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| country = IND | | country = IND | ||
| name = Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road | | name = Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road | ||
| type = | | type = | ||
| route = | | route = | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road''' or '''Zanskar Highway'''{{sfnp|Demenge, The Political Ecology of Road Construction|2011|loc=p. 80, note 59}} is a road under construction between the Indian union territory of [[Ladakh]] and the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], passing through the region of [[Zanskar]]. It connects [[Nimmu]] in the [[Indus River|Indus Valley]] to [[Padum]], the capital of Zanskar, to [[Darcha]] | '''Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road''' or '''Zanskar Highway'''{{sfnp|Demenge, The Political Ecology of Road Construction|2011|loc=p. 80, note 59}} is a road under construction between the Indian union territory of [[Ladakh]] and the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], passing through the region of [[Zanskar]]. It connects [[Nimmu]] in the [[Indus River|Indus Valley]] to [[Padum]], the capital of Zanskar, to [[Darcha]] village in [[Lahul and Spiti]].{{sfnp|Demenge, The Political Ecology of Road Construction|2011|p=26}} | ||
It provides an alternative to the [[Leh–Manali Highway]] in linking Ladakh with the rest of India.<ref name="India Today"/> It is being built by the [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO) of the Indian army. Construction of road is expected to be completed by late | It provides an alternative to the [[Leh–Manali Highway]] in linking Ladakh with the rest of India.<ref name="India Today"/> It is being built by the [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO) of the Indian army. Construction of road is expected to be completed by late 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=High road at Chilling: India builds Himalayan bridges and highways to match China |first=Devjyot |last=Ghoshal |date=29 September 2020 |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china-road-idUSKBN26K1F7}}</ref> Already completed [[Atal tunnel]] and the under-construction [[Shingo La#Shingo La Tunnel|Shingo La Tunnel]] which will be completed by 2025 will provide all weather connectivity.<ref name=comp1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/defence-ministry-clears-the-bro-tunnel-under-shinkun-la-in-ladakh-101621414374031.html Defence ministry clears the BRO tunnel under Shinkun La in Ladakh], [[Hindustan Times]], 19 May 2021.</ref> | ||
It is estimated that travel on this road will only take 10-12 hours to reach Leh from Manali, as opposed to the [[Leh-Manali highway]] taking almost [[Leh-Manali Highway#Travel time|14-16 hours]] under good weather condition. The road is strategic for the [[Indian Army]] as it is set back the international border and can facilitate safe troop movements.<ref name="India Today"> | It is estimated that travel on this road will only take 10-12 hours to reach Leh from Manali, as opposed to the [[Leh-Manali highway]] taking almost [[Leh-Manali Highway#Travel time|14-16 hours]] under good weather condition. The road is strategic for the [[Indian Army]] as it is set back the international border and can facilitate safe troop movements.<ref name="India Today"> | ||
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[[File:Chadar trek image 2.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Frozen Zanskar River (called "Chadar") was used for travelling between Padum and Leh]] | [[File:Chadar trek image 2.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Frozen Zanskar River (called "Chadar") was used for travelling between Padum and Leh]] | ||
The regions of Lahul (''Lha yul'') and Spiti (''sPi ti'') were earlier part of Ladakh.<ref> | The regions of Lahul (''Lha yul'') and Spiti (''sPi ti'') were earlier part of Ladakh.<ref> | ||
{{citation |last1=Powers |first1=John |last2=Templeman |first2=David |title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&pg=PA749 |year=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7984-3 | | {{citation |last1=Powers |first1=John |last2=Templeman |first2=David |title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&pg=PA749 |year=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7984-3 |page=387}}: "In the past, ''La dwags'' [Ladakh] sometimes included ''sBal ti yul'' (Baltistan); ''Zangs dkar'' [Zanskar]; Lahaul; Spiti; the Aksai Chin (Hin. ''Aksä'i cina''; Ch. ''Akesai Qin''); and ''mNga' ris'' [Ngari]." | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
They were attached to [[Zanskar]].<ref> | They were attached to [[Zanskar]].<ref> | ||
{{citation |last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret W. |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |date=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/mode/2up |via=archive.org | | {{citation |last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret W. |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |date=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/mode/2up |via=archive.org |pages=18–19}}: "The Ladakhi chronicles state that the eldest son [of King Nyimagon], ''Pal-gyi-gön'' [Lhachen Palgyigon], received Ladakh and the Rudok area; the second son, ''Tra-shi-gön'' [Trashigon], Guge and Purang; while the third son, ''De-tsuk-gön'' [Detsukgon], was given Zanskar, Spiti and Lahul." | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
By 1847, when the [[British Raj]] arrived, they got separated from Ladakh and came under the control of [[Punjab|British Punjab]]. Thus the connections between Zanskar and Lahul and Spiti were partly severed.<ref> | By 1847, when the [[British Raj]] arrived, they got separated from Ladakh and came under the control of [[Punjab|British Punjab]]. Thus the connections between Zanskar and Lahul and Spiti were partly severed.<ref> | ||
{{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=archive.org | | {{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=archive.org |page=18}}: "Ladak is divided politically between Maharaja Gulab Sing and the East-India Company. To the former belong all the northern districts, to the latter only the two southern districts of Lahul and Spiti." | ||
</ref>{{efn|Lahul was separated from Ladakh at the end of the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]] (1679–1684) and Upper [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]] was annexed to [[Bashahr]]. Spiti was annexed to British India after the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]] through a poorly documented transaction.}} | </ref>{{efn|Lahul was separated from Ladakh at the end of the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]] (1679–1684) and Upper [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]] was annexed to [[Bashahr]]. Spiti was annexed to British India after the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]] through a poorly documented transaction.}} | ||
Nevertheless, Lahaulis fought for the defence of Ladakh and Zanskar during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]. [[Prithi Chand (Indian Army officer)|Major Prithi Chand]] trekked over the [[Zoji La]] pass in winter to arrive in Leh before the [[Gilgit Scouts|raiders from Gilgit]].<ref> | Nevertheless, Lahaulis fought for the defence of Ladakh and Zanskar during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]. [[Prithi Chand (Indian Army officer)|Major Prithi Chand]] trekked over the [[Zoji La]] pass in winter to arrive in Leh before the [[Gilgit Scouts|raiders from Gilgit]].<ref> | ||
{{cite journal |last1=Gutschow |first1=Kim |title=The Politics of Being Buddhist in Zangskar: Partition and Today |journal=India Review |volume=5 |issue= | {{cite journal |last1=Gutschow |first1=Kim |title=The Politics of Being Buddhist in Zangskar: Partition and Today |journal=India Review |volume=5 |issue=3–4 |year=2006 |pages=470–498 |issn=1473-6489 |doi=10.1080/14736480600939306 |s2cid=42308945 |ref={{sfnref|Gutshow, The Politics of Being Buddhist in Zangskar|2006}}}} | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
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==Route== | ==Route== | ||
[[File:Jankar Nala Ramjak Grass Oct20 D72 18148.jpg|thumb|right| | [[File:Jankar Nala Ramjak Grass Oct20 D72 18148.jpg|thumb|right|Road under construction on right bank of Jankar Nala near Ramjak, Oct 2020]] | ||
[[File:Jankar Nala Sumdo Downstream Oct20 D72 18183.jpg|right|thumb| | [[File:Jankar Nala Sumdo Downstream Oct20 D72 18183.jpg|right|thumb|New road from Zanskar Sumdo to Darcha, Oct 2020]] | ||
=== Nimmu terminus to Padum === | === Nimmu terminus to Padum === | ||
Total distance from Nimmo to Padum is 155 km on the proposed | Total distance from Nimmo to Padum is 155 km on the proposed alignment, only 30 km remains to be commissioned. This section covers following towns/villages: | ||
* [[Nimo, Ladakh|Nimo]] | * [[Nimo, Ladakh|Nimo]] | ||
* [[Chiling_Sumda|Chiling]] | * [[Chiling_Sumda|Chiling]] | ||
* Nerak | * Nerak | ||
* [[Zangla]] | * [[Zangla]] | ||
* [[Padum]]<ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/connecting-ladakh-india-growing-road-network-to-link-borders-with-the-mainland-1713978-2020-08-22</ref> | * [[Padum]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/connecting-ladakh-india-growing-road-network-to-link-borders-with-the-mainland-1713978-2020-08-22 | title=Connecting Ladakh: India's growing road network to link borders with the mainland }}</ref> | ||
=== Padum to Darcha terminus === | === Padum to Darcha terminus === | ||
From Padum, the road climbs up to the [[Shingo La|Shingo La pass]] at {{Convert|5,091|m|ft|abbr=on}}. | From Padum, the road climbs up to the [[Shingo La|Shingo La pass]] at {{Convert|5,091|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The newly-surfaced road (as of Oct '21) continues from the Shingo La pass down to the Darcha terminus. The road descends on the right bank of the Jankar Nala through Ramjak to Zanskar Sumdo, which has a helipad. The Jankar Nala enters a short gorge about {{Convert|100|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep. On the sides of the gorge is a Buddhist shrine to the deity [[Palden Lhamo]]. The road crosses the gorge and runs along the left bank via Chikka and Rarik to meet the [[Leh-Manali Highway]] about 2 km before Darcha. This segment covers a distance of approximately {{Convert|142|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref> | ||
{{Cite web |title=Padum–Darcha route |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=graphhopper_foot&route=33.469%2C76.878%3B32.681%2C77.188#map=9/33.0766/77.0650&layers=C |url-status=live |access-date=17 November 2020 |website=OpenStreetMap.org |type=Note: Distance by foot used as OSM currently does not show a route by car. | {{Cite web |title=Padum–Darcha route |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=graphhopper_foot&route=33.469%2C76.878%3B32.681%2C77.188#map=9/33.0766/77.0650&layers=C |url-status=live |access-date=17 November 2020 |website=OpenStreetMap.org |type=Note: Distance by foot used as OSM currently does not show a route by car. The road mostly follows the trekking trail. The actual distance may differ marginally.}} | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
<gallery mode="nolines" heights="100px"> | <gallery mode="nolines" heights="100px"> | ||
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==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
* {{citation |first=Jonathan |last=Demenge |title=The Political Ecology of Road Construction in Ladakh |publisher=University of Sussex |year=2011 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/8768446.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Demenge, The Political Ecology of Road Construction|2011}}}} | * {{citation |first=Jonathan |last=Demenge |title=The Political Ecology of Road Construction in Ladakh |publisher=University of Sussex |year=2011 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/8768446.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Demenge, The Political Ecology of Road Construction|2011}}}} | ||
* {{citation |first=Jonathan |last=Demenge |title=The Road to Lingshed: Manufactured Isolation and Experienced Mobility in Ladakh |journal=Himalaya: | * {{citation |first=Jonathan |last=Demenge |title=The Road to Lingshed: Manufactured Isolation and Experienced Mobility in Ladakh |journal=Himalaya: The Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies |volume=32 |number=1 |pages=51–60 |year=2013 |url=https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1825&context=himalaya |ref={{sfnref|Demenge, The Road to Lingshed|2013}}}} | ||