6
edits
m
robot: Update article
>SambitK mNo edit summary |
m (robot: Update article) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description|Overview of information technology in India}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} | ||
'''Information Technology in India''' is a vast industry which comprises [[information technology]] services, [[consulting]], and [[outsourcing]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/its-time-for-ctrlaltdelete/article17369823.ece|title=IT's time for ctrl+alt+delete|last=Nirmal|first=Rajalakshmi|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> The IT industry accounted for 8% of India's GDP in 2020.<ref name="ibef.org"/><ref name="nasscom">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/320776/contribution-of-indian-it-industry-to-india-s-gdp/|title=nformation technology/business process management (IT-BPM) sector in India as a share of India's gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2017|work=[[NASSCOM]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220032358/http://www.nasscom.in/indian-itbpo-industry|archive-date=20 December 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=15 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The IT and BPM industry's revenue is estimated at [[US$]]194 billion in FY 2021, an increase of 2.3% YoY.<ref name="ibef.org"/> The domestic revenue of the IT industry is estimated at US$45 billion and export revenue is estimated at US$150 billion in FY 2021.<ref name="ibef.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/indian-it-and-ites-industry-analysis-presentation|title=Indian IT & BPM Industry Analysis|work=[[India Brand Equity Foundation]]|date=21 October 2021}}</ref> The IT–BPM sector overall employs 4.5 million people as of March 2021.<ref>{{cite news | work=[[Statista]] | date=21 October 2021 | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/320729/india-it-industry-direct-indirect-employment/ |title=Employment of the IT–BPM industry in India from financial year 2009 to 2021 | access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> The Indian IT–BPM industry has the highest employee [[Resignation|attrition rate]].<ref name=Mint>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/employee-attrition-a-big-headache-for-indian-it-companies-can-they-tide-over-it-11629870315500.html|title=Employee attrition a big headache for IT companies. Can they tide over it?|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=25 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2021/nov/21/the-great-attrition-its-a-difficult-time-to-be-a-boss-2386165.html |title=The 'great attrition': It's a difficult time to be a boss|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=TOI>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/despite-bonuses-and-salary-hikes-indias-it-sector-will-see-over-a-million-resignations-this-year/articleshow/87324879.cms|title=Despite bonuses and salary hikes, India's IT sector will see over a million resignations this year|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/companies/what-s-behind-record-staff-exits-at-indian-it-giants-121101900242_1.html|title=What's behind record staff exits at Indian IT giants?|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=21 October 2021|last1=Vanamali|first1=Krishna Veera}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/attrition-in-it-sector-to-cross-1-million-this-year/article36702884.ece|title=Attrition in IT sector to cross 1 million this year'|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 September 2021}}</ref> In recent years the industry has been witnessing skyrocketing [[resignation]]s cutting across hierarchy.<ref name=Mint/><ref name=TOI/><ref name=Hindu/> As a global [[outsourcing]] hub, the Indian IT industry is infamous of exploiting [[Exploitation of labour|cheap labour]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201213-workers-riot-at-india-iphone-factory-over-exploitation-claims|title=Workers riot at India iPhone factory over 'exploitation' claims|work=[[France 24]]|date=13 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/India-s-IT-sector-feels-squeeze-of-higher-US-labor-costs|title=India's IT sector feels squeeze of higher US labor costs|work=[[The Nikkei]]|date=25 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/25/no-indias-high-tech-labor-isnt-leaving-the-u-s-for-bangalore/?sh=7957b7ec1768|title=No, India's High Tech Labor Isn't Leaving The U.S. For Bangalore|work=[[Forbes]]|date=25 September 2017}}</ref> As IT–BPM sector evolves, many are concerned that [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) will drive significant [[automation]] and destroy jobs in the coming years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth|title=Why automation could be a threat to India's growth|work=[[BBC News]]|date=19 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-it-firms-set-to-slash-3-mn-jobs-by-2022-due-to-automation-boa-report-11623850905672.html|title=Indian IT firms set to slash 3 mn jobs by 2022 due to automation: BofA report|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=16 June 2021}}</ref> The [[United States]] accounts for two-thirds of India's IT services exports.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/amid-it-layoffs-this-could-be-a-reason-to-cheer/articleshow/61459252.cms|title=Amid IT layoffs, this could be a reason to cheer - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> | |||
'''Information Technology in India''' is | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
{{see also|India Startup Ecosystem TimeLine}} | {{see also|India Startup Ecosystem TimeLine}} | ||
India's IT Services industry was born in [[Mumbai]] in 1967 with the | India's IT Services industry was born in [[Mumbai]] in 1967 with the establishment of [[Tata Consultancy Services]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itida.gov.eg/Documents/Tholons_study.pdf |title=Top 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing Cities |publisher=www.itida.gov.eg |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921041909/http://www.itida.gov.eg/Documents/Tholons_study.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> who in 1977 partnered with Burroughs which began India's export of IT services.<ref name="doccentre1">{{cite web |url=http://www.doccentre.net/Tod/SEZs-Profits-At-Any-Cost.php |title=Special Economic Zones: Profits At Any Cost |publisher=Doccentre.net |access-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907192447/http://www.doccentre.net/Tod/SEZs-Profits-At-Any-Cost.php |archive-date=7 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The first software export zone, [[SEEPZ]] – the precursor to the modern-day IT park – was established in Mumbai in 1973. More than 80 percent of the country's software exports were from SEEPZ in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itida.gov.eg/Documents/Tholons_study.pdf |title=Top 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing Cities |publisher=www.itida.gov.eg |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921041909/http://www.itida.gov.eg/Documents/Tholons_study.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
{{Quote|Within 90 days of its establishment, the Task Force produced an extensive background report on the state of technology in India and an IT Action Plan with 108 recommendations. The Task Force could act quickly because it built upon the experience and frustrations of state governments, central government agencies, universities, and the software industry. Much of what it proposed was also consistent with the thinking and recommendations of international bodies like the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), [[International | {{Quote|Within 90 days of its establishment, the Task Force produced an extensive background report on the state of technology in India and an IT Action Plan with 108 recommendations. The Task Force could act quickly because it built upon the experience and frustrations of state governments, central government agencies, universities, and the software industry. Much of what it proposed was also consistent with the thinking and recommendations of international bodies like the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU), and [[World Bank]]. In addition, the Task Force incorporated the experiences of [[Singapore]] and other nations, which implemented similar programs. It was less a task of invention than of sparking action on a consensus that had already evolved within the networking community and government.}} | ||
[[File:Tidel park, Chennai.jpg|thumb|299x299px|[[ | [[File:Tidel park, Chennai.jpg|thumb|299x299px|[[TIDEL Park]] in [[Chennai]] was the largest IT park in Asia when it was opened in 1999.]] | ||
Regulated [[VSAT]] links became visible in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/issue7/ov_india.html |title=Online Journal of Space Communication |publisher=Spacejournal.ohio.edu |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> Desai (2006) describes the steps taken to relax regulations on linking in 1991: | Regulated [[VSAT]] links became visible in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/issue7/ov_india.html |title=Online Journal of Space Communication |publisher=Spacejournal.ohio.edu |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> Desai (2006) describes the steps taken to relax regulations on linking in 1991: | ||
{{Quote|In 1991 the Department of Electronics broke this impasse, creating a corporation called [[Software Technology Parks of India]] (STPI) that, being owned by the government, could provide VSAT communications without breaching its monopoly. STPI set up software technology parks in different cities, each of which provided satellite links to be used by firms; the local link was a wireless radio link. In 1993 the government began to allow individual companies their own dedicated links, which allowed work done in India to be transmitted abroad directly. Indian firms soon convinced their American customers that a satellite link was as reliable as a team of programmers working in the | {{Quote|In 1991 the Department of Electronics broke this impasse, creating a corporation called [[Software Technology Parks of India]] (STPI) that, being owned by the government, could provide VSAT communications without breaching its monopoly. STPI set up software technology parks in different cities, each of which provided satellite links to be used by firms; the local link was a wireless radio link. In 1993 the government began to allow individual companies their own dedicated links, which allowed work done in India to be transmitted abroad directly. Indian firms soon convinced their American customers that a satellite link was as reliable as a team of programmers working in the clients' office.}} | ||
A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development. On 25 June 2002, India and the [[European Union]] agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology. From 2017, India holds | A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development. On 25 June 2002, India and the [[European Union]] agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology. From 2017, India holds an Associate Member State status at [[CERN]], while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Center will be located in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="India Telecom Laws and Regulations">{{cite book|last1=Inc|first1=lbp|title=India Telecom Laws and Regulations Handbook|date=2013|publisher=Int'l Business Publication|isbn=978-1433081903|page=300}}</ref> | ||
==Contemporary situation== | ==Contemporary situation== | ||
In the contemporary world economy, India is the largest exporter of IT. Exports dominate the Indian IT industry and constitute about 79% of the industry's total revenue. However, the domestic market is also significant, with robust revenue growth.<ref name="nasscom" /> The industry's share of total Indian exports (merchandise plus services) increased from less than 4% in FY1998 to about 25% in FY2012. The technologically-inclined services sector in India accounts for 40% of the country's GDP and 30% of export earnings as of 2006, while employing only 25% of its workforce, according to Sharma (2006). According to [[Gartner]], the "Top Five Indian IT Services Providers" are [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[Tech Mahindra]], and [[HCL Technologies]].<ref name="gartner">{{cite web|url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=2007116 |title=Gartner Says Top six Indian IT Services Providers Grew 23.8 Percent In 2011 |publisher=Gartner.com |date=7 May 2012 |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> | In the contemporary world economy, India is the largest exporter of IT. Exports dominate the Indian IT industry and constitute about 79% of the industry's total revenue. However, the domestic market is also significant, with robust revenue growth.<ref name="nasscom" /> The industry's share of total Indian exports (merchandise plus services) increased from less than 4% in FY1998 to about 25% in FY2012. The technologically-inclined services sector in India accounts for 40% of the country's GDP and 30% of export earnings as of 2006, while employing only 25% of its workforce, according to Sharma (2006). According to [[Gartner]], the "Top Five Indian IT Services Providers" are [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[Tech Mahindra]], and [[HCL Technologies]].<ref name="gartner">{{cite web|url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=2007116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508195823/http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=2007116 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2012 |title=Gartner Says Top six Indian IT Services Providers Grew 23.8 Percent In 2011 |publisher=Gartner.com |date=7 May 2012 |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> In 2022, companies within the sector faced significant employee attrition and intense competition in hirings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Devina |date=2022-04-22 |title=Entry-level salaries at IT cos set to rise amid high attrition |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/entrylevel-salaries-at-it-cos-set-to-rise-amid-high-attrition-11650647839264.html |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==Major information technology hubs== | ==Major information technology hubs== | ||
===Bangalore=== | ===Bangalore=== | ||
As of fiscal 2016–17, [[Bangalore]] accounted for 38% of total IT exports from India worth $45 billion, employing 10 lakh people directly and 30 lakh indirectly.<ref>{{cite news |title= | [[File:BangaloreInfosys.jpg|thumb|right|[[Infosys]] Media Centre in [[Bangalore, India]].]] | ||
Bangalore is a global technology hub and is Indias biggest tec hub.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengaluru-ranked-8th-global-list-leading-technology-innovation-hubs-152948|title = Bengaluru ranked 8th in global list of leading technology innovation hubs|date = 26 July 2021}}</ref> As of fiscal 2016–17, [[Bangalore]] accounted for 38% of total IT exports from India worth $45 billion, employing 10 lakh people directly and 30 lakh indirectly.<ref>{{cite news |title='Bangalore will become the world's largest IT cluster by 2020' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/%E2%80%98Bangalore-will-become-the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-IT-cluster-by-2020%E2%80%99/article20909098.ece |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=Business Line |language=en}}</ref> The city is known as the "Silicon Valley of India".<ref>{{cite web|url =http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access|title =How the 'Silicon' is bridging the digital divide |last =Canton|first =Naomi|publisher =CNN |access-date =6 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url =https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html|title =Is the Next Silicon Valley Taking Root in Bangalore? |last =RAI|first =SARITHA|work =New York Times |access-date =20 March 2006}}</ref> Notable tech parks are [[Electronic City]], [[International Tech Park, Bangalore|ITPL]], [[Bagmane Tech Park]], Embassy Golf Links, [[Manyata Tech Park]], [[Global Village Tech Park]], Embassy TechVillage. Apart from these IT companies are also located in several other parts of the city. Notable IT companies of the area include [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[HCL Technologies]], [[SAP|SAP Labs]], [[Accenture]], [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], [[IBM India]], [[Sonata Software]], [[Mindtree]], and [[Intuit India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Apoorva|date=2018-12-23|title=Top 30 IT Companies in Bangalore|url=https://www.nestaway.com/info/top-30-it-companies-in-bangalore/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Nestaway Information Guides for Housing & Living|language=en-GB}}</ref> | |||
Bangalore is also known as the "startup capital of India"; the city is home to 44 percent of all | Bangalore is also known as the "startup capital of India"; the city is home to 44 percent of all Indian unicorn startup companies as of 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengaluru is India's unicorn capital, reveals report |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/bengaluru-is-indias-unicorn-capital-reveals-report-5011231.htm |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=cnbctv18.com}}</ref> | ||
=== Hyderabad === | === Hyderabad === | ||
[[File:Amazon Hyderabad campus.jpg|right|thumb|Amazon Hyderabad campus]] | [[File:Amazon Hyderabad campus.jpg|right|thumb|Amazon Hyderabad campus]] | ||
[[Hyderabad]] – known for the [[HITEC City]] or [[Cyberabad]] – is India's second largest information technology exporter and a major global IT hub, and the largest [[bioinformatics]] hub in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Udgirkar|first=Trushna|title=New innovation support centre to open in Hyderabad this month|date=2 October 2015|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/rGXHb9JufpgLVJWhNwPl2H/New-innovation-support-centre-to-open-in-Hyderabad-this-mont.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad to emerge as new biotechnology capital of India: Experts|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=83770&sid=1|access-date=3 November 2017|website=www.PharmaBiz.com}}</ref> Hyderabad has emerged as the second largest city in the country for software exports pipping competitors Chennai and Pune.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Hyderabad-Pips-Chennai-Pune-in-Software-Exports/2014/09/26/article2449874.ece|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CDFD to be Sun's first CoE in medical informatics|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-02-12/news/27411217_1_cdfd-computational-biology-centre-for-dna-fingerprinting|work=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/sep/26/Hyderabad-Pips-Chennai-Pune-in-Software-Exports-665308.html|access-date=1 April 2018|website=newindianexpress.com}}</ref> Notable tech companies include [[Accenture]], [[Amazon(company)]], [[ | [[Hyderabad]] – known for the [[HITEC City]] or [[Cyberabad]] – is India's second largest information technology exporter and a major global IT hub, and the largest [[bioinformatics]] hub in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Udgirkar|first=Trushna|title=New innovation support centre to open in Hyderabad this month|date=2 October 2015|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/rGXHb9JufpgLVJWhNwPl2H/New-innovation-support-centre-to-open-in-Hyderabad-this-mont.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad to emerge as new biotechnology capital of India: Experts|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=83770&sid=1|access-date=3 November 2017|website=www.PharmaBiz.com}}</ref> Hyderabad has emerged as the second largest city in the country for software exports pipping competitors Chennai and Pune.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Hyderabad-Pips-Chennai-Pune-in-Software-Exports/2014/09/26/article2449874.ece|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CDFD to be Sun's first CoE in medical informatics|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-02-12/news/27411217_1_cdfd-computational-biology-centre-for-dna-fingerprinting|work=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/sep/26/Hyderabad-Pips-Chennai-Pune-in-Software-Exports-665308.html|access-date=1 April 2018|website=newindianexpress.com}}</ref> Notable tech companies include [[Accenture]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]], [[Deloitte]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Intel]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Microsoft]], [[HCL Technologies]], [[Oracle Corporation]], [[Google]], [[Qualcomm]], [[Dell]], [[Cognizant]], [[Novartis]], [[Pegasystems|Pega]], [[JPMorgan Chase|J.P Morgan]], [[UBS]]. As of 2020, the IT exports from Hyderabad was ₹128,807 crore (US$15 billion), the city houses 1500 IT and ITES companies that provide 582,126 employment.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 May 2020|title=Telangana records 17.93 % growth in IT sector|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-records-17-93-growth-in-it-sector/articleshow/75868301.cms|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana IT exports grows 18% at ₹1.28 lakh crore in FY20|date=21 May 2020|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infotech/telangana-it-exports-grows-18-at-rs-1-28-lakh-crore-in-fy20-11590060044912.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad overtakes Bengaluru in IT office space occupation|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 September 2019|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-overtakes-bengaluru-in-it-office-space-occupation/article29480100.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad IT companies told to gradually ramp up operations|date=10 May 2020|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/hyderabad-it-companies-told-to-gradually-ramp-up-operations-11589079377864.html}}</ref> Notable tech and pharma parks are [[HITEC City]], [[Genome Valley]], and [[Hyderabad Pharma City]]. Hyderabad added two companies in unicorn startup list in first two months of 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/startups/companies/meet-hyderabads-soonicorns/articleshow/89767697.cms|title=Meet Hyderabad's Soonicorns}}</ref> | ||
===Chennai=== | ===Chennai=== | ||
[[File:Zoho headquarters in chennai.jpg|thumb|[[Zoho Corporation|Zoho]] headquarters in [[Chennai]]]] | |||
{{As of|2018}}, [[Chennai]] is India's | [[File:TCS-Siruseri-Building.jpg|thumb|TCS Signature Tower and Butterfly Campus in [[Chennai|Chennai, India]].]] | ||
{{As of|2018}}, [[Chennai]] is India's third-largest exporter of information technology (IT) after [[Bangalore]] and [[Hyderabad]] and [[business process outsourcing]] (BPO) services.<ref name="Nasscom">{{cite web|title=Chennai activities|url=http://www.nasscom.org/chennai-activities|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116141448/http://nasscom.org/chennai-activities|archive-date=16 November 2012|access-date=28 December 2012|publisher=[[NASSCOM]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="itchennai2">{{cite news|last=Chandramouli|first=Rajesh|date=1 May 2008|title=Chennai emerging as India's Silicon Valley?|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> [[TIDEL Park]] in Chennai was billed as Asia's largest IT park when it was built.<ref name="fordithub">{{cite news|date=2 November 2000|title=Ford's Rs. 200-cr. IT hub in Chennai|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/02/stories/04022231.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020130201321/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/02/stories/04022231.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2002|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Work ethics: How Indian cities fare|url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2008/jul/31slide5.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> Notable tech parks are [[International Tech Park, Chennai|International Tech Park]], [[DLF Cybercity Chennai|DLF Cybercity SEZ]], [[Mahindra World City, New Chennai|Mahindra World City]], [[SIPCOT IT Park]], [[Olympia Tech Park]], [[One Indiabulls Park]], [[Zoho Corporation|L&T Estancia IT SEZ]], [[Ramanujan IT City]] and [[Chennai one SEZ]]. City has an expressway called as [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|IT expressways]] and a preferred location for IT industries. Major software companies such as [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Infosys]], [[Zoho Corporation|Zoho]], [[Capgemini]], [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], [[Mindtree]], [[Cognizant]], [[Accenture]], [[UST (company)|UST Global]], [[KPIT Technologies|BirlaSoft]], [[HCL Technologies]] and [[Comcast]] have their offices set up here, with some of them making Chennai their largest base.<ref name="itchennai2" /> | |||
===Pune=== | ===Pune=== | ||
The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in [[Hinjawadi]] is a | The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in [[Hinjawadi]] is a ₹60,000 crore (US$8.9 billion) project by the [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC).<ref name="hinjewadiet">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2604416.cms|title=Hinjawadi, the land of opportunity|last1=Bari|first1=Prachi|date=7 December 2007|work=The Economic times|access-date=13 November 2009|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509022917/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2604416.cms|archive-date=9 May 2009|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://megapolis.co.in/hinjewadi-it-park.html|title=Hinjawadi IT park|work=The MegaPolis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318015457/http://www.megapolis.co.in/hinjewadi-it-park.html|archive-date=18 March 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=13 November 2009}}</ref> The IT Park encompasses an area of about {{convert|2800|acre|km2}} and is home to over 800 IT companies of all sizes.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/pune-where-panic-reins-an-it-campus/article18591285.ece|title=Pune, where panic reigns an IT campus|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|date=2017-05-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-06-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527171136/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/pune-where-panic-reins-an-it-campus/article18591285.ece|archive-date=27 May 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Besides Hinjawadi, IT companies are also located at [[Magarpatta city]], [[Kharadi]], [[Kalyani nagar]], | ||
[[Yerawada]], [[Aundh, Pune|Aundh]] and several other parts of the city. Major IT companies like TCS, Wipro, Infosys, Cognizant, Tech mahindra, Cybage, Zensar technologies, Amdocs, Capegemini, Google , Sungard, HCL Technologies, Persistent technology etc. have offices in Pune. As of 2019, the IT sector employs more than 500,000 people.<ref name=":9" /><ref name="et">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/jobs/Are-IT-jobs-losing-sparkle/articleshow/6443498.cms |title=Economic Times (2010), ''Are IT jobs losing sparkle?'' |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date= 27 August 2010|access-date=30 August 2010}}</ref> | |||
===Delhi NCR=== | ===Delhi NCR=== | ||
Delhi NCR is one of the major IT hub in India. Cities like | Delhi NCR is one of the major IT hub in India. Cities in NCR like [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]] have several companies that serves the local and global markets who take help from these IT hubs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/delhi-ncr-an-emerging-it-hub-in-india-13888.html/|title = Delhi NCR – an Emerging IT Hub in India|date = 29 March 2017}}</ref> | ||
===Kolkata=== | |||
Kolkata is one of the major IT hub in India. As of 2020, The IT sector employs more than 200,000 people directly. | |||
Major software companies such as [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Infosys]], [[Capgemini]], [[Wipro]], [[Ericsson]], [[Mindtree]], [[Cognizant]], [[Accenture]], [[ITC Infotech]], [[RS Software]] have their offices set up here, with TCS making Kolkata their largest base. | |||
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebengalitoday.com/2021/07/kolkata-next-silicon-valley-of-india.html|title = How Bengal Fell Behind Bengaluru in Software Industry? -|date = 23 July 2021}}</ref> | |||
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/tcs-is-largest-employer-in-bengal/cid/1482827|title = TCS is largest employer in Bengal}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India]] | * [[Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India]] | ||
* [[List of Indian IT companies]] | * [[List of Indian IT companies]] | ||
* [[List of | * [[List of publicly listed ITES companies of India]] | ||
* [[PARAM]] | * [[PARAM]] | ||
* [[Supercomputing in India]] | * [[Supercomputing in India]] | ||
| Line 54: | Line 58: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist| | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
===Sources=== | ===Sources=== | ||
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dinesh C. |date=2015 |title=The Outsourcer: The Story of India's IT Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e44jCgAAQBAJ&q=Information+technology+industry+in+india |publisher= MIT Press |isbn= | {{Refbegin|2}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Parayil |first=G. |date=2016 |title=Political Economy and Information Capitalism in India: Digital Divide, Development Divide and Equity Technology, Globalization and Development |publisher=Springer |isbn= | * {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dinesh C. |date=2015 |title=The Outsourcer: The Story of India's IT Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e44jCgAAQBAJ&q=Information+technology+industry+in+india |publisher= [[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-02875-2 }} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Vittal |first1=N.|last2=Mahalingam |first2=S. |date=2001 |title=Information Technology: India's Tomorrow |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn= | * {{cite book |last=Parayil |first=G. |date=2016 |title=Political Economy and Information Capitalism in India: Digital Divide, Development Divide and Equity Technology, Globalization and Development |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-2-305-9561-3 }} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Franda |first= Marcus F. |date=2002 |title=China and India Online: Information Technology Politics and Diplomacy in the World's Two Largest Nations |url=https://archive.org/details/chinaindiaonline0000fran|url-access=registration |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn= | * {{cite book |last1=Vittal |first1=N.|last2=Mahalingam |first2=S. |date=2001 |title=Information Technology: India's Tomorrow |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn=978-8-170-49119-4 }} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Ezer |first=Jonathan |date=2010 |title=Perceptions of Information Technology in India: A study of the institutional forces that impact how technology is taught, and learned, at Indian Universities |publisher=LAP Lambert Academic Publishing |isbn= | * {{cite book |last=Franda |first= Marcus F. |date=2002 |title=China and India Online: Information Technology Politics and Diplomacy in the World's Two Largest Nations |url=https://archive.org/details/chinaindiaonline0000fran|url-access=registration |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-742-51946-6 }} | ||
*{{cite book |author=Pal, Dipyaman |author2=Chakraborty, Chandrima |editor=Sikdar, Soumyen |editor2=Das, Ramesh Chandra |editor3=Bhattacharyya, Rajib|title=Role of IT- ITES in Economic Development of Asia: Issues of Growth, Sustainability and Governance|year=2020|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Singapore]]|pages=27–35|isbn=978-981-15-4206-0|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-4206-0_3 |doi-access=free |s2cid=226709917}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Ezer |first=Jonathan |date=2010 |title=Perceptions of Information Technology in India: A study of the institutional forces that impact how technology is taught, and learned, at Indian Universities |publisher=LAP Lambert Academic Publishing |isbn=978-3-838-37279-2 }} | |||
* Arora, Payal. "Politics of Algorithms, Indian Citizenship, and the Colonial Legacy." Global Digital Cultures: Perspectives from South Asia, edited by ASWIN PUNATHAMBEKAR and SRIRAM MOHAN, [[University of Michigan Press]], 2019, pp. 37–52, {{jstor|j.ctvndv9rb.5}}. | |||
* Gupta, S. D., Raychaudhuri, A. and Haldar, S. K. (2015) 'Determinants of Exports of Information Technology in India: An Empirical Analysis', [[South Asia Economic Journal]], 16(1), pp. 64–81. {{doi|10.1177/1391561415575128}} | |||
* Dedrick, Jason, and Kenneth L. Kraemer. "Information Technology in India: The Quest for Self-Reliance." Asian Survey, vol. 33, no. 5, [[University of California Press]], 1993, pp. 463–92, {{doi|10.2307/2645313}}. | |||
* Ramesh Subramanian (2006) India and Information Technology: A Historical & Critical Perspective, Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 9:4, 28-46, {{doi|10.1080/1097198X.2006.10856431}} | |||
* M.D., Pradeep and B.K., Ravindra, Effective Disbursement of Social Security Benefits to the Labour through Information Technology in India (April 15, 2017). International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJATET), Volume I, Issue I, 2016, {{SSRN|2995342}} | |||
* Thomas P.N. (1994) The State and Information Technology in India: Emerging Trends. In: Nagel S.S. (eds) Asian Development and Public Policy. [[Policy Studies Organization|Policy Studies Organization Series]]. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], London. {{doi|10.1007/978-1-349-23452-3_9}} {{ISBN|978-1-349-23454-7}} | |||
*{{cite book|title=Invisible Labour: Support Service Workers in India's Information Technology Industry|author=Chakraborty, I.|isbn=978-1-000-18033-6|lccn=2020024946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPj2DwAAQBAJ|year=2020| publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] }} | |||
*{{cite journal|author = Shastry, Gauri Kartini|title = Human Capital Response to Globalization: Education and Information Technology in India|volume = 47|number = 2|pages = 287–330|year = 2012|doi = 10.3368/jhr.47.2.287|url= http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/47/2/287.abstract|journal = [[Journal of Human Resources]] |s2cid = 219236704}} | |||
*{{cite book|author=Sahoo, Golak Prasad|editor=Nirmal, B.C. |editor2=Singh, Rajnish Kumar|title=Contemporary Issues in International Law: Environment, International Trade, Information Technology and Legal Education|year=2018|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Singapore]]|location=[[Singapore]]|pages=475–500|isbn=978-981-10-6277-3|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-6277-3_34}} | |||
*Krishnan, Rishikesha T., and Ganesh N. Prabhu. "Innovation in the Indian Information Technology Industry: A Study of the Software Product Development Process." [[Science, Technology and Society]] 7, no. 1 (March 2002): 91–115. {{doi|10.1177/097172180200700105}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
{{Economy of India}} | {{Economy of India}} | ||