].<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|last=Veselinovic|first=Milena|title=Mixing sushi and samba - meet the Japanese Brazilians|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/11/world/brazil-japanese-community/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=10 December 2016|date=July 24, 2013}}</ref> Other East Asians follow the Japanese group.The Amazon River flows through Brazil, it is the 2nd longest river in the world (after the Nile).The current President of Brazil is Jair Messias Bolsonaro. Two major [[sport]]ing events were held in Brazil recently: the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]] and the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]].


According to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]], in 2019, the literacy rate of the population was 93.4%, meaning that 11,3 million (6,6% of population) people are still illiterate in the country, with some states like [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] reaching around 97% of literacy rate;<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=IBGE: Analfabetismo cai no país, mas fica estagnado no Nordeste|url=https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2020/07/15/ibge-analfabetismo-cai-no-pas-mas-fica-estagnado-no-nordeste.ghtml|website=Globo.com|language=pt}}</ref> functional illiteracy has reached 21.6% of the population.<ref name="Agency2010">{{cite book|author=The Central Intelligence Agency|title=The World Factbook 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-9eSrZtYAAC&pg=PA143|year=2010|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59797-541-4|page=143|edition=CIA 2009}}</ref> Illiteracy is higher in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]], where 13.87% of the population is illiterate, while the [[South Region, Brazil|South]], has 3.3% of its population illiterate.<ref name="Bank2001">{{cite book|author=World Bank|title=Rural Poverty Alleviation in Brazil: Towards an Integrated Strategy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YttV-Ggq90UC&pg=PA40|year=2001|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-5206-9|page=40}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
== Related pages ==
 
* [[Civil Police (Brazil)]]
Brazil's private institutions tend to be more exclusive and offer better quality education, so many high-income families send their children there. The result is a segregated educational system that reflects extreme income disparities and reinforces social inequality. However, efforts to change this are making impacts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Laplane|first1=Mario|title=Efforts towards inclusion|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/impact-public-and-private-education-social-inequality-brazil|website=D + C, Development and cooperation}}</ref>
* [[Political subdivisions of Brazil]]
 
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html CIA World Factbook]
The [[University of São Paulo]] is the second best [[university]] in [[Latin America]], according to recent 2019 [[QS World University Rankings]]. Of the top 20 Latin American universities, eight are Brazilian. Most of them are [[Public university|public]].
Attending an institution of higher education is required by Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education. [[Kindergarten]], [[elementary school|elementary]] and medium education are required of all students.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2019|title=QS University Rankings Latin America|publisher=[[QS World University Rankings]]|access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref>
 
=== Media and communication{{anchor|Media}} ===
{{Main|Telecommunications in Brazil|Television in Brazil}}
{{See also|Concentration of media ownership#Brazil}}
[[File:Jornal Nacional 3.jpg|thumb|left|Former President [[Dilma Rousseff]] at ''[[Jornal Nacional]]'' news program. [[Rede Globo]] is the world's second-largest commercial television network.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rede Globo se torna a 2ª maior emissora do mundo|url=http://ofuxico.terra.com.br/noticias-sobre-famosos/rede-globo-se-torna-a-2-maior-emissora-do-mundo/2012/05/11-139187.html|publisher=O Fuxico|access-date=22 May 2012|language=pt}}</ref>]]
 
The Brazilian press was officially born in [[Rio de Janeiro]] on 13 May 1808 with the creation of the Royal Printing National Press by the [[Prince Regent]] [[João VI of Portugal|Dom João]].<ref name="EchevarríaPupo-Walker1996">{{cite book|author1=Roberto Gonzalez Echevarría|author2=Enrique Pupo-Walker|title=The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97NoYRx96ZAC&pg=PA13|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-41035-9|page=13}}</ref>
 
The ''Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro'', the first newspaper published in the country, began to circulate on 10 September 1808.<ref name="Johnston2003">{{cite book|author=Donald H. Johnston|title=Encyclopedia of international media and communications|volume=3|year=2003|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-387671-3|page=130}}</ref> The largest newspapers nowadays are ''[[Folha de S.Paulo]],'' ''Super Notícia'', ''[[O Globo]]'' and ''[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]''.<ref name="Vincent2003B">{{cite book|author=Jon S. Vincent|title=Culture and Customs of Brazil|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30495-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc/page/97 97]–100}}</ref>
 
Radio broadcasting began on 7 September 1922, with a speech by then President Pessoa, and was formalized on 20 April 1923 with the creation of "Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro".<ref name="McCann2004">{{cite book|author=Bryan McCann|title=Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil|url=https://archive.org/details/hellohellobrazil00mcca|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-3273-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/hellohellobrazil00mcca/page/22 22]}}</ref>
 
Television in Brazil began officially on 18 September 1950, with the founding of [[TV Tupi]] by [[Assis Chateaubriand]].<ref name="Ward2007">{{cite book|author=David Ward|title=Television and Public Policy: Change and Continuity in an Era of Global Liberalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdEs1Av1CvAC&pg=PA28|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-87728-9|page=28}}</ref> Since then television has grown in the country, creating large commercial broadcast networks such as [[Rede Globo|Globo]], [[Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão|SBT]], [[RecordTV]], [[Rede Bandeirantes|Bandeirantes]] and [[RedeTV!|RedeTV]]. Today it is the most important factor in popular culture of Brazilian society, indicated by research showing that as much as 67%<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibope.com.br/pt-br/relacionamento/duvidas-frequentes/Paginas/Audiencia-de-televisao.aspx |title=Um ponto de IBOPE equivale a quantas pessoas? E domicílios? |publisher=IBOPE |access-date=23 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522190248/http://www.ibope.com.br/pt-br/relacionamento/duvidas-frequentes/Paginas/Audiencia-de-televisao.aspx |archive-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://entretenimento.br.msn.com/famosos/top-10-das-novelas?page=0px |title=Top 10 das novelas |publisher=MSN Brasil |access-date=23 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507101650/http://entretenimento.br.msn.com/famosos/top-10-das-novelas?page=0px |archive-date=7 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> of the general population follow the same daily [[soap opera]] broadcast. Digital Television, using the [[SBTVD]] standard (based on the Japanese standard [[ISDB-T]]), was adopted on 29 June 2006 and launched on 2 November 2007.<ref name="Alencar2009">{{cite book|author=Marcelo S. Alencar|title=Digital Television Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M96rKRAqHFgC&pg=PA179|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89602-3|pages=179–81}}</ref> In May 2010, the Brazilian government launched [[TV Brasil Internacional]], an international [[television station]], initially broadcasting to 49 countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10152301 |title=Brazil launches international TV station for Africa |work=BBC News |date=25 May 2010 |access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> Commercial television channels broadcast internationally include [[Globo Internacional]], [[RecordTV Internacional]] and [[Band Internacional]].
{{clear}}
 
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Brazil|Brazilians}}
{{See also|Immigration to Brazil|List of Brazilian states by population density}}
[[File:ARCHELLA E THERY Img 05.png|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Population density of Brazilian municipalities]]
 
The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million<ref>2008 PNAD, IBGE. [http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=261&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=93&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&orc58=5&opn7=0&decm=99&ascendente=on&sep=43343&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1 "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"]</ref> ({{convert|22.31|PD/km2|disp=or|abbr=out}}), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1<ref>2008 PNAD, IBGE. [http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=261&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=3&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=93&sec2=0&sec2=92956&sec2=92957&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&orc58=5&opn7=0&decm=99&ascendente=on&sep=43343&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1 "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"]</ref> and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.<ref>2008 PNAD, IBGE. [http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=261&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=2&sec58=0&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&sec1=1&sec1=2&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=93&sev=1000093&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&orc58=5&opn7=0&decm=99&ascendente=on&sep=43343&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1 "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"].</ref> The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeastern (79.8&nbsp;million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5&nbsp;million inhabitants) regions, while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up 64.12% of the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1&nbsp;million inhabitants.
 
The first census in Brazil was carried out in 1872 and recorded a population of 9,930,478.<ref>[http://www.brasil.gov.br/news/history/2011/04-1/29/brazil-population-reaches-190.8-million/newsitem_view?set_language=en "Brazil population reaches 190.8 million"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809205237/http://www.brasil.gov.br/news/history/2011/04-1/29/brazil-population-reaches-190.8-million/newsitem_view?set_language=en |date=9 August 2013 }}. Brasil.gov.br.</ref> From 1880 to 1930, 4 million Europeans arrived.<ref>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/profiles/display.cfm?id=311 "Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration"]. Migration Policy Institute.</ref> Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the [[mortality rate]], even though the [[birth rate]] underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual [[population growth]] rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years<ref>José Alberto Magno de Carvalho, [http://cedeplar.face.ufmg.br/pesquisas/td/TD%20227.pdf "Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasil"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019004601/http://cedeplar.face.ufmg.br/pesquisas/td/TD%20227.pdf |date=19 October 2016 }} Belo Horizonte: UFMG/Cedeplar, 2004 (PDF file), p.&nbsp;5.</ref> and to 72.6 years in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1275&id_pagina=1 |title=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística |publisher=IBGE |date=29 November 1999 |access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref>
It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between 1950 and 1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of&nbsp;–0.29% by 2050<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1272 |title=Projeção da População do Brasil – Brazil's populational projection |publisher=IBGE |access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> thus completing the [[demographic transition]].<ref>Magno de Carvalho, [http://www.observasaude.sp.gov.br/BibliotecaPortal/Acervo/Estrutura_Demogr%C3%A1fica_Brasil.pdf "Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasil"]{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, pp.&nbsp;7–8.</ref>
 
In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48%<ref>PNAD 2008, IBGE. [http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=271&i=P&sec59=93024&sec59=1023&sec59=1024&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=271&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&orc59=5&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=7&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=121&sev=1000121&sec2=0&poc59=2&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&opc59=1&ascendente=on&sep=43345&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc58=6&opn7=0&decm=99&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1 "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo, alfabetização e grupos de idade e grupos de idade"].</ref> and among the [[youth in Brazil|youth]] (ages 15–19) 1.74%. It was highest (20.30%) in the Northeast, which had a large proportion of rural poor.<ref>PNAD 2008, IBGE. [http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=271&i=P&sec59=93024&sec59=1023&sec59=1024&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=271&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&orc59=5&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=7&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=121&sev=1000121&sec2=0&poc59=3&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&opc59=1&ascendente=on&sep=43345&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc58=6&opn7=0&decm=99&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1 "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo, alfabetização e grupos de idade"]</ref> Illiteracy was high (24.18%) among the rural population and lower (9.05%) among the urban population.<ref>PNAD 2008, IBGE. [http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=2858&i=P&sec59=0&sec59=1023&sec59=1024&sec59=3318&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=2858&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=1&orc59=5&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=2&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&sec1=1&sec1=2&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=4&qtu2=5&sev=121&sec2=0&poc59=3&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&qtu1=1&cabec=on&opc59=1&ascendente=on&sep=43435&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1&opn7=0&decm=99 "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo e alfabetização"].</ref>
 
=== Race and ethnicity ===
{{Main|Race and ethnicity in Brazil}}
[[File:Fachada do Museu da Imigração de São Paulo.JPG|thumb|left|[[Immigration Museum of the State of São Paulo]] in the neighborhood of [[Mooca (district of São Paulo)|Mooca]], in [[São Paulo city]]. The [[Italian Brazilians]] are 15% of the population and the largest Italian community outside [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5270&Itemid=478&cod_pais=ITA&tipo=ficha_pais&lang=pt-BR|title=República Italiana|website=itamaraty.gov.br}}</ref>]]
 
According to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|National Research by Household Sample]] (PNAD) of 2008, 48.43% of the population (about 92 million) described themselves as [[White Brazilian|White]]; 43.80% (about 83 million) as [[Pardo Brazilians|Pardo]] ([[brown people|brown]]), 6.84% (about 13 million) as [[Black Brazilian|Black]]; 0.58% (about 1.1&nbsp;million) as [[Asian Brazilian|East Asian]] (officially called ''amarela'' or ''yellow''); and 0.28% (about 536 thousand) as [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]] (officially called ''indígena'', Indigenous), while 0.07% (about 130 thousand) did not declare their race.<ref name="PNADIBGE">2008 PNAD, IBGE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110614225239/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=262&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=262&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&orc86=3&poc1=1&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&poc86=2&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=5&qtu2=5&sev=93&sev=1000093&opc86=1&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&sec86=0&sec86=2776&sec86=2777&sec86=2779&sec86=2778&sec86=2780&sec86=2781&ascendente=on&sep=43344&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc1=4&qtu1=1&cabec=on&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1&opn7=0&decm=99 "População residente por cor ou raça, situação e sexo"].</ref>
 
In 2007, the [[Fundação Nacional do Índio|National Indian Foundation]] estimated that Brazil has 67 different uncontacted tribes, up from their estimate of 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of [[uncontacted peoples]] in the world.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/07/AR2007070701312.html "In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes"], ''The Washington Post'' (8 July 2007).</ref>
 
Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable genetic mixing between Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans has taken place in all regions of the country (with European ancestry being dominant nationwide according to the vast majority of all autosomal studies undertaken covering the entire population, accounting for between 65% to 77%).<ref name="alvaro.com.br">{{cite journal|url=http://www.alvaro.com.br/pdf/trabalhoCientifico/ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf |title=Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006 |year=2010 |last1=De Assis Poiares |first1=Lilian |last2=De Sá Osorio |first2=Paulo |last3=Spanhol |first3=Fábio Alexandre |last4=Coltre |first4=Sidnei César |last5=Rodenbusch |first5=Rodrigo |last6=Gusmão |first6=Leonor |last7=Largura |first7=Alvaro |last8=Sandrini |first8=Fabiano |last9=Da Silva |first9=Cláudia Maria Dornelles |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e61–63 |pmid=20129458 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xmleMZgv?url=http://www.alvaro.com.br/pdf/trabalhoCientifico/ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf |archive-date= 8 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="www1.folha.uol.com.br">[http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u633465.shtml Brazilian DNA is nearly 80% European, indicates study].</ref><ref name="bdtd.bce.unb.br">NMO Godinho [http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873 O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162240/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873 |date=6 July 2011 }}. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Brasília (2008).</ref><ref name="plosone.org">{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 |title=The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected |year=2011 |last1=Pena |first1=Sérgio D. J. |last2=Di Pietro |first2=Giuliano |last3=Fuchshuber-Moraes |first3=Mateus |last4=Genro |first4=Julia Pasqualini |last5=Hutz |first5=Mara H. |last6=Kehdy Fde |first6=Fernanda de Souza Gomes |last7=Kohlrausch |first7=Fabiana |last8=Magno |first8=Luiz Alexandre Viana |last9=Montenegro |first9=Raquel Carvalho|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=2 |page=e17063 |pmid=21359226 |pmc=3040205|editor1-last=Harpending|editor1-first=Henry|last10=Moraes|first10=MO|last11=De Moraes|first11=ME|last12=De Moraes|first12=MR|last13=Ojopi|first13=EB|last14=Perini|first14=JA|last15=Racciopi|first15=C|last16=Ribeiro-Dos-Santos|first16=AK|last17=Rios-Santos|first17=F|last18=Romano-Silva|first18=MA|last19=Sortica|first19=VA|last20=Suarez-Kurtz|first20=G|display-authors=9|bibcode=2011PLoSO...617063P|doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
Brazilian society is more [[Social issues in Brazil|markedly divided by social class lines]], although a high [[Income inequality in Brazil|income disparity]] is found [[Social apartheid in Brazil|between race groups]], so [[racism]] and [[Class discrimination|classism]] can be conflated. Socially significant closeness to one racial group [[Race in Brazil|is taken in account]] more in the basis of appearance ([[phenotype]]s) rather than ancestry, to the extent that full [[sibling]]s can pertain to different "racial" groups.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians|first1=Flavia C.|last1=Parra|first2=Roberto C.|last2=Amado|first3=José R.|last3=Lambertucci|first4=Jorge|last4=Rocha|first5=Carlos M.|last5=Antunes|first6=Sérgio D. J.|last6=Pena|date=7 January 2003|journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A|volume=100|issue=1|pages=177–82|doi=10.1073/pnas.0126614100|pmc=140919|pmid=12509516|bibcode=2003PNAS..100..177P|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = [[Race and ethnicity in Brazil]]<ref name="IBGE Censo de 2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/tendencia_demografica/analise_populacao/1940_2000/default.shtm |title=Tendências Demográficas: Uma análise da população com base nos resultados dos Censos Demográficos 1940 e 2000 |publisher=Ibge.gov.br |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Etnias Censo 2010">{{cite web|date=5 April 2011|url=http://port.pravda.ru/sociedade/curiosas/04-05-2011/31548-censo_demografico-0/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607201813/http://port.pravda.ru/sociedade/curiosas/04-05-2011/31548-censo_demografico-0/ |archive-date=7 June 2011 |title=Demographical census reveals Brazil as older and less white |publisher=Port.pravda.ru |access-date=7 April 2012|author=Antonio Carlos Lacerda}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fatimanews.com.br/noticias/populacao-que-se-declara-branca-diminui-diz-ibge_116224/ |title=Self-declared White Brazilians decrease in number, says IBGE |publisher=Fatimanews.com.br |access-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212707/http://www.fatimanews.com.br/noticias/populacao-que-se-declara-branca-diminui-diz-ibge_116224/ |archive-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|other =
|label1 =[[White Brazilian|White]]
|value1 =47.7
|color1 =LightBlue
|label2 =[[Pardo Brazilian|Pardo]] ([[Multiracial#Brazil|Multiracial]])
|value2 =43.1
|color2 =#9966CC
|label3 =[[Black Brazilian|Black]]
|value3 =7.6
|color3 =MediumAquamarine
|label4 =[[Asian Brazilian|East Asian]]
|value4 =1.1
|color4 =#FFE135
|label5 =[[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Natives]]
|value5 =0.4
|color5 =Red
}}
 
[[Socioeconomic status|Socioeconomic]] factors are also significant, because a minority of [[Pardo Brazilians|''pardos'']] are likely to start declaring themselves White or Black if socially upward.<ref>RIBEIRO, Darcy. O Povo Brasileiro, Companhia de Bolso, fourth reprint, 2008 (2008).</ref> Skin color and facial features do not line quite well with ancestry (usually, Afro-Brazilians are evenly mixed and European ancestry is dominant in Whites and ''pardos'' with a significant non-European contribution, but the individual variation is great).<ref name="plosone.org" /><ref name="afrobras">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101124105905/http://www.afrobras.org.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2112&Itemid=2 Negros de origem européia]. afrobras.org.br</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Genetic signatures of parental contribution in black and white populations in Brazil |doi=10.1590/S1415-47572009005000001|year=2009|last1=Guerreiro-Junior|first1=Vanderlei|last2=Bisso-Machado|first2=Rafael|last3=Marrero|first3=Andrea|last4=Hünemeier|first4=Tábita|last5=Salzano|first5=Francisco M.|last6=Bortolini|first6=Maria Cátira|journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology|volume=32|pages=1–11|pmid=21637639|issue=1|pmc=3032968}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Genetic heritage variability of Brazilians in even regional averages, 2009 study |doi=10.1590/S0100-879X2009005000026|year=2009|last1=Pena|first1=S.D.J.|last2=Bastos-Rodrigues|first2=L.|last3=Pimenta|first3=J.R.|last4=Bydlowski|first4=S.P.|journal=Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research|volume=42|issue=10|pages=870–76|pmid=19738982|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
The brown population (officially called [[Pardo Brazilians|''pardo'']] in Portuguese, also colloquially ''[[wikt:moreno|moreno]]'')<ref name="Coelho 1996, p.&nbsp;268">Coelho (1996), p.&nbsp;268.</ref><ref name="Vesentini 1988, p.&nbsp;117">Vesentini (1988), p.&nbsp;117.</ref> is a broad category that includes ''[[caboclo]]s'' (assimilated Amerindians in general, and descendants of Whites and Natives), ''[[Mulatto|mulatos]]'' (descendants of primarily Whites and Afro-Brazilians) and ''[[Zambo|cafuzos]]'' (descendants of Afro-Brazilians and Natives).<ref name="Coelho 1996, p.&nbsp;268" /><ref name="Vesentini 1988, p.&nbsp;117" /><ref>Adas, Melhem ''Panorama geográfico do Brasil'', 4th ed (São Paulo: Moderna, 2004), p.&nbsp;268 {{ISBN|85-16-04336-3}}</ref><ref>Azevedo (1971), pp.&nbsp;2–3.</ref><ref name="Moreira 1981, p.&nbsp;108">Moreira (1981), p.&nbsp;108.</ref> People of considerable Amerindian ancestry form the majority of the population in the Northern, Northeastern and Center-Western regions.<ref>''Enciclopédia Barsa,'' vol. 4, pp.&nbsp;254–55, 258, 265.</ref>
 
Higher percents of Blacks, mulattoes and tri-racials can be found in the eastern coast of the Northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba<ref name="Moreira 1981, p.&nbsp;108" /><ref>Azevedo (1971), pp.&nbsp;74–75.</ref> and also in northern Maranhão,<ref>''Enciclopédia Barsa'', vol. 10 (Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987), p.&nbsp;355.</ref><ref>Azevedo (1971), p.&nbsp;74.</ref> southern Minas Gerais<ref name="Azevedo 1971, p.&nbsp;161">Azevedo (1971), p.&nbsp;161.</ref> and in eastern Rio de Janeiro.<ref name="Moreira 1981, p.&nbsp;108" /><ref name="Azevedo 1971, p.&nbsp;161" /> From the 19th century, Brazil opened its borders to [[Immigration to Brazil|immigration]]. About five million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972, most of them of [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]], [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]], [[Brazilians of Spanish descent|Spanish]], [[German Brazilian|German]], [[Ukrainian Brazilian|Ukrainian]], [[Polish Brazilian|Polish]], [[Jewish Brazilian|Jewish]], [[Russians in Brazil|Russian]], [[Chinese Brazilian|Chinese]], [[Japanese Brazilian|Japanese]], and [[Arab Brazilian|Arab]] origin.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Maria Stella Ferreira-Levy|title=O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)|journal=Revista de Saúde Pública|volume =8 |issue=supl |pages=49–90|year= 1974|doi=10.1590/S0034-89101974000500003|doi-access=free}}, Table 2, p.&nbsp;74. {{in lang|pt}}</ref><ref>Zirin, 2014. Chapter 2, Section ''"The Beginning of the 'Mosaic' ''".</ref> Brazil has the second largest Jewish community in Latin America making up 0.06% of its population.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-brazil/|title=The Jewish Community in Brazil|website=Beit Hatfutsot}}</ref>
 
=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Brazil}}
{{Further|Catholic Church in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = [[Religion in Brazil]] (2010 Census)
|label1 = [[Catholic Church in Brazil|Catholicism]]
|value1 = 64.6
|color1 = Gold
|label2 = [[Protestantism in Brazil|Protestantism]]
|value2 = 22.2
|color2 = Indigo
|label3 = [[Spiritism]]
|value3 = 2.0
|color3 = Pink
|label4 = Other
|value4 = 3.2
|color4 = Chartreuse
|label5 = No religion
|value5 = 8.0
|color5 = WhiteSmoke
}}
[[Roman Catholicism]] is the country's predominant faith. Brazil has the [[Catholic Church by country|world's largest Catholic population]].<ref name="PEWCATHOLIC">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/|title=The Global Catholic Population|date=13 February 2013|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="USDS">{{cite conference |title=Brazil |book-title=International Religious Freedom Report |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=8 November 2005 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51629.htm |access-date=8 June 2008}}</ref> According to the 2010 Demographic Census (the PNAD survey does not inquire about religion), 64.63% of the population followed [[Roman Catholicism in Brazil|Roman Catholicism]]; 22.2% [[Protestantism in Brazil|Protestantism]]; 2.0% Kardecist spiritism; 3.2% other religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 8.0% have no religion.<ref name="census2010"/>
 
Religion in Brazil was formed from the meeting of the Catholic Church with the religious traditions of enslaved African peoples and indigenous peoples.<ref name="BoyleSheen2013">{{cite book|author1=Kevin Boyle|author2=Juliet Sheen|title=Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PT211|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-72229-7|page=211}}</ref> This confluence of faiths during the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led to the development of a diverse array of syncretistic practices within the overarching umbrella of Brazilian Catholic Church, characterized by traditional Portuguese festivities,<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil |title=Brazil |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825203019/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil |archive-date=25 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Religious pluralism increased during the 20th century,<ref name="Morris2006a">{{cite book|author=Brian Morris|title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA223|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|page=223}}</ref> and the Protestant community has grown to include over 22% of the population.<ref name="JeynesRobinson2012">{{cite book|author1=William Jeynes|author2=David W. Robinson|title=International Handbook of Protestant Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIBlry_2oLQC&pg=PA405|year=2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-007-2386-3|page=405}}</ref> The most common Protestant denominations are [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] ones. Other Protestant branches with a notable presence in the country include the [[Baptists]], [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]], [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]] and the [[Calvinism|Reformed tradition]].<ref>[ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Censos/Censo_Demografico_2010/Caracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia/tab1_4.pdf 2010 census results]</ref>
 
However, in the last ten years Protestantism, particularly in forms of Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism, has spread in Brazil, while the proportion of Catholics has dropped significantly.<ref name="georgetown2">{{cite web |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil |title=Brazil |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825203019/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil |archive-date=25 August 2011 |url-status=dead}} See drop-down essay on "The Growth of Religious Pluralism"</ref> After Protestantism, individuals professing no religion are also a significant group, exceeding 8% of the population as of the 2010 census. The cities of [[Boa Vista, Roraima|Boa Vista]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], and [[Porto Velho]] have the greatest proportion of [[Irreligion|Irreligious]] residents in Brazil. [[Teresina]], [[Fortaleza]], and [[Florianópolis]] were the most Roman Catholic in the country.<ref name="FGV no G1">{{cite web|author=Do G1, em São Paulo |url=http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2011/08/pais-tem-menor-nivel-de-adeptos-do-catolicismo-desde-1872-diz-estudo.html |title=G1 – País tem menor nível de adeptos do catolicismo desde 1872, diz estudo – notícias em Brasil |publisher=G1.globo.com |date=23 August 2011 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> [[Greater Rio de Janeiro]], not including the [[Rio de Janeiro|city proper]], is the most irreligious and least Roman Catholic Brazilian periphery, while [[Greater Porto Alegre]] and Greater [[Fortaleza]] are on the opposite sides of the lists, respectively.<ref name="FGV no G1" />
[[File:Christ_on_Corcovado_mountain.JPG|thumb|The ''[[Christ the Redeemer (statue)|Christ the Redeemer]]'' statue in [[Rio de Janeiro]] is one of the most famous religious statues worldwide<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_7141/index.html "Arms wide open" BBC], Retrieved 29 April 2017.</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/08/travel/most-impressive-religious-statues/ "Religious statues: 10 of the world's most impressive" CNN], Retrieved 29 April 2017.</ref>]]
In October 2009, the Brazilian Senate approved and enacted by the President of Brazil in February 2010, an agreement with the [[Holy See|Vatican]], in which the Legal Statute of the Catholic Church in Brazil is recognized. The agreement confirmed norms that were normally complied with regarding religious education in public elementary schools (which also ensures the teaching of other beliefs), marriage and spiritual assistance in prisons and hospitals. The project was criticized by parliamentarians who understood the end of the secular state with the approval of the agreement.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[O Globo]]|year=2009|title=Senado aprova acordo com o Vaticano|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/senado-aprova-acordo-com-vaticano-3161783|access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=28 June 2020|publisher=Casa Civil da Presidência da República|title=Decreto nº 7.107, de 11 de fevereiro de 2010.|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2010/Decreto/D7107.htm}}</ref>
 
=== Urbanization ===
{{Main|List of largest cities in Brazil|Municipalities of Brazil}}
According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|title=IDBGE|publisher=IBGE|year=2011|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/default.shtm|access-date=8 October 2011|language=pt}}</ref>
The largest urban agglomerations in Brazil are [[São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], and [[Belo Horizonte]] – all in the Southeastern Region – with 21.1, 12.3, and 5.1&nbsp;million inhabitants respectively.<ref name="concentrações_urbanas" /><!-- defined by template:Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil --><ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/divisao_regional/arranjos_populacionais/arranjos_populacionais.pdf|title=Arranjos Populacionais e Concentrações Urbanas do Brasil|page=148|language=pt|publisher=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2016/estimativa_dou_2016.pdf|title=Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federação com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2016|language=pt|publisher=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref> The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for [[Vitória, Brazil|Vitória]], the capital of [[Espírito Santo]], and [[Florianópolis]], the capital of Santa Catarina.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Principal Cities |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_3/Brazil.html |access-date=10 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034959/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_3/Brazil.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead}} {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}<!-- tertiary source --></ref>
{{Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil}}
 
=== Language ===
{{Main|Languages of Brazil|Portuguese language|Brazilian Portuguese|List of endangered languages in Brazil}}
[[File:Interior do Museu da Língua Portuguesa em São Paulo, Brasil.jpg|thumb|left|[[Museum of the Portuguese Language]] in [[São Paulo]] city, [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]].]]
[[File:Parque Indígena do Xingu.jpg|thumb|left|[[Oca (structure)|Ocas]] of the [[Kuikuro people]], [[Xingu Indigenous Park]], [[Mato Grosso]]]]
 
The official language of Brazil is Portuguese<ref name="CIA People">{{cite web |title=People of Brazil |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2008 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ |access-date=3 June 2008}}</ref> (Article 13 of the [[Constitution of Brazil|Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil]]), which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.<ref name="language2">{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/brazil/39.htm|title=Brazil – Language|website=countrystudies.us}}</ref>
 
[[Brazilian Portuguese]] has had its own development, mostly similar to 16th-century Central and Southern dialects of European Portuguese<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sibila.com.br/index.php/world-map-of-portuguese/424 |title=Learn About Portuguese Language |publisher=Sibila.com.br |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> (despite a very substantial number of Portuguese colonial settlers, and [[Portuguese Brazilian|more recent immigrants]], coming from [[Northern Portugal|Northern regions]], and in minor degree Portuguese [[Macaronesia]]), with a few influences from the [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Amerindian]] and [[Languages of Africa|African languages]], especially [[West Africa]]n and [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] restricted to the vocabulary only.<ref name="Portuguese" /> As a result,{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} the language is somewhat different, mostly in phonology, from the language of Portugal and other [[Portuguese-speaking countries]] (the dialects of the other countries, partly because of the more recent end of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonialism]] in these regions, have a closer connection to contemporary [[European Portuguese]]). These differences are comparable to those between [[American English|American]] and [[British English]].<ref name="Portuguese">{{cite web |title=Languages of Brazil |publisher=Ethnologue |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=br |access-date=9 June 2008}}</ref>
 
In 1990, the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP), which included representatives from all countries with Portuguese as the official language, reached an [[Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990|agreement on the reform of the Portuguese orthography]] to unify the two standards then in use by Brazil on one side and the remaining lusophone countries on the other. This spelling reform went into effect in Brazil on 1 January 2009. In Portugal, the reform was signed into law by the President on 21 July 2008 allowing for a six-year adaptation period, during which both orthographies will co-exist. The remaining CPLP countries are free to establish their own transition timetables.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nash |first=Elizabeth |title=Portugal pays lip service to Brazil's supremacy |newspaper=The Independent |date=2 May 2008 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/portugal-pays-lip-service-to-brazils-supremacy-819728.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624131043/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/portugal-pays-lip-service-to-brazils-supremacy-819728.html |archive-date=24 June 2011 |access-date=9 June 2008 |location=London}}</ref>
 
The [[recognition of sign languages|sign language law]] legally recognized in 2002,<ref name="Libras 2002">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100910070529/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/2002/L10436.htm LEI Nº 10.436, DE 24 DE ABRIL DE 2002]. Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Retrieved on 19 May 2012.</ref> (the law was [[regulation|regulated]] in 2005)<ref name="Libras 2005">[http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2005/decreto/d5626.htm Brazilian decree nº 5626, 22 December 2005]. Planalto.gov.br (23 December 2005). Retrieved on 19 May 2012.</ref> the use of the [[Brazilian Sign Language]], more commonly known by its Portuguese [[acronym]] LIBRAS, in education and government services. The language must be taught as a part of the [[school of education|education]] and [[speech and language pathology]] curricula. LIBRAS teachers, instructors and translators are recognized professionals. Schools and health services must provide access ("[[inclusion (education)|inclusion]]") to [[Deaf community|deaf people]].<ref name="Russo2011">{{cite book|author=Charles J. Russo|title=The Legal Rights of Students with Disabilities: International Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuV1cZ7NJHIC&pg=PA45|year=2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-1085-1|page=45}}</ref>
 
[[File:Portal de Pomerode.jpg|thumb|[[Pomerode]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], is one of the municipalities with a cooficial language. In this region, [[Hunsrückisch dialect|Hunsrückisch]] and [[East Pomeranian dialect|East Pomeranian]], German dialects, are two of the minor languages (see [[Brazilian German]]).]]
 
Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Amerindian languages]] are spoken in remote areas and a significant number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants.<ref name="Portuguese" /> In the municipality of [[São Gabriel da Cachoeira]], [[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]] (a currently endangered South American [[creole language]] – or an 'anti-creole', according to some linguists – with mostly Indigenous Brazilian languages lexicon and Portuguese-based grammar that, together with its southern relative [[língua geral paulista]], once was a major [[lingua franca]] in Brazil,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Lyle|title=The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide|last2=Grondona|first2=Verónica|last3=Muysken|first3=Peter|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2012|isbn=978-3-11-025803-5|pages=247|chapter=Contacts between indigenous languages in South America|quote=Nheengatú (also called língua geral of Amazonia, or lingua Brasilica) originated in the 17th century in what are now the states of Pará Maranhão, as lingua franca on the basis of Tupinambá lexicon but with strong grammatical influence from Portuguese, also due to intervention by Jesuit missionaries [...] Around 1700 it was spoken in a large area in Brazil, as a contact language between whites and indians, but it lost some support with the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1758 [...] Its sister language in the colonial period was Língua Geral Paulista (in the state of São Paolo) a lingua franca which is now extinct.}}</ref> being replaced by Portuguese only after governmental prohibition led by [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus#Portugal|major political changes]]){{overly detailed inline|date=July 2015}}, [[Baniwa of Içana|Baniwa]] and Tucano languages had been granted co-official status with Portuguese.<ref name="nyt-language">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/international/americas/28amazon.html|title=Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon|newspaper=New York Times|access-date=14 July 2008 |first=Larry |last=Rohter |date=28 August 2005}}</ref>
 
There are significant communities of German (mostly the [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch|Brazilian Hunsrückisch]], a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the [[Talian dialect|Talian]], a [[Venetian language|Venetian]] dialect) origins in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ancestors' native languages were carried along to Brazil, and which, still alive there, are influenced by the Portuguese language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,1174391,00.html|title=O alemão lusitano do Sul do Brasil|publisher=DW-World.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/europeias/talian.htm|title=ELB|website=labeurb.unicamp.br}}</ref> Talian is officially a historic patrimony of [[Rio Grande do Sul]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Approvato il progetto che dichiara il 'Talian' come patrimonio del Rio Grande del Sud – Brasile|url=http://www.sitoveneto.org/talian_patrimonio_de_rio_grando_do_sul.html|publisher=Sitoveneto|access-date=9 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304160633/http://www.sitoveneto.org/talian_patrimonio_de_rio_grando_do_sul.html|archive-date=4 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and two German dialects possess co-official status in a few municipalities.<ref name="Stevenson1997">{{cite book|author=Patrick Stevenson|title=The German Language and the Real World: Sociolinguistic, Cultural, and Pragmatic Perspectives on Contemporary German|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AviTvt-cPaUC&pg=PA39|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-823738-9|page=39}}</ref> Italian is also recognized as ''ethnic language'' in the [[Microregions of Brazil|Santa Teresa]] microregion and [[Vila Velha]] (Espirito Santo state), and is taught as mandatory second language at school.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1988_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federativa_do_Brasil/T%C3%ADtulo_II#Artigo_13|title=Constituição de 1988 da República Federativa do Brasil/Título II – Wikisource|website=pt.m.wikisource.org}}</ref>
 
Learning at least one second language (generally English or Spanish) is mandatory for all the 12 grades of the mandatory [[Education in Brazil|education system]] ([[primary education|primary]] and [[secondary education]], there called ''ensino fundamental'' and ''ensino médio'' respectively). Brazil is the first country in South America to offer [[Esperanto]] to secondary students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pagef30.com/2009/09/15-september-2009-esperanto-approved-by.html |title=Esperanto approved by Brazilian government as optional high school subject, mandatory if justified by demand |page= F30 |date=19 September 2009 |access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref>
 
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Brazil}}
[[File:Puro ouro.jpg|thumb|left|[[Church and Convent of São Francisco, Salvador|Church and Convent of São Francisco]] in [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], one of the richest expressions of [[Baroque in Brazil|Baroque]].]]
The core culture of Brazil is derived from [[Culture of Portugal|Portuguese culture]], because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese Empire.<ref name="Meade2009">{{cite book|author=Teresa A. Meade|title=A Brief History of Brazil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6Jw-KNq2QUC&pg=PA146|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7788-5|page=146}}</ref> Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the [[Portuguese language]], [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and [[Manueline|colonial architectural styles]]. The culture was, however, also strongly influenced by [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African]], [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous]] and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.<ref name="Levinson1998">{{cite book|author=David Levinson|title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA325|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-019-1|page=325}}</ref>
 
Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]], [[German Brazilian|German]] and other European as well as [[Japanese Brazilian|Japanese]], [[Jewish Brazilian|Jewish]] and [[Arab Brazilian|Arab]] immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref name="Lesser2013a">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey Lesser|title=Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJW029DYOZoC&pg=PA150|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-19362-7|pages=150–55}}</ref> The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and [[Brazilian cuisine|cuisine]]; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, [[Music of Brazil|music]], dance and religion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Freyre |first=Gilberto |title=The Afro-Brazilian experiment: African influence on Brazilian culture |publisher=UNESCO |year=1986 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1986_May-June/ai_4375022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530050909/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1986_May-June/ai_4375022 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2012 |access-date=8 June 2008}}</ref>
 
[[Brazilian art]] has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from [[Baroque in Brazil|Baroque]] (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)<ref>Leandro Karnal, ''Teatro da fé: Formas de representação religiosa no Brasil e no México do século XVI'', São Paulo, Editora Hucitec, 1998; available on [http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/ceveh/public_html/biblioteca/livros/teatro_fe/index.htm fflch.usp.br] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724010418/http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/ceveh/public_html/biblioteca/livros/teatro_fe/index.htm |date=24 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name="itaucultural.org.br">[http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicExternas/enciclopedia_IC/index.cfm?fuseaction=termos_texto_ing&cd_verbete=3738&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28556&cd_item=8 "The Brazilian Baroque"], ''Encyclopaedia Itaú Cultural'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001754/http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicExternas/enciclopedia_IC/index.cfm?fuseaction=termos_texto_ing&cd_verbete=3738&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28556&cd_item=8 |date=30 April 2011 }}</ref> to [[Brazilian academic art|Romanticism]], [[Modern art|Modernism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], [[Surrealism]] and [[Abstract art|Abstractionism]]. [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazilian cinema]] dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since the 1960s.<ref name="Marsh2012">{{cite book|author=Leslie Marsh|title=Brazilian Women's Filmmaking: From Dictatorship to Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5F7E6BQ5ukC&pg=PA3|year=2012|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-09437-8|page=3}}</ref>
 
=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Brazil}}
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| caption1 = The [[Museum of the Inconfidência]] in [[Minas Gerais]], an example of [[Portuguese colonial architecture]].
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The architecture of Brazil is influenced by Europe, especially Portugal. It has a history that goes back 500 years to the time when [[Pedro Álvares Cabral|Pedro Cabral]] discovered Brazil in 1500. [[Portuguese colonial architecture]] was the first wave of architecture to go to Brazil.<ref>Hue, Jorge de Souza (1999). Uma visão da arquitectura colonial no Brasil [A vision of Colonial Architecture in Brazil] (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro.</ref> It is the basis for all Brazilian architecture of later centuries.<ref>Boxer, Charles Ralph (1962). The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695–1750: Growing Pains of a Colonial Society. University of California Press.</ref> In the 19th century during the time of the [[Empire of Brazil]], Brazil followed European trends and adopted [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Gothic Revival architecture]]. Then in the 20th century especially in Brasilia, Brazil experimented with [[Modernist architecture]].
 
The colonial architecture of Brazil dates to the early 16th century when Brazil was first explored, conquered and settled by the Portuguese. The Portuguese built architecture familiar to them in Europe in their aim to colonize Brazil. They built Portuguese colonial architecture which included churches, civic architecture including houses and forts in Brazilian cities and the countryside. During 19th century Brazilian architecture saw the introduction of more European styles to Brazil such as Neoclassical and Gothic Revival architecture. This was usually mixed with Brazilian influences from their own heritage which produced a unique form of Brazilian architecture. In the 1950s the [[modernist architecture]] was introduced when [[Brasilia]] was built as new federal capital in the interior of Brazil to help develop the interior. The architect [[Oscar Niemeyer]] idealized and built government buildings, churches and civic buildings in the modernist style.<ref name="Guimaraens">Guimaraens, Cêça de. [http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/port/artecult/arqurb/arquitet/index.htm ''Arquitetura''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215103814/http://www2.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/port/artecult/arqurb/arquitet/index.htm |date=15 December 2008 }}. Portal do Ministério das Relações Exteriores.</ref><ref name="Claro">Claro, Mauro. [http://www.vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/drops/09.025/1775 "Ambientes modernos. A casa modernista da Rua Santa Cruz, de Gregori Warchavchik, e outras casas da modernidade"]. In: ''Drops'', 2008; 09 (025.03)</ref>
 
=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Brazil}}
[[Image:Tom Jobim e Chico Buarque no Festival Internacional da Canção (FIC).tif|left|thumb|[[Tom Jobim]], one of the creators of ''[[bossa nova]]'', and [[Chico Buarque]], one of the leading names of [[Música popular brasileira|MPB]].]]
 
The music of Brazil was formed mainly from the fusion of European and African elements.<ref name="FonsecaWeiner1991">{{cite book|author1=Duduka Da Fonseca|author2=Bob Weiner|title=Brazilian Rhythms for Drumset|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuZQUm_hhygC&pg=PA7|year=1991|publisher=Alfred Music Publishing|isbn=978-0-7692-0987-6|page=7}}</ref> Until the nineteenth century, Portugal was the gateway to most of the influences that built Brazilian music, although many of these elements were not of Portuguese origin, but generally European. The first was José Maurício Nunes Garcia, author of sacred pieces with influence of Viennese classicism.<ref name="Grazia2013">{{cite book|author=Donna M. Di Grazia |authorlink=Donna Di Grazia|title=Nineteenth-Century Choral Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyPz1PUFxW8C&pg=PA457|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-29409-9|page=457}}</ref> The major contribution of the African element was the rhythmic diversity and some dances and instruments that had a bigger role in the development of popular music and folk, flourishing especially in the twentieth century.<ref name="FonsecaWeiner1991" />
 
Popular music since the late eighteenth century began to show signs of forming a characteristically Brazilian sound, with [[Samba (music)|samba]] considered the most typical and on the UNESCO cultural heritage list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00101 |title=UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention |publisher=Unesco.org |access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> [[Maracatu]] and [[Afoxê]] are two [[Afro-Brazilian]] music traditions that have been popularized by their appearance in the annual [[Brazilian Carnival]]s.<ref name="Crook2009">{{cite book|author=Larry Crook|title=Focus: Music of Northeast Brazil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Skjwor64MXwC&pg=PA78|year=2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-96066-3|page=78}}</ref> The sport of [[capoeira]] is usually played with its own music referred to as [[capoeira music]], which is usually considered to be a call-and-response type of folk music.<ref name="Fryer2000">{{cite book|author=Peter Fryer|title=Rhythms of Resistance: African Musical Heritage in Brazil|url=https://archive.org/details/rhythmsofresista0000frye|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=978-0-7453-0731-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/rhythmsofresista0000frye/page/39 39]}}</ref> [[Forró]] is a type of folk music prominent during the [[Festa Junina]] in [[Northeast Region, Brazil|northeastern Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brazilianexperience.com/brazil-from-a-to-z-forro/|title=Brazil From A TO Z: FORRÓ|last=|first=|date=25 December 2015|website=Brazilian Experience|access-date=}}</ref> Jack A. Draper III, a professor of Portuguese at the [[University of Missouri]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://romancelanguages.missouri.edu/people/draper|title=Jack A. Draper III|last=|first=|date=|website=Romance Languages and Literatures: University of Missouri|access-date=}}</ref> argues that Forró was used as a way to subdue feelings of nostalgia for a rural lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Forró and redemptive regionalism from the Brazilian northeast: popular music in a culture of migration|title-link=Forró and Redemptive Regionalism from the Brazilian Northeast |last=Draper |first=Jack A., III |year=2010 |publisher=Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-1076-4|location=New York|oclc=643568832}}</ref>
 
[[Choro]] is a very popular music instrumental style. Its origins are in 19th-century Rio de Janeiro. In spite of the name, the style often has a fast and happy rhythm, characterized by virtuosity, improvisation, subtle [[Modulation (music)|modulations]] and full of [[syncopation]] and [[counterpoint]].<ref name="MacGowanPessanha1998">{{cite book|first1=Chris|last1=MacGowan|first2=Ricardo|last2=Pessanha|title=The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova, and the Popular Music of Brazil|url=https://archive.org/details/braziliansoundsa00mcgowa|url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-56639-545-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/braziliansoundsa00mcgowa/page/159 159]–61}}</ref> [[Bossa nova]] is also a well-known style of Brazilian music developed and popularized in the 1950s and 1960s.{{sfnp|MacGowan|Pessanha|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7MFD-EoTR7MC&pg=PA6 6]}} The phrase "bossa nova" means literally "new trend".<ref name="Kassing2007">{{cite book|author=Gayle Kassing|title=History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofdancein00kass|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=Human Kinetics 10%|isbn=978-0-7360-6035-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofdancein00kass/page/236 236]}}</ref> A lyrical fusion of samba and [[jazz]], bossa nova acquired a large following starting in the 1960s.<ref name="Campbell2011b">{{cite book|author=Michael Campbell|title=Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes on|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rK5DMAZsuAgC&pg=PT299|year=2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-8400-2976-8|page=299}}</ref>
 
=== Literature ===
{{Main|Brazilian literature}}
[[Image:Machado de Assis 1907 aos 67 anos Estúdio Luiz Musso & Cia.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Machado de Assis]], poet and novelist, founder of the [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Brazilian Academy of Letters]].]]
 
[[Brazilian literature]] dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as [[Pêro Vaz de Caminha]], filled with descriptions of [[fauna]], [[flora]] and commentary about the indigenous population that fascinated European readers.{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA360 360]}}
 
Brazil produced significant works in [[Romanticism]] – novelists like [[Joaquim Manuel de Macedo]] and [[José de Alencar]] wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated indigenous people as heroes in the [[Indianism (arts)|Indigenist]] novels ''[[The Guarani|O Guarani]]'', ''[[Iracema]]'' and ''[[Ubirajara]]''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100730/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/literature.html "Brazilian Literature: An Introduction"]. [http://ottawa.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-br/ Embassy of Brasil – Ottawa]. Visited on 2 November 2009.</ref> [[Machado de Assis]], one of his contemporaries, wrote in virtually all genres and continues to gain international prestige from critics worldwide.<ref>[[Antonio Candido|Candido; Antonio.]] (1970) ''Vários escritos''. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p. 18</ref><ref>Caldwell, Helen (1970) ''Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and his Novels''. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press.</ref><ref>Fernandez, Oscar Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels The ''Modern Language Journal'', Vol. 55, No. 4 (Apr. 1971), pp. 255–56</ref>
 
[[Brazilian literature#Modernism|Brazilian Modernism]], evidenced by the [[Week of Modern Art]] in 1922, was concerned with a nationalist avant-garde literature,<ref>Beatriz Mugayar Kühl, ''Arquitetura do ferro e arquitetura ferroviária em São Paulo: reflexões sobre a sua preservação'', p. 202. Atelie Editorial, 1998.</ref> while [[Brazilian literature#Post-Modernism|Post-Modernism]] brought a generation of distinct poets like [[João Cabral de Melo Neto]], [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]], [[Vinicius de Moraes]], [[Cora Coralina]], [[Graciliano Ramos]], [[Cecília Meireles]], and internationally known writers dealing with universal and regional subjects like [[Jorge Amado]], [[João Guimarães Rosa]], [[Clarice Lispector]] and [[Manuel Bandeira]].<ref>Daniel Balderston and Mike Gonzalez, ''Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900–2003'', p. 288. Routledge, 2004.</ref><ref>Sayers, ''Portugal and Brazil in Transitn'', "Literature". U of Minnesota Press, 1 January 1999.</ref><ref>Marshall C. Eakin and Paulo Roberto de Almeida, ''Envisioning Brazil: A Guide to Brazilian Studies in the United States'': "Literature, Culture and Civilization". University of Wisconsin Press, 31 October 2005.</ref>
 
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Brazilian cuisine}}
{{See also|List of Brazilian dishes}}
 
{{multiple image
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| caption1 = [[Brigadeiro]] is a national candy and is recognized as one of the main dishes of [[Brazilian cuisine]].
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| caption2 = [[Pão de queijo]] with [[Brazilian coffee|coffee]] and a small [[cachaça]] bottle, examples of the cuisine from the interior of Brazil.
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Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's varying mix of indigenous and immigrant populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.<ref name="Encarta 4">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Way of Life |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_4/Brazil.html |access-date=8 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029035059/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_4/Brazil.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Examples are [[Feijoada]], considered the country's national dish;<ref>Roger, [http://www.braziltravelguide.com/feijoada-the-brazilian-national-dish.html "Feijoada: The Brazilian national dish"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129154026/http://www.braziltravelguide.com/feijoada-the-brazilian-national-dish.html |date=29 November 2009 }} braziltravelguide.com.</ref> and regional foods such as beiju, feijão tropeiro, [[vatapá]], [[moqueca]], [[polenta]] (from Italian cuisine) and [[acarajé]] (from African cuisine).<ref>Cascudo, Luis da Câmara. História da Alimentação no Brasil. São Paulo/Belo Horizonte: Editora USP/Itatiaia, 1983.</ref>
 
The national beverage is [[coffee]] and [[cachaça]] is Brazil's native [[Distilled beverage|liquor]]. Cachaça is distilled from [[Sugarcane|sugar cane]] and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail, [[Caipirinha]].<ref name="Bayor2011">{{cite book|first=Ronald H. |last=Bayor|title=Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW79Rlu-igC&pg=PA181|year=2011|publisher=Georgia Institute of Technology|isbn=978-0-313-35786-2|page=181}}</ref>
 
A typical meal consists mostly of [[rice and beans]] with [[beef]], [[salad]], [[french fries]] and a [[fried egg]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Barbosa, Lívia|title= Feijão com arroz e arroz com feijão: o Brasil no prato dos brasileiros|doi=10.1590/S0104-71832007000200005|year=2007|journal=Horizontes Antropológicos|volume=13|issue=28|pages= 87–116|doi-access=free}}</ref> Often, it is mixed with cassava flour ([[farofa]]). Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ferraccioli, Patrícia |author2=Silveira, Eliane Augusta da |year=2010|title= Cultural feeding influence on palative memories in the usual brazilian cuisine|journal= Rev. Enferm. UERJ|volume=18|issue=2|pages=198–203|url=http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&base=BDENF&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=18716&indexSearch=ID}}</ref> Popular snacks are [[pastel (food)|pastel]] (a fried pastry); [[coxinha]] (a variation of chicken croquete); [[pão de queijo]] (cheese bread and cassava flour / [[tapioca]]); [[pamonha]] (corn and milk paste); [[sfiha|esfirra]] (a variation of Lebanese pastry); [[kibbeh]] (from Arabic cuisine); [[empanada]] (pastry) and [[empada]], little salt pies filled with shrimps or heart of palm.
 
Brazil has a variety of desserts such as [[brigadeiro]]s (chocolate fudge balls), [[bolo de rolo]] (roll cake with [[goiabada]]), [[cocada]] (a coconut sweet), [[beijinho]]s (coconut truffles and clove) and romeu e julieta (cheese with goiabada). Peanuts are used to make [[paçoca]], [[rapadura]] and [[pé-de-moleque]]. Local common fruits like [[açaí]], [[cupuaçu]], [[mango]], [[papaya]], [[cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[cashew]], [[guava]], [[orange (fruit)|orange]], [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], [[passionfruit]], [[pineapple]], and [[Spondias|hog plum]] are turned in [[juice]]s and used to make [[chocolate]]s, [[ice pop]]s and [[ice cream]].<ref>Freyre, Gilberto. Açúcar. Uma Sociologia do Doce, com Receitas de Bolos e Doces do Nordeste do Brasil. São Paulo, Companhia das Letras, 1997.</ref>
 
=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Brazil}}
[[Image:Palacio festivais.jpg|thumb|[[Festival de Gramado]], the biggest [[film festival]] in the country]]
The Brazilian film industry began in the late 19th century, during the early days of the [[Belle Époque]]. While there were national film productions during the early 20th century, American films such as ''Rio the Magnificent'' were made in [[Rio de Janeiro]] to promote tourism in the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rio the Magnificent (1932)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7Q1kITY168|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> The films ''[[Limite]]'' (1931) and ''[[Ganga Bruta]]'' (1933), the latter being produced by [[Adhemar Gonzaga]] through the prolific studio Cinédia, were poorly received at release and failed at the box office, but are acclaimed nowadays and placed among the finest Brazilian films of all time.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/movies/10cinema.html |title=Brazil's Best, Restored and Ready for a 21st-Century Audience |last1=Larry |first1=Rohter |last2= |first2= |date=9 November 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher= |access-date=3 November 2010}}</ref> The 1941 unfinished film ''[[It's All True (film)|It's All True]]'' was divided in four segments, two of which were filmed in Brazil and directed by [[Orson Welles]]; it was originally produced as part of the United States' [[Good Neighbor Policy]] during Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo government.
 
During the 1960s, the [[Cinema Novo]] movement rose to prominence with directors such as [[Glauber Rocha]], [[Nelson Pereira dos Santos]], [[Paulo Cesar Saraceni]] and [[Arnaldo Jabor]]. Rocha's films ''[[Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol]]'' (1964) and ''[[Terra em Transe]]'' (1967) are considered to be some of the greatest and most influential in Brazilian film history.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tose|first1=Juliano|title=Editorial|url=http://www.contracampo.com.br/27/frames.htm|website=Contracampo – revista de cinema|publisher=Revista Contracampo|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref>
 
During the 1990s, Brazil saw a surge of critical and commercial success with films such as ''[[O Quatrilho]]'' ([[Fábio Barreto]], 1995), ''[[O Que É Isso, Companheiro?]]'' ([[Bruno Barreto]], 1997) and ''[[Central Station (film)|Central do Brasil]]'' ([[Walter Salles]], 1998), all of which were nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], the latter receiving a [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination for [[Fernanda Montenegro]]. The 2002 crime film ''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]'', directed by [[Fernando Meirelles]], was critically acclaimed, scoring 90% on [[Rotten Tomatoes]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Cidade de Deus (City of God) (2003) – Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/city_of_god/#top-critics-numbers|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Flixter]]|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> being placed in [[Roger Ebert]]'s Best Films of the Decade list<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ebert|first1=Roger|title=The best films of the decade|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/the-best-films-of-the-decade|website=RogerEbert.com|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> and receiving four [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nominations in 2004, including [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. Notable film festivals in Brazil include the [[São Paulo International Film Festival|São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival]]s and the [[Festival de Gramado|Gramado Festival]].
 
=== Theatre ===
[[Image:Teatro Municipal de São Paulo 8.jpg|thumb|left|[[Theatro Municipal (São Paulo)|São Paulo Municipal Theater]], significant both for its architectural value as well as for its [[Modern Art Week|historical importance]].]]
 
The theatre in Brazil has its origins in the period of Jesuit expansion when theater was used for the dissemination of Catholic doctrine in the 16th century. in the 17th and 18th centuries the first dramatists who appeared on the scene of European derivation was for court or private performances.<ref>[http://brasilescola.uol.com.br/biografia/padre-anchieta.htm Padre Anchieta] ''Brasil Escola''.</ref> During the 19th century, dramatic theater gained importance and thickness, whose first representative was [[Luis Carlos Martins Pena]] (1813–1848), capable of describing contemporary reality. Always in this period the comedy of costume and comic production was imposed. Significant, also in the nineteenth century, was also the playwright [[Antônio Gonçalves Dias]].<ref name=teatro>{{cite web|url=http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/theater.html |title=Brazilian Theatre: An Introduction |publisher=Ambasciata brasiliana a Ottawa |language=english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205061026/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/theater.html |archive-date= 5 February 2012 }}</ref> There were also numerous operas and orchestras. The Brazilian conductor [[Antônio Carlos Gomes]] became internationally known with operas like ''[[Il Guarany]]''. At the end of the 19th century orchestrated dramaturgias became very popular and were accompanied with songs of famous artists like the conductress [[Chiquinha Gonzaga]].<ref>[http://www.arte.seed.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=196 O Teatro no Brasil] ''Secretaria da Educação do Paraná''.</ref>
 
Already in the early 20th century there was the presence of theaters, entrepreneurs and actor companies, but paradoxically the quality of the products staggered, and only in 1940 the Brazilian theater received a boost of renewal thanks to the action of Paschoal Carlos Magno and his student's theater, the comedians group and the Italian actors [[Adolfo Celi]], Ruggero Jacobbi and Aldo Calvo, founders of the ''Teatro Brasileiro de Comedia''. From the 1960s it was attended by a theater dedicated to social and religious issues and to the flourishing of schools of dramatic art. The most prominent authors at this stage were [[Jorge Andrade]] and [[Ariano Suassuna]].<ref name=teatro />
 
=== Visual arts ===
{{Main|Brazilian painting}}
[[Image:Americo-noite.jpg|thumb|upright|''The Night escorted by the geniuses of Love and Study'', by [[Pedro Américo]]]]
 
Brazilian painting emerged in the late 16th century,<ref>Louzada, Maria Alice & Louzada, Julio. [http://www.juliolouzada.com.br/primeirosmomentos.asp ''Os Primeiros Momentos da Arte Brasileira''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153216/http://www.juliolouzada.com.br/primeirosmomentos.asp |date=6 July 2011 }}. Júlio Louzada Artes Plásticas Brasil. Acesso 5 out 2010</ref> influenced by [[Baroque]], [[Rococo]], [[Neoclassicism]], [[Romanticism]], [[Realism (arts)|Realism]], [[Modernism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Surrealism]], [[Cubism]] and [[Abstract art|Abstracionism]] making it a major [[Style (visual arts)|art style]] called [[Brazilian academic art]].<ref>Leite, José Roberto Teixeira & Lemos, Carlos A.C. ''Os Primeiros Cem Anos'', in Civita, Victor. ''Arte no Brasil''. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1979</ref><ref name="Biscardi" /> The [[Missão Artística Francesa]] (French Artistic Mission) arrived in Brazil in 1816 proposing the creation of an art academy modeled after the respected Académie des Beaux-Arts, with graduation courses both for artists and craftsmen for activities such as modeling, decorating, carpentry and others and bringing artists like [[Jean-Baptiste Debret]].<ref name="Biscardi">{{harvnb|Biscardi|Rocha|2006}}</ref>
 
Upon the creation of the [[Academia Imperial de Belas Artes|Imperial Academy of Fine Arts]], new artistic movements spread across the country during the 19th century and later the event called [[Week of Modern Art]] broke definitely with academic tradition in 1922 and started a nationalist trend which was influenced by modernist arts. Among the best-known Brazilian painters are [[Ricardo do Pilar]] and [[Manuel da Costa Ataíde]] (baroque and rococo), [[Victor Meirelles]], [[Pedro Américo]] and [[Almeida Junior]] (romanticism and realism), [[Anita Malfatti]], [[Ismael Nery]], [[Lasar Segall]], [[Emiliano di Cavalcanti]], [[Vicente do Rego Monteiro]], and [[Tarsila do Amaral]] (expressionism, surrealism and cubism), [[Aldo Bonadei]], [[José Pancetti]] and [[Cândido Portinari]] (modernism).<ref>Sevcenko, Nicolau. Pindorama revisitada: cultura e sociedade em tempos de virada. Série Brasil cidadão. Editora Peirópolis, 2000. pp. 39–47</ref>
 
=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Brazil}}
 
[[Image:Brasil conquista primeiro ouro olímpico nos penaltis 1039264-20082016- mg 4348.jpg|thumb|left|layers at the podium with the first [[Olympic medal|Olympic Gold]] of the [[Brazil national football team]], won in the [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2016 Summer Olympics]]. [[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in the country.]]
 
The most popular sport in Brazil is [[association football|football]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://justica-federal.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/74894/futebol-o-esporte-mais-popular-do-brasil-e-destaque-no-via-legal |title=Futebol, o esporte mais popular do Brasil, é destaque no Via Legal :: Notícias|publisher=Jusbrasil.com.br |access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> The [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian men's national team]] is ranked among the best in the world according to the [[FIFA World Rankings]], and has won the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] tournament a record five times.<ref>{{cite web |title=Football in Brazil |website=Goal Programme |publisher=International Federation of Association Football |date=15 April 2008 |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=bra/goalprogramme/index.html |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref><ref>Zirin, 2014. Chapter 4 ''"Futebol: The Journey from Daring to Fear"''</ref>
 
[[Volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[auto racing]], and [[martial arts]] also attract large audiences. The [[Brazil men's national volleyball team]], for example, currently holds the titles of the [[FIVB Volleyball World League|World League]], [[FIVB Volleyball World Grand Champions Cup|World Grand Champions Cup]], [[FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship|World Championship]] and the [[FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup|World Cup]]. In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won the [[Formula One]] world championship eight times.<ref>{{cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Gerald |title=Emerson Fittipaldi |website=Hall of Fame |publisher=The Official Formula 1 Website |url=http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/282/ |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Gerald |title=Nelson Piquet |website=Hall of Fame |publisher=The Official Formula 1 Website |url=http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/181/ |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Gerald |title=Ayrton Senna |website=Hall of Fame |publisher=The Official Formula 1 Website |url=http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/45/ |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref>
 
Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: [[beach soccer|beach football]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Beach Soccer |publisher=International Federation of Association Football |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/beachsoccer/index.html |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> [[futsal]] (indoor football)<ref>{{cite web |title=Futsal |publisher=International Federation of Association Football |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/futsal/index.html |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> and [[footvolley]] emerged in Brazil as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians developed [[Capoeira]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The art of capoeira |publisher=BBC |date=20 September 2006 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/09/13/capoeira_feature.shtml |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> [[Vale tudo]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazilian Vale Tudo |publisher=I.V.C |url=http://valetudo.com.br/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980530081959/http://www.valetudo.com.br/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 1998 |access-date=6 June 2008 }}</ref> and [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation |publisher=[[International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation]] |url=http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=6 June 2008 |archive-date=20 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420155232/http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm}}</ref>
 
Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, like the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web |title=1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil |website=Previous FIFA World Cups |publisher=International Federation of Association Football |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/index.html |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> and recently has hosted the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], [[2019 Copa América]] and [[2021 Copa América]] .<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil |publisher=International Federation of Association Football |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminarydraw/index.html |access-date=6 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609044247/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminarydraw/index.html |archive-date=9 June 2008}}</ref> The [[São Paulo]] circuit, [[Autódromo José Carlos Pace]], hosts the annual [[Brazilian Grand Prix|Grand Prix of Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Official Formula 1 Website |publisher=[[Formula One Administration]] |url=http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_804/circuit_diagram.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604141640/http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_804/circuit_diagram.html |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> São Paulo organized the [[1963 Pan American Games|IV Pan American Games]] in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the [[2007 Pan American Games|XV Pan American Games]] in 2007.<ref name="LiMacIntosh2011">{{cite book|author1=Ming Li|author2=Eric W. MacIntosh|author3=Gonzalo A. Bravo|title=International Sport Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udBgtzFSlBIC&pg=PA129|year=2011|publisher=Human Kinetics – College of Business at Ohio University|isbn=978-1-4504-2241-3|page=129}}</ref> On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Olympic Games]] and [[2016 Summer Paralympics|2016 Paralympic Games]], making it the first South American city to host the games<ref name="guardian_olympics">[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/oct/02/olympics-2016-games-rio-pele "Olympics 2016: Tearful Pele and weeping Lula greet historic win for Rio"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2 October 2009.</ref> and second in Latin America, after [[Mexico City]]. Furthermore, the country hosted the [[FIBA Basketball World Cup]]s in [[1954 FIBA World Championship|1954]] and [[1963 FIBA World Championship|1963]]. At the 1963 event, the [[Brazil national basketball team]] won one of its two world championship titles.<ref name="FIBA History">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/downloads/v3_abouFiba/mp/FIBA_world_championships_history.pdf|title=FIBA World Championship History (pdf)|publisher=[[FIBA]]|date=1 January 2007 |access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
{{Portal|Brazil|South America}}
* [[Index of Brazil-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Brazil]]{{clear right}}
 
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nt}}
{{Notelist}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
 
== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* Azevedo, Aroldo. ''O Brasil e suas regiões''. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971
* Barman, Roderick J. ''Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891''. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-8047-3510-7}}
* {{citation|last1=Biscardi|first1=Afrânio|last2=Rocha|first2=Frederico Almeida|title=O Mecenato Artístico de D. Pedro II e o Projeto Imperial|periodical=19&20 – A revista eletrônica de DezenoveVinte|url=http://www.dezenovevinte.net/ensino_artistico/mecenato_dpedro.htm|volume=I|issue=1|date=May 2006}}
* [[C. R. Boxer|Boxer, Charles R.]]. ''The Portuguese Seaborne Empire'' (1969)
** ''O império marítimo português 1415–1825''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. {{ISBN|85-359-0292-9}}
* Bueno, Eduardo. ''Brasil: uma História''. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. {{ISBN|85-08-08213-4}}
* Calmon, Pedro. ''História da Civilização Brasileira''. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002
* Carvalho, José Murilo de. ''D. Pedro II''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007
* Coelho, Marcos Amorim. ''Geografia do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996
* Diégues, Fernando. ''A revolução brasílica''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004
* ''[[Barsa (encyclopedia)|Enciclopédia Barsa]]''. Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Ermakoff
  | first1 = George
  | year = 2006
  | language = pt
  | title = Rio de Janeiro&nbsp;– 1840–1900&nbsp;– Uma crônica fotográfica
  | publisher = G. Ermakoff Casa Editorial
  | location = Rio de Janeiro
  | isbn = 978-85-98815-05-3
  }}
* Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. ''Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002)'', 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. {{ISBN|85-7326-308-3}}
* [[Elio Gaspari|Gaspari, Elio]]. ''A ditadura envergonhada''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. {{ISBN|85-359-0277-5}}
* Janotti, Aldo. ''O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990
* Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v. 1''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977
* Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v. 3''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977
* Lustosa, Isabel. ''D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter''. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. {{ISBN|85-359-0807-2}}
* Moreira, Igor A. G. ''O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil''. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981
* Munro, Dana Gardner. ''The Latin American Republics; A History''. New York: D. Appleton, 1942.
* Peres, Damião (1949) ''O Descobrimento do Brasil por Pedro Álvares Cabral: antecedentes e intencionalidade'' Porto: Portucalense.
* Scheina, Robert L. ''Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987''. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987. {{ISBN|0-87021-295-8}}
* {{Cite Q|Q18238040|ref={{harvid|Schwarcz|1998}}}}
* [[Stuart B. Schwartz]] ''Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil'' (1973)
** ''Early Latin America'' (1983)
** ''Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society'' (1985)
* [[Thomas Skidmore|Skidmore, Thomas E]]. ''Brazil: Five Centuries of Change'' (Oxford University Press, 1999)
** ''Uma História do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. {{ISBN|85-219-0313-8}}
* Souza, Adriana Barreto de. ''Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento''. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. {{ISBN|978-85-200-0864-5}}.
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wright|1992}}|reference=Wright, Simon. 1992. ''Villa-Lobos''. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-315475-7}}}}
* Vainfas, Ronaldo. ''Dicionário do Brasil Imperial''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. {{ISBN|85-7302-441-0}}
* Vesentini, José William. ''Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil''. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988
* Vianna, Hélio. ''História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república'', 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994
* Zirin, Dave. ''Brazil's Dance with the Devil: The World Cup, The Olympics, and the Fight for Democracy'' Haymarket Books 2014. {{ISBN|978-1-60846-360-2}}
{{Refend}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* Alencastro Felipe, Luiz Felipe de. ''The Trade in the Living: The Formation of Brazil in the South Atlantic, Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries'' (SUNY Press,  2019) [https://amazon.com/Fernand-Braudel-Studies-Historical-Science/dp/1438469306/  excerpt]
* {{cite book |author=Alves, Maria Helena Moreira |title=State and Opposition in Military Brazil |location=Austin, TX |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1985}}
* {{cite book |author=Amann, Edmund |title=The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso |publisher=World Development (pp.&nbsp;1805–19) |year=1990}}
* {{cite web |title=Background Note: Brazil |publisher=US Department of State |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm |access-date=16 June 2011}}
* {{cite book |author=Bellos, Alex |title=Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/futebolbrazilian0000bell |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing plc |year=2003}}
* {{cite book |author=Bethell, Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1991}}
* {{cite book |author=Costa, João Cruz |title=A History of Ideas in Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofideasin0000cost |url-access=registration |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=1964}}
* {{cite book |author=Fausto, Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1999 }}
* {{cite book |author=Furtado, Celso |title=The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times |year=1963 |url=https://archive.org/details/economicgrowthof0000furt |url-access=registration |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press}}
* {{cite book |author=Leal, Victor Nunes |title=Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1977}}
* Levine, Robert M. ''Historical Dictionary of Brazil'' (2019)
* {{cite book |author=Malathronas, John |title=Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul |location=Chichester |publisher=Summersdale |year=2003}}
* {{cite book |author=Martinez-Lara, Javier |title=Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change |publisher=Macmillan |year=1995}}
* {{cite book |author=Prado Júnior, Caio |title=The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967}}
* {{cite book |author=Schneider, Ronald |title=Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Boulder Westview |year=1995}}
* {{cite book |author=Skidmore, Thomas E. |title=Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/blackintowhitera0000skid |url-access=registration |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974|isbn=978-0-19-501776-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Wagley, Charles |title=An Introduction to Brazil |location=New York, New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1963}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
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'''Government'''
* [https://www.gov.br/ Brazilian Federal Government]
* [http://www.visitbrasil.com/en/ Official Tourist Guide of Brazil]
* [http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/ Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]
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Latest revision as of 01:15, 13 September 2021


Coordinates: 10°S 52°W / 10°S 52°W / -10; -52

Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil; Brazilian Portuguese: [bɾaˈziw]),[nt 4] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: About this soundRepública Federativa do Brasil),[11] is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3.2 million square miles)[12] and with over 211 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populous city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas;[13][14] it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world;[15] as well as the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country.

Federative Republic of Brazil

República Federativa do Brasil  (Portuguese)
Flag of Brazil
Flag
Coat of arms of Brazil
Coat of arms
Motto: Ordem e Progresso  (Portuguese)
"Order and Progress"
Anthem: Hino Nacional Brasileiro (Portuguese)
"Brazilian National Anthem"
National seal
Location of Brazil
CapitalBrasília
15°47′S 47°52′W / 15.783°S 47.867°W / -15.783; -47.867
Largest citySão Paulo
23°33′S 46°38′W / 23.550°S 46.633°W / -23.550; -46.633
Official language
and national language		Portuguese[2]
Ethnic groups
(2010)[3][4]
Religion
(2010)[5][6]
88.8% Christianity
—64.6% Roman Catholic
—22.2% Protestant
—2.0% Other Christian
8.0% No religion
2.0% Spiritism
1.2% Other religions
Demonym(s)Brazilian
GovernmentFederal presidential constitutional republic
• President
Jair Bolsonaro
Hamilton Mourão
Arthur Lira
Rodrigo Pacheco
Luiz Fux
LegislatureNational Congress
Federal Senate
Chamber of Deputies
Independence 
• Declared
7 September 1822
29 August 1825
• Republic
15 November 1889
5 October 1988
Area
• Total
8,515,767 km2 (3,287,956 sq mi) (5th)
• Water (%)
0.65
Population
• 2019 estimate
210,147,125[7] (6th)
• Density
25/km2 (64.7/sq mi) (200th)
GDP (PPP)2021 estimate
• Total
Increase $3.328 trillion[8] (8th)
• Per capita
Increase $15,642[8] (84th)
GDP (nominal)2021 estimate
• Total
Increase $1.491 trillion[8] (13th)
• Per capita
Increase $7,010[8] (87th)
Gini (2019)Positive decrease 53.4[9]
high · 10th
HDI (2019)Increase 0.765[10]
high · 84th
CurrencyReal (R$) (BRL)
Time zoneUTC−2 to −5 (BRT)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Mains electricity220 V, 60 Hz and 127 V, 60 Hz
Driving sideright
Calling code+55
ISO 3166 codeBR
Internet TLD.br

Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi).[16] It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area.[17] Its Amazon basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats.[16] This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest, as environmental degradation through processes like deforestation has direct impacts on global issues like climate change and biodiversity loss.

Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now called the National Congress. The country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup d'état. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic.[18] Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks thirteenth in the world by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[19]

Brazil is classified as an upper-middle income economy by the World Bank[20] and a newly industrialized country,[21] with the largest share of global wealth in South America. It is considered an advanced emerging economy,[22] having the twelfth largest GDP in the world by nominal, and eighth by PPP measures.[23][24] It is one of the world's major breadbaskets, being the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years.[25] Brazil is a regional and middle power,[26][27][28][26][28] and is also classified as an emerging power.[29][30][31][32] However, the country maintains high amounts of corruption, crime and social inequality. Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.

EtymologyEdit

Main article: Name of Brazil

The word "Brazil" likely comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast.[33] In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember," formed from brasa ("ember") and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium).[34] As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European textile industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil.[35] Throughout the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods.[36]

The official Portuguese name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the "Land of the Holy Cross" (Terra da Santa Cruz),[37] but European sailors and merchants commonly called it simply the "Land of Brazil" (Terra do Brasil) because of the brazilwood trade.[38] The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name. Some early sailors called it the "Land of Parrots."[39]

In the Guarani language, an official language of Paraguay, Brazil is called "Pindorama". This was the name the indigenous population gave to the region, meaning "land of the palm trees."[40]

HistoryEdit

Main article: History of Brazil

LanguagesEdit

The official language of Brazil is Portuguese. Brazil is the only country in South America that speaks Portuguese.

Some people in Brazil speak German dialects. That came from German immigrants. 2% of Brazilians speak German as their first language. Yiddish is spoken by the elders of the Jewish community.

Other people in Brazil speak their ancestors' languages like Italian, Japanese, Polish, Ukrainian, French, Russian, Lithuanian, Chinese, Dutch and Korean. Spanish or "Portunhol", a mix of Portuguese and Castilian (Spanish) is spoken at some of the borders. Indigenous languages as Guarani and Aymará are the first languages of a small number of Brazilians.

GeographyEdit

Brazil has the world's largest rainforest, the Amazon Rainforest. It makes up 40% of the country's land area. Brazil also has other types of land, including a type of savanna called cerrado, and a dry plant region named caatinga.

The most important cities are Brasília (the capital), Belém, Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Goiânia, Manaus, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, São Paulo (the biggest city) and Vitória. Other cities are at List of largest cities in Brazil.

Brazil is divided into 26 states plus the Federal District in five regions (north, south, northeast, southeast and centre-west):

  • North: Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia, Roraima, Pará, Amapá, Tocantins
  • Northeast: Maranhão, Pernambuco, Ceará, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia
  • Centre-West: Goiás, Mato grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Distrito Federal/ Federal District
  • Southeast: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais
  • South: Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul

The country is the fifth largest in the world by area. It is known for its many rainforests and jungles. It is next to every country in South America except Chile and Ecuador. The name Brazil comes from a tree named brazilwood.

People/cultureEdit

Brazil is the largest country in South America and fifth largest in the world.[41] Its people are called Brazilians or Brasileiros (In Portuguese). The people include citizens of Portuguese or other European descent who mainly live in the South and Southeast, Africans, Native Americans, Arabs, Gypsies and people of Mixed ancestry. Brazil also has the largest Japanese community outside Japan.[42] Other East Asians follow the Japanese group.The Amazon River flows through Brazil, it is the 2nd longest river in the world (after the Nile).The current President of Brazil is Jair Messias Bolsonaro. Two major sporting events were held in Brazil recently: the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

Related pagesEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ Exército Brasileiro. "Hino à Bandeira Nacional" (in português). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  2. ↑ "Demographics". Brazilian Government. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  3. ↑ "Caracteristicas da População e dos Domicílios do Censo Demográfico 2010 – Cor ou raça" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  4. ↑ "South America :: BRAZIL". CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  5. ↑ IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics). 2010 Census. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  6. ↑ "2010 Population Census – General characteristics of population, religion and persons with disabilities (Portuguese)". ibge.gov.br (in português). 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  7. ↑ Silva, Antonio Carlos Coutinho Gouvea da. "Projeções da População | Estatísticas | IBGE :: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística". ibge.gov.br (in português do Brasil). Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2021". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  9. ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Brazil". World Bank. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  10. ↑ "2019 Human Development Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  11. ↑ José María Bello (1966). A History of Modern Brazil: 1889–1964. Stanford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-8047-0238-6.
  12. ↑ "Área Territorial Brasileira" [Brazilian Territorial Area] (in português). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2018. Para a superfície do Brasil foi obtido o valor de 8.515.759,090 km2, publicado no DOU nº 124 de 30/06/2017, conforme Resolução Nº 02, de 29 de junho de 2017.
  13. ↑ Philander, S. George (2012). Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change, Second Edition. Vol. Vol. 1 (Second ed.). Los Angeles: Princeton University. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-4129-9261-9. OCLC 970592418. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  14. ↑ Vallance, Monique M. (2012). "Preface and Observations on Contemporary Brazil". In Crocitti, John J. (ed.). Brazil Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. Contributing editor Monique M. Vallance. ABC-CLIO. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-0-313-34672-9. OCLC 787850982.
  15. ↑ "Os migrantes de hoje". BBC Brasil. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Geography of Brazil". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 1 May 2018. Geography > Coastline. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  17. ↑ "Brazil – Land". Permanent Missions. United Nations. Geography. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014.
  18. ↑ "Brazilian Federal Constitution" (in português). Presidency of the Republic. 1988. Retrieved 3 June 2008. "Brazilian Federal Constitution". v-brazil.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2008. Unofficial translate
  19. ↑ "UNESCO World Heritage Centre — World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
  20. ↑ "Country and Lending Groups". World Bank. Archived from the original on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275
  21. ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  22. ↑ "FTSE Country Classification" (PDF). FTSE Group. September 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  23. ↑ "International Monetary Fund". imf.org.
  24. ↑ "CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity)". Cia.gov. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Neilson102
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Sean W. Burges (2016). Latin America and the Shifting Sands of Globalization. Routledge. pp. 114–15. ISBN 978-1-317-69658-2.
  27. ↑ M. Schaefer; J. Poffenbarger (2014). The Formation of the BRICS and its Implication for the United States: Emerging Together. Springer. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-137-38794-3.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Gardini, Gian Luca (2016). "Brazil: What Rise of What Power?". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 35: 5–19. doi:10.1111/blar.12417.
  29. ↑ FRIDE: The international arena and emerging powers: stabilising or destabilising forces? Archived 15 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Susanne Gratius, April 2008
  30. ↑ Peter Collecott (29 October 2011). "Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status". The Diplomatic Courier. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  31. ↑ Clendenning, Alan (17 April 2008). "Booming Brazil could be world power soon". USA Today. The Associated Press. p. 2. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  32. ↑ Jorge Dominguez; Byung Kook Kim (2013). Between Compliance and Conflict: East Asia Latin America and the New Pax Americana. Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-1-136-76983-2.
  33. ↑ Fausto, Boris (1999). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-521-56526-4.
  34. ↑ Jon S. Vincent. (2003). Culture and Customs of Brazil. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-313-30495-8.
  35. ↑ Richard P. Tucker (2007). Insatiable Appetite: The Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World. University of Michigan. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-7425-5365-1.
  36. ↑ Wayne E. Lee (2011). Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World. NYU Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-8147-6527-2.
  37. ↑ Daly, Charles P. (1880). "Maps and Map-making Before Mercator". The Popular Science Monthly. Bonnier Corporation. 473–495, see page 493. ISSN 0161-7370.
  38. ↑ Jean de Léry (1990). History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Otherwise Called America. University of California Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-520-91380-6.
  39. ↑ Jayme A. Sokolow. (2003). The Great Encounter: Native Peoples and European Settlers in the Americas, 1492–1800. M.E. Sharpe. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7656-0982-3.
  40. ↑ Maria Herrera-Sobek (2012). Celebrating Latino Folklore. ABC-CLIO. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-313-34340-7.
  41. ↑ "The 50 largest (area) countries in the world". GeoHive. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  42. ↑ Veselinovic, Milena (24 July 2013). "Mixing sushi and samba - meet the Japanese Brazilians". CNN. Retrieved 10 December 2016.

External linksEdit


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