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Sial tribe: Difference between revisions
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The '''Sial tribe''' (also written as '''Siyal''', '''Syal''', '''Sayal, Seyal''') is a tribe in the [[Punjab region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. | The '''Sial tribe''' (also written as '''Siyal''', '''Syal''', '''Sayal, Seyal''') is a tribe in the [[Punjab region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].also siyal found in odisha. | ||
== Ethnographic classification == | ==Ethnographic classification== | ||
[[Denzil Ibbetson]], an administrator of the [[British Raj]], classified the Sials as a tribe rather than as a [[Caste in India|caste]]. He believed, like [[John Nesfield]], that the society of the [[Northwest Frontier Province]]s and [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] in [[British India]] did not permit the rigid imposition of an administratively-defined caste construct as his colleague, [[H. H. Risley]] preferred. According to Ibbetson, society in Punjab was less governed by [[Brahmanical]] ideas of caste, based on [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], and instead was more open and fluid. Tribes, which he considered to be kin-based groups that dominated small areas, were the dominant feature of rural life. Caste designators, such as [[Jat]] and [[Rajput]], were status-based titles to which any tribe that rose to social prominence could lay a claim, and which could be dismissed by their peers if they declined. [[Susan Bayly]], a modern [[anthropologist]], considers him to have had "a high degree of accuracy in his observations of Punjab society ... [I]n his writings we really do see the beginnings of modern, regionally based Indian anthroplogy."<ref>{{cite book |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |first=Susan |last=Bayly |author-link=Susan Bayly |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521798426 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA139 |pages=139–141}}</ref> | [[Denzil Ibbetson]], an administrator of the [[British Raj]], classified the Sials as a tribe rather than as a [[Caste in India|caste]]. He believed, like [[John Nesfield]], that the society of the [[Northwest Frontier Province]]s and [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] in [[British India]] did not permit the rigid imposition of an administratively-defined caste construct as his colleague, [[H. H. Risley]] preferred. According to Ibbetson, society in Punjab was less governed by [[Brahmanical]] ideas of caste, based on [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], and instead was more open and fluid. Tribes, which he considered to be kin-based groups that dominated small areas, were the dominant feature of rural life. Caste designators, such as [[Jat]] and [[Rajput]], were status-based titles to which any tribe that rose to social prominence could lay a claim, and which could be dismissed by their peers if they declined. [[Susan Bayly]], a modern [[anthropologist]], considers him to have had "a high degree of accuracy in his observations of Punjab society ... [I]n his writings we really do see the beginnings of modern, regionally based Indian anthroplogy."<ref>{{cite book |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |first=Susan |last=Bayly |author-link=Susan Bayly |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521798426 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA139 |pages=139–141}}</ref> | ||
Following the introduction of the [[Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900|Punjab Land Alienation Act]] in 1900, the authorities of the Raj classified the Sials who inhabited the Punjab as an "agricultural tribe", a term that was administratively synonymous with the "[[martial race]]" classification that was used for the purposes of determining the suitability of a person as a recruit to the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab |first=Rajit K. |last=Mazumder |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2003 |isbn=9788178240596 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA105 |pages=104–105}}</ref> | Following the introduction of the [[Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900|Punjab Land Alienation Act]] in 1900, the authorities of the Raj classified the Sials who inhabited the Punjab as an "agricultural tribe", a term that was administratively synonymous with the "[[martial race]]" classification that was used for the purposes of determining the suitability of a person as a recruit to the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab |first=Rajit K. |last=Mazumder |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2003 |isbn=9788178240596 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA105 |pages=104–105}}</ref> | ||
== History == | ==History== | ||
During the fifteenth- and sixteenth centuries, during the period of the [[Mughal empire]], the Sial and [[Kharal]] tribes were dominant in parts of the lower [[Bari Doab|Bari]] and [[Rechna Doab|Rachna]] [[doab]]s of Punjab. The 1809 [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1809|Treaty of Amritsar]], agreed between [[Ranjit Singh]], the [[Sikh]] leader, and the British, gave him a ''carte blanche'' to consolidate territorial gains north of the [[Sutlej river]] at the expense both of other Sikh chiefs and their peers among the other dominant communities. In 1816, the Sial chief of [[Jhang]], in Rachna doab, was ousted, having previously been forced to pay [[tribute]] to Singh for several years.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |first=J. S. |last=Grewal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780521637640 |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/4 4], 102–10 248}}</ref> The Sials in Jhang, as in many other areas of the Punjab, had once been nomadic pastoralists. They did not necessary cultivate all of the land that they controlled and it was the actions of the [[Sikh empire]] and, later, the land reforms of the Raj administration that caused them to turn to cultivation.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Changes in Status and Occupation in Nineteenth Century Panjab |first=P. H. M. |last=van den Dungen |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |editor-first=Donald Anthony |editor-last=Low |publisher=University of California Press |year=1968 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA72 |pages=72–74}}</ref> | During the fifteenth- and sixteenth centuries, during the period of the [[Mughal empire]], the Sial and [[Kharal]] tribes were dominant in parts of the lower [[Bari Doab|Bari]] and [[Rechna Doab|Rachna]] [[doab]]s of Punjab. The 1809 [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1809|Treaty of Amritsar]], agreed between [[Ranjit Singh]], the [[Sikh]] leader, and the British, gave him a ''carte blanche'' to consolidate territorial gains north of the [[Sutlej river]] at the expense both of other Sikh chiefs and their peers among the other dominant communities. In 1816, the Sial chief of [[Jhang]], in Rachna doab, was ousted, having previously been forced to pay [[tribute]] to Singh for several years.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |first=J. S. |last=Grewal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780521637640 |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/4 4], 102–10 248}}</ref> The Sials in Jhang, as in many other areas of the Punjab, had once been nomadic pastoralists. They did not necessary cultivate all of the land that they controlled and it was the actions of the [[Sikh empire]] and, later, the land reforms of the Raj administration that caused them to turn to cultivation.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Changes in Status and Occupation in Nineteenth Century Panjab |first=P. H. M. |last=van den Dungen |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |editor-first=Donald Anthony |editor-last=Low |publisher=University of California Press |year=1968 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA72 |pages=72–74}}</ref> | ||
== Popular culture == | ==Popular culture== | ||
The ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'' and ''[[Mirza Sahiban]]'', [[epic poetry|epic poem]]s of [[Punjabi literature]] are pieces of fictional writing which refer to the Sials, who were the dominant tribe at the time. The two heroines, Heer is depicted as young and independent-minded daughter of a Sial chieftain in revolt against traditional tribal conservatism.<ref>{{cite book |first=Shafqat Tanvir |last=Mirza |title=Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature |location=Lahore |publisher=Vanguard Books |year=1991 |pages=9–17}}</ref> Heer is portrayed as a Sial [[Jat]] while Sahiban is also from a [[Jat people|Jat]] family.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Indian Narrative: Perspectives and Patterns |editor1-first=Christopher |editor1-last=Shackle |editor1-link=Christopher Shackle |editor2-first=Rupert |editor2-last=Snell |first=Christopher |last=Shackle |author-link=Christopher Shackle |chapter=Transition and Transformation in Varis Shah's ''Hir'' |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=1992 |isbn=978-3-44703-241-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWdiazZQA8cC&pg=PA243 |page=243}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIrXAAAAMAAJ |title=Chritro pakhyaan: tales of male-female tricky deceptions from Sri Dasam Granth, Volume 1 |editor1-first=Pritpal |editor1-last= Bhindra |editor2-first=Chattar |editor2-last= Singh|page=199 |quote= You go to the domain of humanity and take birth into the family of Sial Jat |isbn=978-8-17601-484-7 |first=Pritpal |last= Bhindra|year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nV71AwAAQBAJ&q=heer%20jat&pg=PA130 |title=Re-Thinking Punjab: The Construction of Siraiki Identity |page=130 |publisher= Lahore : Research and Publication Centres |isbn=978-9-69862-309-8 |first=Hussain A |last= Khan|year=2004}}</ref> | The ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'' and ''[[Mirza Sahiban]]'', [[epic poetry|epic poem]]s of [[Punjabi literature]] are pieces of fictional writing which refer to the Sials, who were the dominant tribe at the time. The two heroines, Heer is depicted as young and independent-minded daughter of a Sial chieftain in revolt against traditional tribal conservatism.<ref>{{cite book |first=Shafqat Tanvir |last=Mirza |title=Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature |location=Lahore |publisher=Vanguard Books |year=1991 |pages=9–17}}</ref> Heer is portrayed as a Sial [[Jat]] while Sahiban is also from a [[Jat people|Jat]] family.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Indian Narrative: Perspectives and Patterns |editor1-first=Christopher |editor1-last=Shackle |editor1-link=Christopher Shackle |editor2-first=Rupert |editor2-last=Snell |first=Christopher |last=Shackle |author-link=Christopher Shackle |chapter=Transition and Transformation in Varis Shah's ''Hir'' |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=1992 |isbn=978-3-44703-241-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWdiazZQA8cC&pg=PA243 |page=243}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIrXAAAAMAAJ |title=Chritro pakhyaan: tales of male-female tricky deceptions from Sri Dasam Granth, Volume 1 |editor1-first=Pritpal |editor1-last= Bhindra |editor2-first=Chattar |editor2-last= Singh|page=199 |quote= You go to the domain of humanity and take birth into the family of Sial Jat |isbn=978-8-17601-484-7 |first=Pritpal |last= Bhindra|year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nV71AwAAQBAJ&q=heer%20jat&pg=PA130 |title=Re-Thinking Punjab: The Construction of Siraiki Identity |page=130 |publisher= Lahore : Research and Publication Centres |isbn=978-9-69862-309-8 |first=Hussain A |last= Khan|year=2004}}</ref> | ||
== References == | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
Latest revision as of 19:47, 18 August 2024
The Sial tribe (also written as Siyal, Syal, Sayal, Seyal) is a tribe in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent.also siyal found in odisha.
Ethnographic classification[edit]
Denzil Ibbetson, an administrator of the British Raj, classified the Sials as a tribe rather than as a caste. He believed, like John Nesfield, that the society of the Northwest Frontier Provinces and Punjab in British India did not permit the rigid imposition of an administratively-defined caste construct as his colleague, H. H. Risley preferred. According to Ibbetson, society in Punjab was less governed by Brahmanical ideas of caste, based on varna, and instead was more open and fluid. Tribes, which he considered to be kin-based groups that dominated small areas, were the dominant feature of rural life. Caste designators, such as Jat and Rajput, were status-based titles to which any tribe that rose to social prominence could lay a claim, and which could be dismissed by their peers if they declined. Susan Bayly, a modern anthropologist, considers him to have had "a high degree of accuracy in his observations of Punjab society ... [I]n his writings we really do see the beginnings of modern, regionally based Indian anthroplogy."[1]
Following the introduction of the Punjab Land Alienation Act in 1900, the authorities of the Raj classified the Sials who inhabited the Punjab as an "agricultural tribe", a term that was administratively synonymous with the "martial race" classification that was used for the purposes of determining the suitability of a person as a recruit to the British Indian Army.[2]
History[edit]
During the fifteenth- and sixteenth centuries, during the period of the Mughal empire, the Sial and Kharal tribes were dominant in parts of the lower Bari and Rachna doabs of Punjab. The 1809 Treaty of Amritsar, agreed between Ranjit Singh, the Sikh leader, and the British, gave him a carte blanche to consolidate territorial gains north of the Sutlej river at the expense both of other Sikh chiefs and their peers among the other dominant communities. In 1816, the Sial chief of Jhang, in Rachna doab, was ousted, having previously been forced to pay tribute to Singh for several years.[3] The Sials in Jhang, as in many other areas of the Punjab, had once been nomadic pastoralists. They did not necessary cultivate all of the land that they controlled and it was the actions of the Sikh empire and, later, the land reforms of the Raj administration that caused them to turn to cultivation.[4]
Popular culture[edit]
The Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiban, epic poems of Punjabi literature are pieces of fictional writing which refer to the Sials, who were the dominant tribe at the time. The two heroines, Heer is depicted as young and independent-minded daughter of a Sial chieftain in revolt against traditional tribal conservatism.[5] Heer is portrayed as a Sial Jat while Sahiban is also from a Jat family.[6][7][8]
References[edit]
- ↑ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780521798426.
- ↑ Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003). The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. pp. 104–105. ISBN 9788178240596.
- ↑ Grewal, J. S. (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4, 102–10 248. ISBN 9780521637640.
- ↑ van den Dungen, P. H. M. (1968). "Changes in Status and Occupation in Nineteenth Century Panjab". In Low, Donald Anthony (ed.). Soundings in Modern South Asian History. University of California Press. pp. 72–74.
- ↑ Mirza, Shafqat Tanvir (1991). Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature. Lahore: Vanguard Books. pp. 9–17.
- ↑ Shackle, Christopher (1992). "Transition and Transformation in Varis Shah's Hir". In Shackle, Christopher; Snell, Rupert (eds.). The Indian Narrative: Perspectives and Patterns. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 243. ISBN 978-3-44703-241-4.
- ↑ Bhindra, Pritpal (2002). Bhindra, Pritpal; Singh, Chattar (eds.). Chritro pakhyaan: tales of male-female tricky deceptions from Sri Dasam Granth, Volume 1. p. 199. ISBN 978-8-17601-484-7.
You go to the domain of humanity and take birth into the family of Sial Jat
- ↑ Khan, Hussain A (2004). Re-Thinking Punjab: The Construction of Siraiki Identity. Lahore : Research and Publication Centres. p. 130. ISBN 978-9-69862-309-8.