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Tashkent Declaration: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Peace agreement | {{short description|Peace agreement ending the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} | ||
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| image_width = 260px | | image_width = 260px | ||
| image_alt = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] --> | | image_alt = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] --> | ||
| caption = | | caption = | ||
| type = | | type = Peace treaty | ||
| context = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] | | context = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] | ||
| date_drafted = | | date_drafted = | ||
| date_signed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1966|01|10}} | | date_signed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1966|01|10}} | ||
| location_signed = [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic| | | location_signed = [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbek SSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | ||
| date_sealed = | | date_sealed = | ||
| date_effective = | | date_effective = | ||
| condition_effective = | | condition_effective = | ||
| date_expiry = | | date_expiry = | ||
| mediators = {{ | | mediators = {{flagdeco|Soviet Union}} [[Alexei Kosygin]] | ||
| | | signatories = | ||
| | {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|India}} [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]}}<br />{{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Pakistan}} [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Muhammad Ayub Khan]]}} | ||
| parties = {{flag|India}} | | parties = | ||
{{hlist|{{nowrap|{{flag|India}}}}|{{nowrap|{{flag|Pakistan}}}}}} | |||
| ratifiers = | | ratifiers = | ||
| | |language=English}} | ||
}} | |||
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}} | {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}} | ||
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}} | {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}} | ||
The '''Tashkent Declaration''' was | The '''Tashkent Declaration''' was signed between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] on 10 January 1966 to resolve the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. Peace was achieved on 23 September through interventions by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]], both of which pushed the two warring countries towards a ceasefire in an attempt to avoid any escalation that could draw in other powers.<ref name="BBCnews">{{cite news|title=The 1965 war|work=BBC News website|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1965.stm|access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=RB/> | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
The meeting was | The meeting was hosted by the [[Soviet Union]] in the city of [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbekistan]], from 4 to 10 January 1966 in an attempt to create a more permanent settlement between the warring sides.<ref name="MapsOfIndia"/> | ||
The Soviets, represented by | The Soviets, represented by Soviet politician [[Alexei Kosygin|Aleksey Kosygin]], moderated between Indian prime minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and Pakistani president [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Muhammad Ayub Khan]].<ref name=RB>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2016/01/12/at-tashkent-soviet-peace-over-india-and-pakistan_558665|title=At Tashkent, Soviet peace over India and Pakistan|last=Bratersky|first=Alexander|date=12 January 2016|access-date=24 July 2020|language=en-US|website=Russia Beyond website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1968-2/third-world-friendships/third-world-friendships-texts/tashkent-declaration/|title=Tashkent Declaration|date=2015-09-01|work=Seventeen Moments in Soviet History|access-date=2018-01-10|language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
==Declaration== | ==Declaration== | ||
A declaration was released that was hoped to be a framework for lasting peace by stating that the Indian military and the Pakistani military would pull back to their pre-conflict positions, their pre-August lines,<ref name=BBCnews/> no later than 25 February 1966; neither nation would interfere in each other's internal affairs; economic and diplomatic relations would be restored; there would be an orderly transfer of prisoners of war, and both leaders would work towards improving bilateral relations. | |||
==Aftermath== | ==Aftermath== | ||
The | The treaty was heavily criticized in both countries, as Indians and Pakistanis were expecting more concessions to their respective sides than what had been agreed upon. In accordance with the Tashkent Declaration, talks were held at the ministerial level on 1 and 2 March 1966. Despite the fact that these talks were unproductive, the diplomatic exchange continued throughout the spring and summer, though stark differences of opinion on the [[Kashmir conflict]] culminated in the lack of a resolution from bilateral discussions. | ||
In India, the agreement was criticized because it did not contain a no-war pact or any renunciation of [[ | In [[India]], the agreement was criticized because it did not contain a no-war pact or any renunciation of guerrilla warfare across [[Kashmir]]. After the Tashkent Declaration was signed, Indian prime minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] died under mysterious circumstances in Tashkent;<ref name="MapsOfIndia"/> his sudden death led to the rise of conspiracy theories claiming that he was poisoned.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/45-yrs-on-Shastris-death-a-mystery/articleshow/4764773.cms|title=45 yrs on, Shastri's death a mystery|last=Dhawan|first=Himanshi|date=11 July 2009|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> In 1993, journalist Gregory Douglas conducted a series of interviews with American intelligence officer [[Robert Crowley (CIA)|Robert Crowley]]. According to Douglas, Crowley claimed that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] assassinated Shastri as well as Indian nuclear scientist [[Homi J. Bhabha]] (who died on [[Air India Flight 101]]) in order to thwart the development of [[India and weapons of mass destruction|India's nuclear weapons programme]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Douglas |first=Gregory |title=Conversations with the Crow |publisher=Basilisk Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0991175208 |pages=66–67 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Unrevealed |first=Files |date=2021-09-23 |title=Homi Bhabha's Death: An Unfortunate Accident or the Hands of the Crow |url=https://www.unrevealedfiles.com/homi-bhabhas-death-an-unfortunate-accident-or-the-hands-of-the-crow/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Unrevealed Files |language=en-US}}</ref> The Indian government has refused to declassify a report on his death under the claim that it would harm India's foreign relations, cause disruption in the country, and breach parliamentary privileges.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
In [[Pakistan]], the agreement caused widespread distress; social upset was exacerbated after Pakistani president [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Muhammad Ayub Khan]] went into seclusion in the ceasefire's aftermath, as demonstrations and riots erupted across the country.<ref name="MapsOfIndia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/june-30-1965-a-ceasefire-is-agreed-under-un-auspices-between-india-and-pakistan-to-stop-the-war-at-the-rann-of-kutch|title=June 30th 1965: A Ceasefire was Agreed under UN Auspices Between India and Pakistan, Who Signed a Treaty to Stop the War at Rann of Kutch|website=MapsofIndia.com|date=30 June 2014|access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref> However, Khan later addressed the nation on 14 January 1966 and explained the rationale behind the agreement. Although he was eventually able to quell the unrest, the Tashkent Declaration greatly damaged Khan's image, and was one of the factors that ultimately led to his downfall in 1969.<ref>[https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-falling-out-at-tashkent-1966/ The falling out at Tashkent (1966) between Ayub Khan and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto] The Friday Times (newspaper), Updated 4 November 2016, Retrieved 24 July 2020</ref><ref name="PublicAffairs, Lieven">{{cite book |last1=Lieven |first1=Anatol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exBKSo-Pf6cC&q=Bengali%20Pakistani%20people%5C&pg=PT77 |title=Pakistan: A Hard Country |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2012 |isbn=978-1610391627 |language=en |access-date=23 December 2016}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Indo-Pakistani | *[[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|India–Pakistan conflict]] | ||
*[[Shimla Agreement]] | **[[Karachi Agreement]] (1949) | ||
**[[Simla Agreement|Shimla Agreement]] (1972) | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 01:30, 15 August 2023
| Type | Peace treaty |
|---|---|
| Context | Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 |
| Signed | 10 January 1966 |
| Location | Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Soviet Union |
| Mediators | Template:Country data Soviet Union Alexei Kosygin |
| Signatories |  Lal Bahadur Shastri Muhammad Ayub Khan |
| Parties | |
| Language | English |
Template:Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
The Tashkent Declaration was signed between India and Pakistan on 10 January 1966 to resolve the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Peace was achieved on 23 September through interventions by the Soviet Union and the United States, both of which pushed the two warring countries towards a ceasefire in an attempt to avoid any escalation that could draw in other powers.[1][2]
Background[edit]
The meeting was hosted by the Soviet Union in the city of Tashkent, Uzbekistan, from 4 to 10 January 1966 in an attempt to create a more permanent settlement between the warring sides.[3]
The Soviets, represented by Soviet politician Aleksey Kosygin, moderated between Indian prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani president Muhammad Ayub Khan.[2][4]
Declaration[edit]
A declaration was released that was hoped to be a framework for lasting peace by stating that the Indian military and the Pakistani military would pull back to their pre-conflict positions, their pre-August lines,[1] no later than 25 February 1966; neither nation would interfere in each other's internal affairs; economic and diplomatic relations would be restored; there would be an orderly transfer of prisoners of war, and both leaders would work towards improving bilateral relations.
Aftermath[edit]
The treaty was heavily criticized in both countries, as Indians and Pakistanis were expecting more concessions to their respective sides than what had been agreed upon. In accordance with the Tashkent Declaration, talks were held at the ministerial level on 1 and 2 March 1966. Despite the fact that these talks were unproductive, the diplomatic exchange continued throughout the spring and summer, though stark differences of opinion on the Kashmir conflict culminated in the lack of a resolution from bilateral discussions.
In India, the agreement was criticized because it did not contain a no-war pact or any renunciation of guerrilla warfare across Kashmir. After the Tashkent Declaration was signed, Indian prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri died under mysterious circumstances in Tashkent;[3] his sudden death led to the rise of conspiracy theories claiming that he was poisoned.[5] In 1993, journalist Gregory Douglas conducted a series of interviews with American intelligence officer Robert Crowley. According to Douglas, Crowley claimed that the Central Intelligence Agency assassinated Shastri as well as Indian nuclear scientist Homi J. Bhabha (who died on Air India Flight 101) in order to thwart the development of India's nuclear weapons programme.[6][7] The Indian government has refused to declassify a report on his death under the claim that it would harm India's foreign relations, cause disruption in the country, and breach parliamentary privileges.[5]
In Pakistan, the agreement caused widespread distress; social upset was exacerbated after Pakistani president Muhammad Ayub Khan went into seclusion in the ceasefire's aftermath, as demonstrations and riots erupted across the country.[3] However, Khan later addressed the nation on 14 January 1966 and explained the rationale behind the agreement. Although he was eventually able to quell the unrest, the Tashkent Declaration greatly damaged Khan's image, and was one of the factors that ultimately led to his downfall in 1969.[8][9]
See also[edit]
- India–Pakistan conflict
- Karachi Agreement (1949)
- Shimla Agreement (1972)
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "The 1965 war". BBC News website. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bratersky, Alexander (12 January 2016). "At Tashkent, Soviet peace over India and Pakistan". Russia Beyond website. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "June 30th 1965: A Ceasefire was Agreed under UN Auspices Between India and Pakistan, Who Signed a Treaty to Stop the War at Rann of Kutch". MapsofIndia.com. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ↑ "Tashkent Declaration". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. 1 September 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dhawan, Himanshi (11 July 2009). "45 yrs on, Shastri's death a mystery". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ↑ Douglas, Gregory (2013). Conversations with the Crow. Basilisk Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0991175208.
- ↑ Unrevealed, Files (23 September 2021). "Homi Bhabha's Death: An Unfortunate Accident or the Hands of the Crow". Unrevealed Files. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- ↑ The falling out at Tashkent (1966) between Ayub Khan and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto The Friday Times (newspaper), Updated 4 November 2016, Retrieved 24 July 2020
- ↑ Lieven, Anatol (2012). Pakistan: A Hard Country. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1610391627. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
External links[edit]
- Full text of Tashkent Declaration , UN Peacemaker
- All peace agreement for India, UN Peacemaker
- All peace agreements for Pakistan, UN Peacemaker
Categories:
- Flagdeco with missing country data templates
- History of the Republic of India
- Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
- Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
- Pakistan–Soviet Union relations
- India–Soviet Union relations
- 1966 in the Soviet Union
- Diplomatic conferences in the Soviet Union
- Peace treaties of Pakistan
- History of Tashkent
- 1966 in India
- Peace treaties of India
- Treaties concluded in 1966
- 1966 in Pakistan
- Treaties of India
- Shastri administration
- India–Pakistan treaties
- India–Pakistan military relations