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After being educated at [[Rugby School|Rugby]] and [[East India Company College|the East India Company College at Haileybury]], Temple joined the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] Civil Service in 1846. His hard work and literary skill were soon recognised; he was private secretary for some years to [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]] in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], and gained useful financial experience under James Wilson. He served as [[Chief Commissioner]] for the [[Central Provinces]] until 1867, when he was appointed Resident at [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. In 1867 he was made Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI). In 1868 he became a member of the supreme government of India, first as foreign secretary and then as finance minister.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} | After being educated at [[Rugby School|Rugby]] and [[East India Company College|the East India Company College at Haileybury]], Temple joined the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] Civil Service in 1846. His hard work and literary skill were soon recognised; he was private secretary for some years to [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]] in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], and gained useful financial experience under James Wilson. He served as [[Chief Commissioner]] for the [[Central Provinces]] until 1867, when he was appointed Resident at [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. In 1867 he was made Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI). In 1868 he became a member of the supreme government of India, first as foreign secretary and then as finance minister.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} | ||
He was made lieutenant-governor of [[Bengal Presidency]] in 1874, and | He was made lieutenant-governor of [[Bengal Presidency]] in 1874, and prevented large scale deaths during the [[Bihar famine of 1873–74|famine of 1874]], importing half a million tons of rice from [[British rule in Burma|British Burma]] to bring substantial relief to the victims of the famine. This was one of the very few times the British authorities provided adequate famine relief.<ref>Hall-Matthews, David (2008), "Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India", Modern Asian Studies, 42 (1): 1–24, doi:10.1017/S0026749X07002892</ref> The [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]], dogmatically committed to a ''[[laissez-faire]]'' economic policy, castigated Temple for interfering in the workings of the market. He was then appointed by the Viceroy of India as a plenipotentiary famine delegate to Madras during the famine of 1877 there. Seeing this appointment as an opportunity to "retrieve his reputation for extravagance in the last famine," Temple implemented new relief policies which ultimately failed to relieve widespread starvation.<ref name=Davis>{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Mike |title=Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World |url=https://archive.org/details/latevictorianhol00davi_311 |url-access=limited |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-85984-382-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/latevictorianhol00davi_311/page/n17 36]–37}}</ref> In 1877, a poor crop harvest in Britain raised prices of grain, while India exported twice as much wheat than the previous year. In addition to the colonial government's refusal to suspend taxation, this led to severe food shortages, particularly in areas supplied by railroads and granaries. Implementing what was known as the "Temple wage", which was not scientifically-derived, Temple tried to determine the minimum amount of food required by "men doing heavy labor" per day. In [[labour camp]]s established for construction of railroads and canals, the diets of workers were just one pound of rice a day (unsupplemented by meat or vegetables) providing 1,627 calories a day- 2,200 calories less than recommended for Indian males doing heavy labour in the 21st century.<ref>[[Eugene Linden (author)|Eugene Linden]]: [https://www.theglobalist.com/the-global-famine-of-1877-and-1899/, 6 Sep 2006.</ref> | ||
His services were recognised with a [[baronet]]cy in 1876.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=24354 |date=15 August 1876 |page=4532}}</ref> In 1877 he was made [[List of governors of Bombay|Governor]] of [[Bombay Presidency]], and his activity during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|Afghan War]] of 1878–80 was untiring.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} | His services were recognised with a [[baronet]]cy in 1876.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=24354 |date=15 August 1876 |page=4532}}</ref> In 1877 he was made [[List of governors of Bombay|Governor]] of [[Bombay Presidency]], and his activity during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|Afghan War]] of 1878–80 was untiring.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} | ||
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Five years later, in 1885, Temple was returned as a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] for the [[Evesham (UK Parliament constituency)|Evesham division]] of Worcestershire. Meanwhile, he produced several books on Indian subjects. In parliament, he was assiduous in his attendance, and he spoke on Indian subjects with admitted authority. He was not otherwise a parliamentary success, and to the public, he was best known from caricatures in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'', which exaggerated his physical peculiarities and made him look like a lean and hungry tiger. In 1885 he became vice-chairman of the [[London School Board]], and as chairman of its finance committee, he did useful and congenial work. In 1892 he changed his constituency for the [[Kingston-upon-Thames (UK Parliament constituency)|Kingston]] division, but in 1895 he retired from parliament. In 1896 he was appointed a [[Privy Councillor]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} | Five years later, in 1885, Temple was returned as a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] for the [[Evesham (UK Parliament constituency)|Evesham division]] of Worcestershire. Meanwhile, he produced several books on Indian subjects. In parliament, he was assiduous in his attendance, and he spoke on Indian subjects with admitted authority. He was not otherwise a parliamentary success, and to the public, he was best known from caricatures in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'', which exaggerated his physical peculiarities and made him look like a lean and hungry tiger. In 1885 he became vice-chairman of the [[London School Board]], and as chairman of its finance committee, he did useful and congenial work. In 1892 he changed his constituency for the [[Kingston-upon-Thames (UK Parliament constituency)|Kingston]] division, but in 1895 he retired from parliament. In 1896 he was appointed a [[Privy Councillor]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} | ||
Temple had kept a careful journal of his parliamentary experiences, intended for posthumous publication; and he self-published a short volume of reminiscences. He died at his residence at [[Hampstead]] on 15 March 1902, from heart failure.<ref name=TTObituary>{{Cite newspaper The Times | | Temple had kept a careful journal of his parliamentary experiences, intended for posthumous publication; and he self-published a short volume of reminiscences. He died at his residence at [[Hampstead]] on 15 March 1902, from heart failure.<ref name=TTObituary>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Death of Sir Richard Temple |date=18 March 1902 |page=4 |issue=36718}}</ref> | ||
==Publications== | ==Publications== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{wikisource|author:Richard Temple|Richard Temple}} | |||
{{Commons category|Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet}} | {{Commons category|Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet}} | ||
{{Wikiquote}} | {{Wikiquote}} | ||