6
edits
robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)
No edit summary |
(robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)) |
||
| Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
[[File:Camel skin Perfume Bottles from Kannauj.jpg|thumb|Camel skin perfume bottles from [[Kannauj]]. The bottles are for aging the perfume (the skin breathes, allowing the water to evaporate while holding in the fragrance and oil, becoming a perfume, or attar.)]] | [[File:Camel skin Perfume Bottles from Kannauj.jpg|thumb|Camel skin perfume bottles from [[Kannauj]]. The bottles are for aging the perfume (the skin breathes, allowing the water to evaporate while holding in the fragrance and oil, becoming a perfume, or attar.)]] | ||
'''Ittar''', also known as '''attar''', is an [[essential oil]] derived from botanical sources. Most commonly these oils are extracted via hydro or steam distillation. The Persian physician | '''Ittar''', also known as '''attar''', is an [[essential oil]] derived from botanical or other natural sources. Most commonly these oils are extracted via hydro or steam distillation. The Persian physician | ||
[[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] was first to derive the attar of flowers from distillation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WMvVBi5EbhMC& | [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] was first to derive the attar of flowers from distillation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMvVBi5EbhMC&q=attar+perfume+muslim&pg=PA70|title=Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance|last1=Essa|first1=Ahmed|last2=Ali|first2=Othman|date=2010|publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)|isbn=9781565643505|language=en|page=70}}</ref> Attar can also be expressed by chemical means but generally natural perfumes which qualify as ittars are distilled with water. The oils are generally distilled into a wood base such as sandalwood and then aged. The aging period can last from one to ten years depending on the botanicals used and the results desired. Technically ittars are distillates of flowers, herbs, spices and other natural materials such as baked soil over sandalwood oil/liquid paraffins using hydrodistillation technique involving a still ({{transl|hi|deg}}) and receiving vessel ({{transl|hi|bhapka}}). These techniques are still in use today at [[Kannauj]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/special/pix-how-mumbais-oldest-ittar-market-is-keeping-its-business-alive/20150511.htm |title=How Mumbai's oldest Ittar market is keeping its business alive |website=rediff.com |author=Mansuri, Shaheen |date=11 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scentandspice.nl/kannauj-eng |title=Kannauj - a story in images |website=scentandspice.nl |date=29 June 2020}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The word 'attar', 'ittar' or 'itra' is believed to have been derived from the Persian word | The word 'attar', 'ittar' or 'itra' is believed to have been derived from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word {{transl|fa|itir}}, meaning 'perfume',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Nagendra Kr|last2=Mabud Khan|first2=Abdul|title=Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=Global Vision Pub House|page=89}}</ref> which is in turn derived from the [[Arabic]] word {{transl|ar|'itr}} ({{lang|ar|عطر}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Supriya Kumar |first1=Bhattacharjee |title=The complete book of roses |date=2010 |publisher=aavishkar publishers distributors |page=294}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Aramco World |journal=Aramco |date=1997 |volume=48-49 |page=47}}</ref> | ||
The earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to be that of [[Ibn al-Baitar]] (1188–1248), an [[Al-Andalus]]ian (Muslim-controlled Spain) [[physician]], [[pharmacist]] and [[chemist]].<ref name="Houtsma1993">{{cite book |first= M.Th. |last= Houtsma |title= E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |volume= 4 |year= 1993 |publisher= [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn= 978-90-04-09790-2 |pages=1011– }}</ref> | The earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to be that of [[Ibn al-Baitar]] (1188–1248), an [[Al-Andalus]]ian (Muslim-controlled Spain) [[physician]], [[pharmacist]] and [[chemist]].<ref name="Houtsma1993">{{cite book |first= M.Th. |last= Houtsma |title= E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |volume= 4 |year= 1993 |publisher= [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn= 978-90-04-09790-2 |pages=1011– }}</ref> | ||
The [[Egyptians]] were famous for producing [[perfumes]] throughout the ancient world. They were formulated from plants and flowers before they could be added to other oils. It was later refined and developed by al-Shaykh al-Rais<ref> | The [[Egyptians]] were famous for producing [[perfumes]] throughout the ancient world. They were formulated from plants and flowers before they could be added to other oils. It was later refined and developed by al-Shaykh al-Rais,<ref>{{cite web|title=IBN SINA (AVICENNA)|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/|website=muslimphilosophy|access-date=1 June 2001}}</ref> a renowned physician who made a distinctive type of aromatic product. He was referred to as [[Avicenna|Abi Ali al Sina]]. He was among the first people to come with the technique of distillation of roses and other plant fragrances.<ref name="The life of Ibn Sina">{{cite book | ||
{{cite web|title=IBN SINA (AVICENNA)|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/|website=muslimphilosophy|access-date=1 June 2001}}</ref> a renowned physician who made a distinctive type of aromatic product. He was referred to as [[Avicenna|Abi Ali al Sina]]. He was among the first people to come with the technique of distillation of roses and other plant fragrances.<ref name="The life of Ibn Sina">{{cite book | |||
|author=William, Gohlman|title=The life of Ibn Sina|publisher=Institute of the History of Medicine Books|location=New York|year=1974|pages=163|isbn=087395226X}}</ref> Liquid perfumes used to be a mixture of oil and crushed herbs until his discovery where he first experimented with roses.<ref name="Preparation and Use of Perfumes and Perfumed Substances in Ancient Egypt">{{cite book | |author=William, Gohlman|title=The life of Ibn Sina|publisher=Institute of the History of Medicine Books|location=New York|year=1974|pages=163|isbn=087395226X}}</ref> Liquid perfumes used to be a mixture of oil and crushed herbs until his discovery where he first experimented with roses.<ref name="Preparation and Use of Perfumes and Perfumed Substances in Ancient Egypt">{{cite book | ||
|author=EL-SHIMY, Mohamed|title=Preparation and Use of Perfumes and Perfumed Substances in Ancient Egypt|publisher=Supreme Council of Antiquity Zamalek Cairo Egypt|location=Cairo|year=2003|pages=117|isbn=978-94-010-0193-9}}</ref> | |author=EL-SHIMY, Mohamed|title=Preparation and Use of Perfumes and Perfumed Substances in Ancient Egypt|publisher=Supreme Council of Antiquity Zamalek Cairo Egypt|location=Cairo|year=2003|pages=117|isbn=978-94-010-0193-9}}</ref> | ||
In [[Yemen]], a special variety of | In [[Yemen]], a special variety of ittar was introduced by [[Arwa al-Sulayhi]], the Yemeni Queen. This type of Attar was prepared from mountainous [[flowers]] and given as a gift to the monarchs of Arabia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=SAMER|first1=TRABOULSI|title=THE QUEEN WAS ACTUALLY A MAN: ARWË BINT AîMAD AND THE POLITICS OF RELIGION|date=2003|citeseerx=10.1.1.605.9419}}</ref> | ||
[[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazal Faizee]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Monideepa|first1=Chatterjee|title=Chronicles Of The Chronicler : Abul Fazal And 'His' Akbarnama|url=https://www.academia.edu/6977377|date=1983}}</ref> gives another verdict of how Attar was used to making the Mabkhara-incense-burner. The [[Bark (botany)|barks]] that were used in Akbar's time according to [[Faizee]] were [[ | [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazal Faizee]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Monideepa|first1=Chatterjee|title=Chronicles Of The Chronicler : Abul Fazal And 'His' Akbarnama|url=https://www.academia.edu/6977377|date=1983}}</ref> gives another verdict of how Attar was used to making the Mabkhara-incense-burner. The [[Bark (botany)|barks]] that were used in Akbar's time according to [[Faizee]] were [[aloe]], [[sandalwood]], and [[cinnamon]]. Animal substances such as [[myrrh]], musk, and anbar were used along with roots of special trees and a few other spices. The ruler of Awadh, [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah]] used to prepare fountains of ittar around his bedroom. These fountains would create a very pleasant fragrant and romantic atmosphere by functioning continuously.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Qazi Dr|first1=Shaikh Abbas Borhany|title=The Medicinal uses of attar|url=http://www.durrenajaf.com/upload/51311b5d55ca8.pdf|date=April 1, 2006}}</ref> | ||
==Uses and types== | ==Uses and types== | ||
| Line 28: | Line 26: | ||
===Musk=== | ===Musk=== | ||
[[Musk]] is a class of aromatic compound produced by | [[Musk]] is a class of aromatic compound produced by ''[[Moschus moschiferus]]'', a rare species of the male deer found in the [[Himalayas]]. The substance used in creating musk can only be produced by a mature male Moschus, and the process of acquiring it involves killing the deer. As such, its demand has led to the endangerment of most musk deer species, which in turn has aided the rise of synthetic musk, known as 'white musk'.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} | ||
Natural musk is commonly mixed with medicines and confectionary. Purported medicinal benefits<ref name="THE USES OF MUSK AND EUROPE ROLE IN ITS TRADE">{{cite book | Natural musk is commonly mixed with medicines and confectionary. Purported medicinal benefits<ref name="THE USES OF MUSK AND EUROPE ROLE IN ITS TRADE">{{cite book | ||
| Line 35: | Line 33: | ||
===Ambergris=== | ===Ambergris=== | ||
[[Ambergris]], also known as Anbar, is a waxy substance excreted by the [[sperm whale]] and retrieved from beaches and the sea. It is thought to have been used by humans for at least 1,000 years, and has a musky aroma. Ambrein, an alcohol used as a scent preservative, is extracted from ambergris.<ref>https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-ambergris.html</ref> | [[Ambergris]], also known as Anbar, is a waxy substance excreted by the [[sperm whale]] and retrieved from beaches and the sea. It is thought to have been used by humans for at least 1,000 years, and has a musky aroma. Ambrein, an alcohol used as a scent preservative, is extracted from ambergris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-ambergris.html|title = What is ambergris?}}</ref> | ||
==Spirituality | ==Spirituality and religion== | ||
For | For hundreds of years, ittars were considered in some societies,mainly in Islamic cultural folk to be something that attracted angels and warded off evil spirits. Sufi saints and spiritual aspirants would adorn themselves with these scents to assist them in their journey towards enlightenment.<ref>{{cite book|last1=de Souza|first1=Marian|last2=Bone|first2=Jane|last3=Watson|first3=Jacqueline|title=Spirituality across Disciplines: Research and Practice|date=2016|publisher=Springer|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYWQDAAAQBAJ&q=attar+research|access-date=2 May 2017|isbn=9783319313801}}</ref> | ||
The different sects of Hinduism worship deities through household and temple offerings. Ittars are commonly used within the incense and food used as offerings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why are puja articles arranged in specific five layers?|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/knowledge/article/why-are-puja-articles-arranged-in-specific-five-layers.html|website=Hindu Jagruti|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> | The different sects of Hinduism worship deities through household and temple offerings and Sufis in Islamic shrines and sacred khanqah's. Ittars are commonly used within the incense and food used as offerings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why are puja articles arranged in specific five layers?|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/knowledge/article/why-are-puja-articles-arranged-in-specific-five-layers.html|website=Hindu Jagruti|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||