Abul Hasan Qutb Shah: Difference between revisions

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 {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
-{{more citations needed|date=September 2013}}
 {{Infobox monarch
 | name           = Abul Hasan Tana Shah
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 |succession=Sultan of the [[Golconda Sultanate]]}}
-'''Abul Hasan Qutb Shah''', also known as Abul Hasan '''Tana Shah''' was the eighth and last ruler of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]], sovereign of the Kingdom of [[Golconda]] in [[South India]]. Tana Shah's reign was from 1672 to 1686.
+'''Abul Hasan Qutb Shah''', also known as Abul Hasan '''Tana Shah''' was the eighth and last ruler of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]], sovereign of the Kingdom of [[Golconda]] in [[South India]]. He ruled from 1672 to 1686. The last Sultan of this Shia Islamic dynasty, Tana Shah is remembered as an inclusive ruler. Instead of appointing only Muslims as ministers, he appointed Brahmin Hindus such as [[Madanna and Akkanna]] brothers as ministers in charge of tax collection and exchequer. Towards the end of his reign, one of his Muslim generals defected to the Mughal Empire, who then complained to Aurangzeb about the rising power of the Hindus as ministers in his Golconda Sultanate. Aurangzeb sent a regiment led by his son, who beheaded Tana Shah's Hindu ministers and plundered the Sultanate. In 1687, Aurangzeb ordered an arrest of Tana Shah, who was then imprisoned at the [[Daulatabad Fort]]. He died in prison in 1699.<ref name=Kruijtzer>Gijs Kruijtzer (2002), ''Madanna, Akkanna and the Brahmin Revolution: A Study of Mentality, Group Behaviour and Personality in Seventeenth-Century India'', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 231-267, {{JSTOR|3632842}}</ref><ref>Annemarie Schimmel (1975), ''Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl'', Otto Harrassowitz, pp 143-152</ref><ref>A.H. Longhurst (1924), Memoirs of the Archaeological Society of India No. 17 Part 1, p. 24</ref>
-After the [[siege of Golconda]], he was captured and imprisoned at the [[Daulatabad Fort]], where he died in 1699.
+== Biography ==
-== Reign ==
 [[File:Govardhan II, Visit of sufi-singer Shir Muhammad to Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, ca. 1720, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.jpg|thumb|right|Visit of Sufi-singer Shir Muhammad to Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, ca. 1720, [[Bibliothèque Nationale de France]], Paris.]]
 [[File:Abd'l-Hasan Quṭb Sháh.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]]
+In his early life, he was unassociated with the royal court.<ref name=aiyangar>{{cite journal|last=Aiyangar|first=S. Krishnaswami|authorlink=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar|title=Abul Hasan Qutub Shah and his Ministers, Madanna and Akkanna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QS2AAAAIAAJ|journal=Journal of Indian History|volume=10|year=1932|publisher=University of Kerala.|pages=93–107}}</ref> He married one of the three daughters of Sultan Abdullah Qutub Shah, the second last Sultan of Golconda Sultanate. Abdullah Qutub Shah did not have a male heir. When he died, the succession choice was between the three sons-in-law. One was in prison, and the choice was between Sayyad Ahmad and Abul Hasan Qutb Shah. In a struggle for power between the two, the Muslim generals sided with Abul Hasan Qutb Shah.<ref name=aiyangar/>
-Though a paternal descendant of the ruling [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]], he had initially led a relatively humble life unassociated with the royal court.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Aiyangar|first=S. Krishnaswami|authorlink=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar|title=Abul Hasan Qutub Shah and his Ministers, Madanna and Akkanna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QS2AAAAIAAJ|journal=Journal of Indian History|volume=10|year=1932|publisher=University of Kerala.|page=93}}</ref> Although his real name was Abul Hasan, he was nicknamed 'Tana Shah' even before he became a contender to the throne of Golconda by his teacher, a [[Sufi]] saint called Syed Shah Raziuddin Multani, popularly known as Shah Raju Qattaal. Shah Raju was eighth in the lineage of the Sufi saint Syedna Khwaja Banda Nawaz [[Gesu daraz]] of [[Gulbarga]]. Abul Hassan had a good voice and sang well. He also had a certain innocence about him. Shah Raju, therefore, gave him the nickname of `Tana Shah' which means a child saint.<ref>Narendra Luther Archives-Strange life of Tana Shah</ref> He was also known as '''Tani Shah''', meaning "benevolent ruler".
+Muslim historians describe him as a distant descendant from the male side of Qutb Shahi family, but one who was lazy, prone to drinking and who for a period followed a Sufi preacher Sayyad Kathal.<ref name=aiyangar/> He has been traced as the grandson of one of Sultan Muhammad Quli's nephews.<ref>Gijs Kruijtzer (2009), Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India, Leiden University Press, p. 86</ref>
-==Personal==
-Earlier Tana Shah's father-in-law, [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]], was forced by [[Aurangzeb]] to acknowledge the suzerainty of [[Shah Jahan]]. His other daughter (that is, younger sister of Tana Shah's wife) was married to [[Aurangzeb]]'s eldest son [[Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince)|Sultan Muhammad]].{{cn|date=July 2020}}
-==Religious equality==
-He is remembered as a popular statesman who did not discriminate against those of another ethnicity or religion. He hired [[Telugu Brahmins|Brahmin]]s as his ministers and generals. For example, [[Madanna and Akkanna]], Brahmin brothers from [[Hanamakonda|Hanamkonda]], were his most important ministers. Tana Shah gained a place in Telugu literature due to [[Kancharla Gopanna]], nephew of Madanna. Kancharla Gopanna is famously known as "Ramadasu". Ramadasu lived in [[Nelakondapalli]] village in Palvancha taluk.<ref name='Tana shah donation'>{{cite web |title=Bhadrachalam temple a shining example of communal amity |url=https://telanganatoday.com/bhadrachalam-temple-a-shining-example-of-communal-amity |website=Telangana Today}}</ref> Tani Shah hired him as a ''[[tehsildar]]'' (head of a revenue department) of Palvancha taluk. Ramadasu diverted the public funds to construct a [[Rama]] temple in [[Bhadrachalam]] and for jewelry to adorn the idols of [[Lord Rama]], [[Sita]] and [[Lakshmana]]. Tana Shah found Ramadasu guilty of misappropriation of public funds and put him in jail. <br/><br/>After twelve years, Tana Shah released Ramadasu after getting [[Rama|Lord Rama]] in his dream and found Rammudras (golden coins with Lord Rama's image on it) beside him. Thereafter Tana Shah established a tradition to send pearls to the Badrachalam temple on every [[Rama Navami]] festival and was continued by his successors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhadrachalarama.Org - The e-Abode of Bhadrachala Sree Seetha Ramachandra Swamy |url=http://www.bhadrachalarama.org/templehistory.html |website=www.bhadrachalarama.org}}</ref> The same tradition was continued by the next rulers [[Nizam]]s and then by the Government of the [[State of Telangana]].
-== Siege of Golconda ==
-{{Further|Siege of Golconda}}
-About the year 1683, Abul Hasan Qutb Shah appears to have become irregular in payment of taxes to the [[Mughals]] and his relations with [[Sikandar Adil Shah]] also caused concern among the Mughals. Abul Hasan Qutb Shah consequently refused to be a vassal of the [[Mughal Empire]] and prompted [[Aurangzeb]] to initiate a campaign to assert the rule of the [[Mughals]] on [[Golconda]].<br/>Aurangzeb attacked Golconda with his commanders, [[Nawab Khwaja Abid Siddiqi|Khwaja Abid Siddiqi (Qilich Khan)]] and Nawab [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I]], who were father and grandfather of the (1st Nizam - [[Asaf Jah I]]). Tana Shah defended the fort for eight months, but Aurangzeb succeeded in capturing Golconda at the end in September 1687.<br/><br/>Abul Hasan Qutb Shah surrendered and handed over the [[Nur-Ul-Ain Diamond]], the [[Hope Diamond]], the [[Wittelsbach Diamond]] and [[the Regent Diamond]], making the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] the richest monarch in the world.{{cn|date=July 2020}}
-== Imprisonment and death ==
-Tana Shan was taken as a prisoner and was imprisoned in the [[Daulatabad Fort]] (near [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]), where he would die after twelve years of captivity. When the Sultan died, he was not buried alongside his ancestors and other Qutub Shahi Kings but in a modest grave at [[Khuldabad]] near [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]].
-Shah Raju Qattal Hussaini Sent A Pomegranate For Abul Hassan Qutub Shah but Tanashah Only Ate 14 Pieces So Shah Raju Qattal Hussaini Claimed That Tanashah Will Rule For 14 Years. And Tanashah Only Ruled For 14 Years
+He came to be known as "Tānā Shah", ''lit.'' "King of Taste", because of his "love of the Arts and pleasure".<ref>Stuart C. Welch Jr. (1963), ''Mughal and Deccani Miniature Paintings from a Private Collection'', Ars Orientalis, Vol. 5, p. 221 context: pp. 221-233, {{JSTOR|4629190}}</ref><ref>M Zebrowski (1983), Deccani Painting, {{ISBN|9780520048782}}, London, pp. 189–198, Chapter 10</ref>
-With the defeat of Abul Hasan Qutub Shah, the [[Qutb Shahi]] dynasty ended and a new [[Nizam]] dynasty began in Hyderabad under the control of the Mughal Dynasty.
+==Administration==
+The early Qutb Shahi sultans prohibited Hindus from observing their religious festivals, states [[Annemarie Schimmel]] – a scholar of Islamic studies. During the reign of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1611), who was a more tolerant ruler, the Hindus were allowed to observe their religious festivals like [[Diwali]] and [[Holi]] in open.<ref>Annemarie Schimmel, ''Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl'', (Otto Harrassowitz, 1975), 143; Quote: "[Muhammad Quli ... was an enlightened and tolerant ruler...] Hindus enjoyed good positions at court and were again allowed to celebrate some of their religious festivals, such as Holi and Diwali, prohibited by the previous Muslim kings" – Annemarie Schimmel</ref> This policy was extended by Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, who appointed Brahmin Hindus such as [[Madanna and Akkanna]] brothers as ministers in charge of tax collection and exchequer. The two brothers introduced many reforms and became very powerful. However, this led to significant factionalism between the Muslim elites and the rising power of the Brahmin Hindus. The Muslim faction reached out to Aurangzeb, who sent a regiment led by his son to attack Golconda. They beheaded Madanna and Akkanna, along with plundering the property and killing many more Hindus in administrative positions of the Qutb Shahi dynasty. Shortly thereafter, Abul Hasan Qutb Shah was jailed by Aurangzeb. With his death in prison, the Qutb Shahi dynasty came to an end.<ref name=Kruijtzer/><ref name=aiyangar/>
-After the fall of Golconda on 22 September 1687, it became a part of the six Mughal provinces in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Mahabat Khan, who was initially the commander of the Qutb Shahi army and had switched loyalty to the Mughals, was appointed the governor of Golconda, laying the foundations for the [[Hyderabad State]] under the [[Nizams]] by Aurangzeb.
+== Imprisonment, death and burial ==
+Under the orders of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Tana Shan was arrested and imprisoned in the [[Daulatabad Fort]] (near [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]). He died there after twelve years of captivity. When the Sultan died, he was not buried alongside his ancestors and other Qutub Shahi Kings but in a modest grave at [[Khuldabad]] near [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]. With the death of Abul Hasan Qutub Shah, the [[Qutb Shahi]] dynasty ended and the region came under the control of the Mughal Dynasty. It became a part of the six Mughal provinces in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Mahabat Khan, who was initially the commander of the Qutb Shahi army and had switched loyalty to the Mughals, was appointed the governor of Golconda, laying the foundations for the [[Hyderabad State]] under the [[Nizams]] by Aurangzeb.{{cn|date=September 2021}}
 ==Family==