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{{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
|name= Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq | | name = Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq | ||
|title= Sultan of Delhi<br>Ghazi Malik<br>Sultan-e-Dilli<br>Narpati-e-Dilli<br>Ghazi Malik Malik Tughlaq | | title = Sultan of Delhi<br>Ghazi Malik<br>Sultan-e-Dilli<br>Narpati-e-Dilli<br>Ghazi Malik Malik Tughlaq | ||
|image= | | image = | ||
|caption= Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq | | caption = Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq | ||
|succession= [[Sultan of Delhi]] | | succession = 17th [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] | ||
|reign= 8 September 1320 – February 1325 | | reign = 8 September 1320 – February 1325 | ||
|coronation= 8 September 1320 | | coronation = 8 September 1320 | ||
|predecessor= [[Khusro Khan]] | | predecessor = [[Khusro Khan]] | ||
|successor=[[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] | | successor = [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] | ||
|spouse= | | spouse = | ||
|issue= [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] | | issue = [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] | ||
|royal house=[[Tughluq dynasty]] | | royal house = [[Tughluq dynasty]] | ||
|birth_date | | birth_date = unknown | ||
|birth_place | | birth_place = | ||
|death_date= February 1325 | | death_date = February 1325 | ||
|death_place= [[Kara-Manikpur]], | | death_place = [[Kara-Manikpur]], India | ||
|place of burial=Delhi, | | place of burial = Delhi, India | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq''', '''Ghiasuddin Tughlaq''', or '''Ghazi Malik''' (Ghazi means 'fighter for Islam'),<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=89–92}}</ref> (died c.1325<ref>Peter Jackson, ''The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History'', (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 330.</ref>) was the founder of the [[Tughluq dynasty]] in [[India]], who reigned over the [[Sultanate of Delhi]] from 1320 to 1325. He founded the city of [[Tughluqabad]]. His reign was cut short after five years when he died under mysterious circumstances in 1325. | '''Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq''', '''Ghiasuddin Tughlaq''', or '''Ghazi Malik''' (Ghazi means 'fighter for Islam'),<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=89–92}}</ref> (died c.1325<ref>Peter Jackson, ''The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History'', (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 330.</ref>) was the founder of the [[Tughluq dynasty]] in [[India]], who reigned over the [[Sultanate of Delhi]] from 1320 to 1325. He founded the city of [[Tughluqabad]]. His reign was cut short after five years when he died under mysterious circumstances in 1325. | ||
He was succeeded by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]<ref name="t">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_404.gif Tughlaq Shahi Kings of Delhi: Chart] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 2, ''p. 369.''.</ref> | He was succeeded by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]].<ref name="t">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_404.gif Tughlaq Shahi Kings of Delhi: Chart] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 2, ''p. 369.''.</ref> | ||
== Early life == | == Early life == | ||
Literary, numismatic and epigraphic evidence makes it clear that Tughluq was the Sultan's personal name, and not an ancestral designation.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=460}} His ancestry is debated among modern historians, because the earlier sources differ widely regarding it.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=460}} Tughluq's court poet Badr-i Chach attempted to find a royal genealogy for his family, but this can be dismissed as flattery. This is clear from the fact that another courtier [[Amir Khusrau]], in his ''Tughluq Nama'', states that Tughluq described himself as an unimportant man ("''awara mard''") in his early career.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=461}} The contemporary Moroccan | Literary, numismatic and epigraphic evidence makes it clear that Tughluq was the Sultan's personal name, and not an ancestral designation.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=460}} His ancestry is debated among modern historians, because the earlier sources differ widely regarding it.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=460}} Tughluq's court poet Badr-i Chach attempted to find a royal genealogy for his family, but this can be dismissed as flattery. This is clear from the fact that another courtier [[Amir Khusrau]], in his ''Tughluq Nama'', states that Tughluq described himself as an unimportant man ("''awara mard''") in his early career.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=461}} The contemporary Moroccan traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] states that Tughluq belonged to the "[[Qara'unas|Qarauna]] tribe of the [[Turkic people|Turks]]", who lived in the hilly region between [[Turkestan]] and [[Sindh]]. Ibn Battuta's source for this claim was the Sufi saint [[Rukn-e-Alam|Rukn-ud-Din Abul Fateh]], but the claim is not corroborated by any other contemporary source.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=460}} Firishta, based on inquiries at [[Lahore]], wrote that the historians of India and the books had neglected to mention any clear statement on the origin of the dynasty,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wolseley Haig |title=Five Questions in the History of the Tughluq Dynasty of Dihli |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=3 |jstor=25209907 |page=320 |date=July 1922}}</ref> but wrote that there was a tradition that Tughluq's father was a Turkic slave of the earlier emperor [[Balban]]. Additionally the historian Fouzia Farooq Ahmed supports Amir Khusrau's assertion that Tughluq was not a Balbanid slave, because he was not part of the old Sultanate household or the nobility of Balban, and instead expressed his loyalty to the heterogenous Khalji regime through which he first entered military service.<ref>{{cite book |author=Fouzia Farooq Ahmed |title=Muslim Rule in Medieval India: Power and Religion in the Delhi Sultanate |date=27 September 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=remKDwAAQBAJ |pages=151, 248|isbn=9781786730824 }}</ref> | ||
Different sources give different accounts of Tughluq's early career. Shams-i Siraj Afif, in his ''[[Ziauddin Barani#Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi|Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi]]'' states that Tughluq arrived in Delhi from [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] during the reign of [[Alauddin Khalji]] (r. 1296–1316), along with his brothers Rajab and Abu Bakr. However, Tughluq's own courtier [[Amir Khusrau]], in his ''Tughluq Nama'' states that he was already present in Delhi during the reign of Alauddin's predecessor [[Jalal-ud-din Khalji|Jalal-ud-din]] (r. 1290-1296). The ''Tughluq Nama'' does not mention anything about Tughluq's arrival in India from a foreign land, thus implying that Tughluq was born in India.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=461}} | Different sources give different accounts of Tughluq's early career. Shams-i Siraj Afif, in his ''[[Ziauddin Barani#Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi|Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi]]'' states that Tughluq arrived in Delhi from [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] during the reign of [[Alauddin Khalji]] (r. 1296–1316), along with his brothers Rajab and Abu Bakr. However, Tughluq's own courtier [[Amir Khusrau]], in his ''Tughluq Nama'' states that he was already present in Delhi during the reign of Alauddin's predecessor [[Jalal-ud-din Khalji|Jalal-ud-din]] (r. 1290-1296). The ''Tughluq Nama'' does not mention anything about Tughluq's arrival in India from a foreign land, thus implying that Tughluq was born in India.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=461}} | ||
Tughlaq began his career as a menial servant in the service of a merchant where he served as a keeper of horses before entering | Tughlaq began his career as a menial servant in the service of a merchant where he served as a keeper of horses before entering Khalji service.<ref>{{cite book |author= Host Kruger |title= Kunwar Mohammad Ashraf An Indian Scholar And Revolutionary |url=https://archive.org/details/bk594/page/n77/mode/2up?q=tughlaq |page= 77 |date= 1966| publisher= Akademie-Verlag }}</ref> | ||
==In Khalji service== | ==In Khalji service== | ||
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Tughluq's son [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Fakhruddin Jauna]] (who later ascended the throne as Muhammad bin Tughluq), who was a high-ranked officer in Delhi, took the initiative to dethrone Khusrau Khan. He convened a secret meeting of his friends in Delhi, and then sent his messenger Ali Yaghdi to Dipalpur, asking his father for assistance in the matter.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=450}} In response, Tughluq asked him to come to Dipalpur with the son of the [[Uchch]] governor Bahram Aiba, who was also opposed to Khusrau Khan. Accordingly, Fakhruddin and his companions - which included some slaves and servants - left Delhi for Dipalpur on horses one afternoon. Tughluq sent his officer Muhammad Sartiah to take control of the [[Sirsa]] fort on the Delhi-Dipalpur route to secure a safe passageway for his son. When Khusrau Khan came to know about the conspiracy, he dispatched his minister of war Shaista Khan in pursuit of Fakhruddin, but Shaista Khan could not catch the rebels.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=451}} | Tughluq's son [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Fakhruddin Jauna]] (who later ascended the throne as Muhammad bin Tughluq), who was a high-ranked officer in Delhi, took the initiative to dethrone Khusrau Khan. He convened a secret meeting of his friends in Delhi, and then sent his messenger Ali Yaghdi to Dipalpur, asking his father for assistance in the matter.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=450}} In response, Tughluq asked him to come to Dipalpur with the son of the [[Uchch]] governor Bahram Aiba, who was also opposed to Khusrau Khan. Accordingly, Fakhruddin and his companions - which included some slaves and servants - left Delhi for Dipalpur on horses one afternoon. Tughluq sent his officer Muhammad Sartiah to take control of the [[Sirsa]] fort on the Delhi-Dipalpur route to secure a safe passageway for his son. When Khusrau Khan came to know about the conspiracy, he dispatched his minister of war Shaista Khan in pursuit of Fakhruddin, but Shaista Khan could not catch the rebels.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=451}} | ||
At Dipalpur, Tughluq and his son discussed the situation, and decided to put up a fight against Khusrau Khan.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=451}} Tughluq declared that he wanted to dethrone Khusrau Khan for "the glory of Islam", because he was loyal to Alauddin's family, and because he wanted to punish the criminals in | At Dipalpur, Tughluq and his son discussed the situation, and decided to put up a fight against Khusrau Khan.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=451}} Tughluq declared that he wanted to dethrone Khusrau Khan for "the glory of Islam", because he was loyal to Alauddin's family, and because he wanted to punish the criminals in Delhi.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=452}} | ||
Tughluq sent identical letters to five neighbouring governors, seeking their support:{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=451}} | Tughluq sent identical letters to five neighbouring governors, seeking their support:{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=451}} | ||
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He also started construction of [[Tughlaqabad Fort]].<ref name="sen2"/> | He also started construction of [[Tughlaqabad Fort]].<ref name="sen2"/> | ||
During his reign, Tughlaq built a stable administration dominated by | During his reign, Tughlaq built a stable administration dominated by Multanis, which reflects his native power base of Dipalpur and Punjab, and the means that he used to take power.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anthony Welch and Howard Cane |title=The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate|journal=Muqarnas|publisher=Muqarnas, vol. 1 |year=1983 |volume=1|page=124|jstor=1523075}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's tomb in Delhi]] | [[File:Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's tomb in Delhi]] | ||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
In 1324, Tughluq turned his attention towards Bengal, currently in the midst of a civil war. After victory, he placed Nasiruddon on the throne of West Bengal as a vassal state, and East Bengal was annexed. At Afghanpur in February 1325, the wooden pavilion used for his reception collapsed, killing him and his second son Prince Mahmud Khan. [[Ibn Battuta]] claimed it was a conspiracy, hatched by his [[vizier]], Jauna Khan.<ref name="sen2"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Battutah|first1=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah|date=2002|publisher=Picador|location=London|isbn=9780330418799|pages=165–166}}</ref> | In 1324, Tughluq turned his attention towards Bengal, currently in the midst of a civil war. After victory, he placed Nasiruddon on the throne of West Bengal as a vassal state, and East Bengal was annexed. On his way back to Delhi, he fought with Tirhut (north [[Bihar]]). At Afghanpur in February 1325, the wooden pavilion used for his reception collapsed, killing him and his second son Prince Mahmud Khan. [[Ibn Battuta]] claimed it was a conspiracy, hatched by his [[vizier]], Jauna Khan (Khwajah Jahan).<ref name="sen2"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Battutah|first1=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah|date=2002|publisher=Picador|location=London|isbn=9780330418799|pages=165–166}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||