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{{Short description|Mauritians who trace their ethnic ancestry from India | {{Short description|Mauritians who trace their ethnic ancestry from India}} | ||
{{ | {{more citations needed|date=July 2014}} | ||
{{Infobox ethnic group | {{Infobox ethnic group | ||
| group | | group = Indo-Mauritians | ||
| flag | | flag = {{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|Mauritius}} | ||
| image | | image = | ||
| population | | population = 812,769<br />65.7% of the population of Mauritius | ||
| total_year | | total_year = 2011<ref name="statsmauritius.govmu.org"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Government|first1=India|title=Population of Non-resident indians country wise|date=2012}}</ref> | ||
| languages | | languages = {{hlist|[[Bhojpuri]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Mauritian Creole]]|[[English language|English]]|[[French language|French]]}} | ||
| religions | | religions = Majority: [[Hinduism]] 73.8%<br />Minority: [[Islam]] 26.2%<ref name="statsmauritius.govmu.org">http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/CensusandSurveys/Documents/HPC/2011/HPC_TR_Vol2_Demography_Yr11.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> | ||
| related | | related = [[Bihari Mauritians]]{{·}}[[Tamil Mauritians]]{{·}}[[Indo-Caribbeans]]{{·}}[[Indo-Fijians]]{{·}}[[Indian South Africans]]{{·}}[[Indian people]]{{·}}[[Indian diaspora]] | ||
| related-c | | related-c = | ||
| footnotes | | footnotes = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Indo-Mauritians''' are [[Mauritians]] who trace their ethnic ancestry to India or other parts of South Asia. | '''Indo-Mauritians or Indian Mauritians''' are [[Mauritians]] who trace their ethnic ancestry to India or other parts of South Asia. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
During the administration of the [[French East India Company]] (until 1767) and subsequent [[History of Mauritius|French rule]] at least 12,000 workers arrived from India between 1721 and 1810 before the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|abolition of slavery]]. These first Indian immigrants came from various parts of India such as Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanaon, Bengal and others. They worked under contract as skilled | During the administration of the [[French East India Company]] (until 1767) and subsequent [[History of Mauritius|French rule]] at least 12,000 workers arrived from India between 1721 and 1810 before the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|abolition of slavery]]. These first Indian immigrants came from various parts of India such as Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanaon, Bengal and others. They worked under contract as skilled stonemasons, blacksmiths, and carpenters although hundreds of them were slaves.<ref>{{cite web |title=Présence des tamouls dans une société pluriethnique et multiconfessionelle: Le cas de Maurice |date=10 August 2014 |url=https://www.lemauricien.com/actualites/magazine/presence-des-tamouls-societe-pluriethnique-et-multiconfessionnelle-cas-maurice/59526/ |publisher=Le Mauricien |access-date=2014-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Boodhoo |first1=Sarita |title=The Tamil Presence in Mauritius |date=8 November 2015 |url=http://www.mauritiustimes.com/mt/sarita-boodhoo-67/ |publisher=Mauritius Times |access-date=2015-11-08}}</ref> After the legislative changes of 1767 these Indian immigrants were allowed to start businesses, buy land and own slaves.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamouls, les racines de l'histoire |date=5 February 2004 |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/tamouls-les-racines-de-lhistoire |publisher=L'Express |access-date=2004-02-05}}</ref> | ||
Following the [[Invasion of Isle de France|November 1810 British Invasion]] from the northern coast, the island came under [[History of Mauritius|British rule]]. With the liberation of about 65,000 African and Malagasy slaves after the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|1833 abolition of slavery]] the Franco-Mauritian plantation owners and sugar oligarchs resorted to [[Indian indenture system|indentured labourers]], or [[Coolie | Following the [[Invasion of Isle de France|November 1810 British Invasion]] from the northern coast, the island came under [[History of Mauritius|British rule]]. With the liberation of about 65,000 African and Malagasy slaves after the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|1833 abolition of slavery]] the Franco-Mauritian plantation owners and sugar oligarchs resorted to [[Indian indenture system|indentured labourers]], or [[Coolie]]s, from various parts of India to work in their fields. Between 1834 and 1920, nearly 700,000 Indian indentured laborers arrived at Aapravasi ghat, an embankment located in the harbor of Port-Louis.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Indo-Mauritians and the Innocents: A Photo Gallery | url = https://southasia.ucla.edu/diaspora/indo-mauritians-innocents/ | year = 2021 | last = Lal | first = Vinay | publisher = University of California, Los Angeles}}</ref> Mauritius thus became the British colony's largest recipient of indentured migrants.<ref name="eco" >{{cite news|title=The legacy of Indian migration to European colonies|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21727896-century-after-india-ended-system-indentured-labour-its-diaspora-building|access-date=2 September 2017|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=2 September 2017}}</ref> Indentured labourers were mostly brought from the Bhojpuri speaking regions of [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], with a large number of [[Tamils]], [[Telugus]] and [[Marathis]] amongst them. The descendants of these indentured labourers make up two-thirds of the island's current population.<ref name="eco" /> | ||
As free immigrants, these later arrivals were commonly employed by the British in the armed forces, police forces, as security personnel with a substantial portion of immigrants from [[Gujarat]] and [[Sindh]] arriving as traders, businessmen and merchants. | As free immigrants, these later arrivals were commonly employed by the British in the armed forces, police forces, as security personnel with a substantial portion of immigrants from [[Gujarat]] and [[Sindh]] arriving as traders, businessmen, and merchants. | ||
In the late 19th to early 20th century, [[Sino-Mauritian|Chinese men in Mauritius]] married [[Indian people|Indian]] women due to both a lack of Chinese women and the higher numbers of Indian women on the island.<ref>{{cite book|page=199|year=2009|access-date=May 17, 2014|publisher=BRILL|volume= | In the late 19th to early 20th century, [[Sino-Mauritian|Chinese men in Mauritius]] married [[Indian people|Indian]] women due to both a lack of Chinese women and the higher numbers of Indian women on the island.<ref>{{cite book|page=199|year=2009|access-date=May 17, 2014|publisher=BRILL|volume=1 of European expansion and indigenous response, v. 1|author=Marina Carter, James Ng Foong Kwong|title= Abacus and Mah Jong: Sino-Mauritian Settlement and Economic Consolidation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SN53oTMjAyMC&pg=PA199|archive-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtOwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&dq=chinese+shopkeepers+indian+creole+women+mauritius&source=bl&ots=ux4RYxvT3x&sig=ozjqdTOIbdbIVubSnNR1_YEXIz4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3EeUVZu2FcfEsAXp2paYDQ&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=chinese%20shopkeepers%20indian%20creole%20women%20mauritius&f=false|archive-date=2009|isbn=978-9004175723}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=33|year=2009|access-date=May 17, 2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Paul Younger Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies McMaster University|title= New Homelands : Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa: Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0X9eLq57ocC&q=chinese+shopkeepers+indian+creole+women+mauritius&pg=PA33|archive-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VTiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40&dq=chinese+men+cohabit+indian+women+mauritius&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XFWTVfS7OYW4yQTe14HQDw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=chinese%20men%20cohabit%20indian%20women%20mauritius&f=false|archive-date=2009|isbn=978-0199741922}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=What Inter-Ethnic Marriage In Mauritius Tells Us About The Nature of Ethnicity |url=http://arinave.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/INCORE-Paper-2001-PDF1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518083011/http://arinave.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/INCORE-Paper-2001-PDF1.pdf |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |page=15 |access-date=May 17, 2014 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> The 1921 census in Mauritius counted that Indian women there had a total of 148 children fathered by Chinese men.<ref>{{cite book|page=174|year=2008|access-date=May 17, 2014|publisher=Éditions de l'océan Indien|author=Huguette Ly-Tio-Fane Pineo, Edouard Lim Fat|title= From alien to citizen: the integration of the Chinese in Mauritius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNswAQAAIAAJ&q=children+born+from+the+union+of+Chinese+men+with+women+of+the+general+population+and+148+others+were+born+from+the+union+of+Chinese+men+with+Indian+women.+(62)+The+first+signs+of+a+new+culture+born+from+the+symbiosis+of+Eastern+and+...|isbn=978-9990305692}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=287|year=1985|access-date=May 17, 2014|publisher=Ed. de l'océan indien|author=Huguette Ly Tio Fane-Pineo|title= Chinese Diaspora in Western Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3U4MAQAAIAAJ&q=He+thus+recorded+that+in+1921+there+were+386+children+born+from+the+union+of+Chinese+with+women+of+the+general+population+and+148+others+were+born+from+the+union+of+Chinese+with+Indian+women+(62).+The+first+signs+of+a+new+culture+born+...|isbn=9990305692}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=What Inter-Ethnic Marriage In Mauritius Tells Us About The Nature of Ethnicity |url=http://arinave.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/INCORE-Paper-2001-PDF1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518083011/http://arinave.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/INCORE-Paper-2001-PDF1.pdf |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |page=16 |access-date=May 17, 2014 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> These Chinese were mostly traders.<ref>{{cite book|page=41|year=2002|access-date=June 1, 2015|publisher=Nelson Mandela Centre for African Culture, Ministry of Arts & Culture|author=Monique Dinan|title= Mauritius in the Making: Across the Censuses, 1846-2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnawAAAAIAAJ&q=intermarried+cohabited|isbn=9990390460}}</ref> | ||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
Today the population consists of mainly [[Hindus]] with [[Muslim]], [[ | Today the population consists of mainly [[Hindus]] with [[Muslim]], [[Christian]], [[Buddhist]] and [[Baháʼí Faith]] minorities. The mother tongue of almost all Mauritians is the [[Mauritian Creole]], while a minority of Indo-Mauritians still use both their ancestral language and Creole at home. Indo-Mauritian use their ancestral languages mostly in religious activities, some of them include [[Bhojpuri]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]]. | ||
As from age six, all Mauritian children must learn a third language at school ([[French language|French]] and [[English language|English]] are already compulsory). The languages learnt in decreasing order are [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[ | As from age six, all Mauritian children must learn a third language at school ([[French language|French]] and [[English language|English]] are already compulsory). The languages learnt in decreasing order are [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Bhojpuri]]. Mauritian Creoles can opt for [[Mauritian Creole]] as the third language. Choice is usually based on ethno-religious background with [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] chosen by [[Hindus]] who belong to the respective ethnicities and [[Urdu]] by [[Muslims]] from the [[Indian Subcontinent]]. | ||
==Indian influence== | ==Indian influence== | ||
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*[[Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra]] | *[[Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra]] | ||
*[[Kishore Deerpalsing]] | *[[Kishore Deerpalsing]] | ||
*[[Alan Ganoo]] | *[[Alan Ganoo]] | ||
*[[Hurrylall Goburdhun]] | *[[Hurrylall Goburdhun]] | ||
| Line 53: | Line 52: | ||
*[[Ameenah Gurib|Ameenah Gurib-Fakim]] | *[[Ameenah Gurib|Ameenah Gurib-Fakim]] | ||
*[[Maya Hanoomanjee]] | *[[Maya Hanoomanjee]] | ||
*[[Mahesh Jadu | *[[Mahesh Jadu]] | ||
*[[Kher Jagatsingh]] | *[[Kher Jagatsingh]] | ||
*[[Anerood Jugnauth]] | *[[Anerood Jugnauth]] | ||
| Line 80: | Line 79: | ||
* [[Mauritian of Chinese origin]] | * [[Mauritian of Chinese origin]] | ||
* [[Mauritian Creole]] | * [[Mauritian Creole]] | ||
* [[Indian diaspora in Africa]] | * [[Indian diaspora in Africa]] | ||
* [[India–Mauritius relations]] | |||
==Notes and references== | ==Notes and references== | ||