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{{Short description|Scottish historian and statistician (1840-1900)}}
{{Short description|Scottish historian and statistician (1840-1900)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{distinguish|William Hunter, Lord Hunter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Sir William Wilson Hunter
| name              = Sir William Wilson Hunter
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==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
William Wilson Hunter was born on 15 July 1840 in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], to Andrew Galloway Hunter, a Glasgow manufacturer. He was the second of his father's three sons. In 1854 he started his education at the 'Quaker Seminary' at Queenswood, [[Hampshire]] and a year later he joined the [[Glasgow Academy]].
William Wilson Hunter was born on 15 July 1840 in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], to Andrew Galloway Hunter, a Glasgow manufacturer. He was the second of his father's three sons. In 1854 he started his education at the 'Quaker Seminary' at Queenswood, [[Hampshire]] and a year later he joined [[The Glasgow Academy]].


He was educated at [[Glasgow University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] 1860), [[Paris]] and [[Bonn]], acquiring a knowledge of [[Sanskrit]], [[LL.D.]], before passing first in the final examination for the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1862.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=945}}
He was educated at the [[University of Glasgow]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] 1860), [[Paris]] and [[Bonn]], acquiring a knowledge of [[Sanskrit]], [[LL.D.]], before passing first in the final examination for the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1862.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=945}}


==Career==
==Career==
He reached [[Bengal Presidency]] in November 1862 and was appointed assistant magistrate and collector of [[Birbhum]], in the lower provinces of [[Bengal]], where he began collecting local traditions and records, which formed the materials for his publication, entitled ''The Annals of Rural Bengal'',{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=945}} which influenced among others the [[historical romance]] ''[[Durgeshnandini]]'' of [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]].<ref name="ChakravortyGupta2004" />
He reached [[Bengal Presidency]] in November 1862 and was appointed assistant magistrate and collector of [[Birbhum]], in the lower provinces of [[Bengal]], where he began collecting local traditions and records, which formed the materials for his publication, entitled ''The Annals of Rural Bengal'',{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=945}} which influenced the [[historical romance]]s of [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Rimi B. |author-link=Rimi B. Chatterjee |editor1-last=Gupta |editor1-first=Abhijit |editor2-last=Chakravorty |editor2-first=Swapan |editor2-link=Swapan Kumar Chakravorty |year=2004 |title=Print Areas: Book History in India |chapter='Every Line for India': The Oxford University Press and the Rise and Fall of the Rulers of India Series |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKQPnCIZMnIC&pg=PA77 |publisher=Permanent Black |pages=77, 93 |isbn=978-81-7824-082-4}}</ref>


He also compiled ''A Comparative Dictionary of the Non-Aryan Languages of India'', a glossary of dialects based mainly upon the collections of [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]], which according to the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition]], "testifies to the industry of the writer but contains much immature philological speculation".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=945}}
He also compiled ''A Comparative Dictionary of the Non-Aryan Languages of India'', a glossary of dialects based mainly upon the collections of [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]], which according to the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition]], "testifies to the industry of the writer but contains much immature philological speculation".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=945}}
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In response to Mayo's question on 30 May 1871 of whether the Indian Muslims are "bound by their religion to rebel against the Queen" Hunter completed his influential work ''The Indian Musalmans'' in mid-June 1871 and later published it as a book in mid-August of the same year.<ref>{{cite journal|author=v. L. B.|title=De Mohammedanen in Hindostan.&nbsp;—''Our Indian Musalmans: Are they bound in conscience to rebel against the Queen?'' by W. W. Hunter|journal=[[Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië]]|volume=18|issue=2|pages=121–122|year=1872|jstor=25736656}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ali|first=M. Mohar|author-link=Muhammad Mohar Ali|title=Hunter's "Indian Musalmans": A Re-Examination of Its Background|journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|year=1980|volume=112|issue=1|pages=30–51|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00135889|jstor=25211084}}</ref> In it, Hunter concluded that the majority of the Indian Muslim scholars rejected the idea of rebelling against the Government because of their opinion that the condition for religious war, i.e. the absence of protection and liberty between Muslims and infidel rulers, did not exist in British India; and that "there is no ''[[jihad]]'' in a country where protection is afforded".<ref>Bonney, R. (2004) ''Jihad: From Qur'an to Bin Laden'', Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 193-194</ref>
In response to Mayo's question on 30 May 1871 of whether the Indian Muslims are "bound by their religion to rebel against the Queen" Hunter completed his influential work ''The Indian Musalmans'' in mid-June 1871 and later published it as a book in mid-August of the same year.<ref>{{cite journal|author=v. L. B.|title=De Mohammedanen in Hindostan.&nbsp;—''Our Indian Musalmans: Are they bound in conscience to rebel against the Queen?'' by W. W. Hunter|journal=[[Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië]]|volume=18|issue=2|pages=121–122|year=1872|jstor=25736656}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ali|first=M. Mohar|author-link=Muhammad Mohar Ali|title=Hunter's "Indian Musalmans": A Re-Examination of Its Background|journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|year=1980|volume=112|issue=1|pages=30–51|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00135889|jstor=25211084}}</ref> In it, Hunter concluded that the majority of the Indian Muslim scholars rejected the idea of rebelling against the Government because of their opinion that the condition for religious war, i.e. the absence of protection and liberty between Muslims and infidel rulers, did not exist in British India; and that "there is no ''[[jihad]]'' in a country where protection is afforded".<ref>Bonney, R. (2004) ''Jihad: From Qur'an to Bin Laden'', Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 193-194</ref>


In 1872 Hunter published his history of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. The [[International Sanitary Conferences|third International Sanitary Conference]] held at [[Constantinople]] in 1866 declared Hindu and Muslim pilgrimages to be 'the most powerful of all the causes which conduce to the development and propagation of Cholera epidemics'. Hunter echoing the view described the 'squalid pilgrim army of Jagannath' as<ref name="Metcalf1997">{{cite book|author=Thomas R. Metcalf|title=Ideologies of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRcMoGSkRtIC&pg=PA175|date=27 February 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58937-6|pages=175}}</ref> {{quote|with its rags and hair and skin freighted with vermin and impregnated with infection, may any year slay thousands of the most talented and beautiful of our age in Vienna, London, or Washington.}}
In 1872 Hunter published his history of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. The [[International Sanitary Conferences|third International Sanitary Conference]] held at [[Constantinople]] in 1866 declared Hindu and Muslim pilgrimages to be 'the most powerful of all the causes which conduce to the development and propagation of Cholera epidemics'. Hunter echoing the view described the 'squalid pilgrim army of Jagannath' as<ref name="Metcalf1997">{{cite book|author=Thomas R. Metcalf|title=Ideologies of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRcMoGSkRtIC&pg=PA175|date=27 February 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58937-6|pages=175}}</ref> {{blockquote|with its rags and hair and skin freighted with vermin and impregnated with infection, may any year slay thousands of the most talented and beautiful of our age in Vienna, London, or Washington.}}


[[Image:The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908-1931, Book cover.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], William Wilson Hunter's most known work, on which he started working in 1869.]]
[[Image:The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908-1931, Book cover.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], William Wilson Hunter's most known work, on which he started working in 1869.]]
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He embarked on a series of tours throughout the country,<ref name=Marriott2003p209 /> and he supervised the ''A Statistical Account of Bengal'' (20 volumes, 1875–1877)<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Statistical Account of Bengal by W. W. Hunter|journal=The North American Review|date=September–October 1878|volume=127|issue=264|pages=339–342|jstor=25100678}}</ref> and a similar work for [[Assam]] (2 volumes, 1879).<ref name=ODNB>{{ODNBweb |title=Hunter, Sir William Wilson |id=14237}}</ref>
He embarked on a series of tours throughout the country,<ref name=Marriott2003p209 /> and he supervised the ''A Statistical Account of Bengal'' (20 volumes, 1875–1877)<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Statistical Account of Bengal by W. W. Hunter|journal=The North American Review|date=September–October 1878|volume=127|issue=264|pages=339–342|jstor=25100678}}</ref> and a similar work for [[Assam]] (2 volumes, 1879).<ref name=ODNB>{{ODNBweb |title=Hunter, Sir William Wilson |id=14237}}</ref>


Hunter wrote that {{quote|Under this system, the materials for the whole of British India have now been collected, in several Provinces the work of compilation has rapidly advanced, and everywhere it is well in hand. During the same period the first Census of India has been taken, and furnished a vast accession to our knowledge of the people. The materials now amassed form a Statistical Survey of a continent with a population exceeding that of all Europe, Russia excepted."<ref name="Dirks2003">{{cite book|author=Nicholas B. Dirks|title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0D1K4Zn_9QC&pg=PA199|year=2003|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=978-81-7824-072-5|pages=199}}</ref>}}
Hunter wrote that {{blockquote|Under this system, the materials for the whole of British India have now been collected, in several Provinces the work of compilation has rapidly advanced, and everywhere it is well in hand. During the same period the first Census of India has been taken, and furnished a vast accession to our knowledge of the people. The materials now amassed form a Statistical Survey of a continent with a population exceeding that of all Europe, Russia excepted."<ref name="Dirks2003">{{cite book|author=Nicholas B. Dirks|title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0D1K4Zn_9QC&pg=PA199|year=2003|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=978-81-7824-072-5|pages=199}}</ref>}}


The statistical accounts, covering the 240 administrative districts, comprised 128 volumes and these were condensed into the nine volumes of ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', which was published in 1881.<ref name=Marriott2003p209 /> The ''Gazetteer'' was revised in later series, the second edition comprising 14 volumes published between 1885 and 1887, while the third comprised 26 volumes, including an atlas, and was published in 1908 under the editorship of [[Herbert Hope Risley]], [[William Stevenson Meyer]], [[Richard Burn (Indologist)|Richard Burn]] and [[James Sutherland Cotton]].<ref name="Scholberg1970">{{cite book|author=Henry Scholberg|author-link=Henry Scholberg|title=The District Gazetteers of British India: A Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYsZAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Zug, Switzerland: Inter Documentation Company|isbn=9780800212650}}</ref>
The statistical accounts, covering the 240 administrative districts, comprised 128 volumes and these were condensed into the nine volumes of ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', which was published in 1881.<ref name=Marriott2003p209 /> The ''Gazetteer'' was revised in later series, the second edition comprising 14 volumes published between 1885 and 1887, while the third comprised 26 volumes, including an atlas, and was published in 1908 under the editorship of [[Herbert Hope Risley]], [[William Stevenson Meyer]], [[Richard Burn (Indologist)|Richard Burn]] and [[James Sutherland Cotton]].<ref name="Scholberg1970">{{cite book|author=Henry Scholberg|author-link=Henry Scholberg|title=The District Gazetteers of British India: A Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYsZAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Zug, Switzerland: Inter Documentation Company|isbn=9780800212650}}</ref>


Again according to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition, Hunter "adopted a [[transliteration]] of vernacular place-names, by which means the correct pronunciation is ordinarily indicated; but hardly sufficient allowance was made for old spellings consecrated by history and long usage."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=945–946}} Hunter's own article on India was published in 1880 as ''A Brief History of the Indian Peoples'', and has been widely translated and utilized in Indian schools. A revised form was issued in 1895, under the title of ''The Indian Empire: its People, History and Products''.
Again according to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition, Hunter "adopted a [[transliteration]] of vernacular place-names, by which means the correct pronunciation is ordinarily indicated; but hardly sufficient allowance was made for old spellings consecrated by history and long usage."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=945–946}} Hunter's own article on India was published in 1880 as ''A Brief History of the Indian Peoples'', and has been widely translated and utilized in Indian schools. A revised form was issued in 1895, under the title of ''The Indian Empire: its People, History and Products''.


Hunter later said that {{quote|Nothing is more costly than ignorance. I believe that, in spite of its many defects, this work will provide a memorable episode in the long battle against ignorance; a breakwater against the tide of prejudice and false opinions flowing down upon us from the past, and the foundation for a truer and wider knowledge of India in time to come. Its aim has been not literary graces, nor scientific discovery, nor antiquarian research; but an earnest endeavour to render India better governed, because better understood.<ref name=Marriott2003p209 />}}
Hunter later said that {{blockquote|Nothing is more costly than ignorance. I believe that, in spite of its many defects, this work will provide a memorable episode in the long battle against ignorance; a breakwater against the tide of prejudice and false opinions flowing down upon us from the past, and the foundation for a truer and wider knowledge of India in time to come. Its aim has been not literary graces, nor scientific discovery, nor antiquarian research; but an earnest endeavour to render India better governed, because better understood.<ref name=Marriott2003p209 />}}


Hunter contributed the articles "Bombay", "Calcutta", "Dacca", "Delhi" and "Mysore" to the 9th edition (1875–89) of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.<ref>[http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html  Important Contributors to the Britannica, 9th and 10th Editions]. 1902encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</ref>
Hunter contributed the articles "Bombay", "Calcutta", "Dacca", "Delhi" and "Mysore" to the 9th edition (1875–89) of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.<ref>[http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html  Important Contributors to the Britannica, 9th and 10th Editions]. 1902encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</ref>
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In 1887 he retired from the service, was created [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]], and settled at Oaken Holt, near [[Oxford]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=946}} He was on the governing body of [[Abingdon School]] from 1895 until his death in 1900.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abingdon.org.uk/uploads/school/files/abingdonian/1900_April_V002_N017.pdf#page=13|title=School Notes|publisher=The Abingdonian}}</ref>
In 1887 he retired from the service, was created [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]], and settled at Oaken Holt, near [[Oxford]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=946}} He was on the governing body of [[Abingdon School]] from 1895 until his death in 1900.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abingdon.org.uk/uploads/school/files/abingdonian/1900_April_V002_N017.pdf#page=13|title=School Notes|publisher=The Abingdonian}}</ref>


On 13 March 1889 [[Philip Lyttelton Gell]] the then Secretary to the Delegates of the [[Clarendon Press]], wrote to Hunter about {{quote|a project which has been for some time under the consideration of the Delegates, to publish a series giving the salient features of Indian History in the Biographies of successive Generals and Administrators.<ref name="ChakravortyGupta2004" />}}
On 13 March 1889 [[Philip Lyttelton Gell]] the then Secretary to the Delegates of the [[Clarendon Press]], wrote to Hunter about {{blockquote|a project which has been for some time under the consideration of the Delegates, to publish a series giving the salient features of Indian History in the Biographies of successive Generals and Administrators.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Rimi B. |author-link=Rimi B. Chatterjee |editor1-last=Gupta |editor1-first=Abhijit |editor2-last=Chakravorty |editor2-first=Swapan |editor2-link=Swapan Kumar Chakravorty |year=2004 |title=Print Areas: Book History in India |chapter='Every Line for India': The Oxford University Press and the Rise and Fall of the Rulers of India Series |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKQPnCIZMnIC&pg=PA81 |publisher=Permanent Black |page=81 |isbn=978-81-7824-082-4}}</ref>}}


Gell arranged the publication of the series by June 1889; with Hunter receiving £75 for each volume, and the author £25. Gell's experience of the earlier unsaleable [[Sacred Books of the East]] and financial constraints forced the ''[[Rulers of India series|Rulers of India]]'' to end at 28 volumes in spite of Hunter's disappointment about the same.<ref name="ChakravortyGupta2004">{{cite book|editor1-last=Chakravorty|editor1-first=Swapan|editor1-link=Swapan Kumar Chakravorty|editor2-last=Gupta|editor2-first=Abhijit|last=Chatterjee|first=Rimi B.|author-link=Rimi B. Chatterjee|title=Print Areas: Book History in India|chapter="Every Line for India" : The Oxford University Press and the Rise and Fall of the Rulers of India Series|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKQPnCIZMnIC&pg=PA65|year=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-082-4|pages=65–102}}</ref>{{full citation needed|reason=this is a massive page range&nbsp;— need to narrow it down for the various citations|date=April 2015}}
Gell arranged the publication of the series by June 1889; with Hunter receiving £75 for each volume, and the author £25. Gell's experience of the earlier unsaleable ''[[Sacred Books of the East]]'' and financial constraints forced the ''[[Rulers of India series|Rulers of India]]'' to end at 28 volumes in spite of Hunter's disappointment about the same.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Rimi B. |author-link=Rimi B. Chatterjee |editor1-last=Gupta |editor1-first=Abhijit |editor2-last=Chakravorty |editor2-first=Swapan |editor2-link=Swapan Kumar Chakravorty |year=2004 |title=Print Areas: Book History in India |chapter='Every Line for India': The Oxford University Press and the Rise and Fall of the Rulers of India Series |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKQPnCIZMnIC&pg=PA81 |publisher=Permanent Black |pages=81, 87 |isbn=978-81-7824-082-4}}</ref>
Hunter himself contributed the volumes on [[James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Dalhousie]] (1890)<ref>{{cite journal|last=H. P.|title=''The Marquess of Dalhousie'' by William Wilson Hunter|journal=Revue Historique|year=1891|volume=47|issue=2|pages=387–393|jstor=40938228}}</ref> and Mayo (1891)<ref>{{cite journal|last=H. P.|title=''The Earl of Mayo'' by William Wilson Hunter|journal=Revue Historique|year=1892|volume=48|issue=2|pages=387–400|jstor=40939452}}</ref> to the series.<ref name="ChakravortyGupta2004" />
Hunter himself contributed the volumes on [[James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Dalhousie]] (1890)<ref>{{cite journal|last=H. P.|title=''The Marquess of Dalhousie'' by William Wilson Hunter|journal=Revue Historique|year=1891|volume=47|issue=2|pages=387–393|jstor=40938228}}</ref> and Mayo (1891)<ref>{{cite journal|last=H. P.|title=''The Earl of Mayo'' by William Wilson Hunter|journal=Revue Historique|year=1892|volume=48|issue=2|pages=387–400|jstor=40939452}}</ref> to the series.


He had previously written an official ''Life of Lord Mayo'', which was published on 19 November 1875 in two volumes with a second edition appearing in 1876.<ref name="Mittal1996">{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra Mittal|author-link=Satish Chandra Mittal|title=India Distorted: A Study of British Historians on India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1_jphIo6hsC&pg=PA199|date=1 January 1996|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7533-018-4|pages=199}}</ref> He also wrote a weekly article on Indian affairs for ''[[The Times]]''.
He had previously written an official ''Life of Lord Mayo'', which was published on 19 November 1875 in two volumes with a second edition appearing in 1876.<ref name="Mittal1996">{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra Mittal|author-link=Satish Chandra Mittal|title=India Distorted: A Study of British Historians on India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1_jphIo6hsC&pg=PA199|date=1 January 1996|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7533-018-4|pages=199}}</ref> He also wrote a weekly article on Indian affairs for ''[[The Times]]''.
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* {{cite book |title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Languages of India and High Asia: With a Dissertation. Based on the Hodgson Lists, Official Records, and Mss|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924073426532|year=1868|publisher=Trübner and Company}}
* {{cite book |title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Languages of India and High Asia: With a Dissertation. Based on the Hodgson Lists, Official Records, and Mss|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924073426532|year=1868|publisher=Trübner and Company}}
* {{cite book |title=Annals of Rural Bengal |publisher=Smith, Elder & Co |year=1868 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsofruralben00huntuoft}}
* {{cite book |title=Annals of Rural Bengal |publisher=Smith, Elder & Co |year=1868 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsofruralben00huntuoft}}
* {{cite book |title=The Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHJfAAAAcAAJ|year=1871|publisher=Trübner and Company}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=In the book 'The Indian Musalmans' by William Wilson Hunter, the author has mentioned the Indians Muslims who rebelled against the British empire as 'Wahhabis', so did only Salafis/Ahlul Hadith fight against the British? - Quora|url=https://www.quora.com/In-the-book-The-Indian-Musalmans-by-William-Wilson-Hunter-the-author-has-mentioned-the-Indians-Muslims-who-rebelled-against-the-British-empire-as-Wahhabis-so-did-only-Salafis-Ahlul-Hadith-fight-against-the-British?q=William%20salafis|access-date=2021-03-27|website=www.quora.com}}</ref>
* {{cite book |title=The Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHJfAAAAcAAJ|year=1871|publisher=Trübner and Company}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=In the book 'The Indian Musalmans' by William Wilson Hunter, the author has mentioned the Indians Muslims who rebelled against the British empire as 'Wahhabis', so did only Salafis/Ahlul Hadith fight against the British? – Quora|url=https://www.quora.com/In-the-book-The-Indian-Musalmans-by-William-Wilson-Hunter-the-author-has-mentioned-the-Indians-Muslims-who-rebelled-against-the-British-empire-as-Wahhabis-so-did-only-Salafis-Ahlul-Hadith-fight-against-the-British?q=William%20salafis|access-date=2021-03-27|website=quora.com}}</ref>
* {{cite book |title=Orissa, Or, The Vicissitudes of an Indian Province Under Native and British Rule|url=https://archive.org/details/orissa00unkngoog|year=1872|publisher=Smith, Elder and Company}}
* {{cite book |title=Orissa, Or, The Vicissitudes of an Indian Province Under Native and British Rule|url=https://archive.org/details/orissa00unkngoog|year=1872|publisher=Smith, Elder and Company}}
* {{cite book |title= A Statistical Account of Bengal |url= https://archive.org/details/astatisticalacc01kiscgoog |location=London |publisher=Trübner & Co. |year=1875–1879}} (20 volumes)
* {{cite book |title= A Statistical Account of Bengal |url= https://archive.org/details/astatisticalacc01kiscgoog |location=London |publisher=Trübner & Co. |year=1875–1879}} (20 volumes)
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[[Category:Scottish historians]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish historians]]
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[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
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[[Category:University of Bonn alumni]]
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[[Category:Governors of Abingdon School]]
[[Category:Governors of Abingdon School]]
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