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When India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], wanted [[Hyderabad State]] to remain independent under the special provisions given to princely states. The peasants of the state, influenced by [[Communist Party of India|Communist party]]{{cn|date=February 2021}}, had also revolted against the Nizam, who tried to suppress their armed struggle against landlords.{{cn|date=February 2021}}[[Qasim Razvi]] led private [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakar]] army fighting for continuation of the Nizam's rule, did worst forms of atrocities on people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |title=AP history- Govt of AP |publisher=Aponline.gov.in |accessdate=2011-10-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |archivedate=2013-12-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/18/stories/2003091806590400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031027164129/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/18/stories/2003091806590400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-10-27 |title=`Regional colour' to Hyderabad liberation movement decried |date=2003-09-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/?q=2007aug02/painful_memories_erstwhile_hyderabad_state.html |title=Painful memories for erstwhile Hyderabad State |publisher=Twocircles.net |date= |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] liberated and assimilated the Hyderabad State on 17 September 1948, in an operation by the [[Indian Army]] called [[Operation Polo]].
When India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], wanted [[Hyderabad State]] to remain independent under the special provisions given to princely states. The peasants of the state, influenced by [[Communist Party of India|Communist party]]{{cn|date=February 2021}}, had also revolted against the Nizam, who tried to suppress their armed struggle against landlords.{{cn|date=February 2021}}[[Qasim Razvi]] led private [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakar]] army fighting for continuation of the Nizam's rule, did worst forms of atrocities on people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |title=AP history- Govt of AP |publisher=Aponline.gov.in |accessdate=2011-10-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |archivedate=2013-12-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/18/stories/2003091806590400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031027164129/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/18/stories/2003091806590400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-10-27 |title=`Regional colour' to Hyderabad liberation movement decried |date=2003-09-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/?q=2007aug02/painful_memories_erstwhile_hyderabad_state.html |title=Painful memories for erstwhile Hyderabad State |publisher=Twocircles.net |date= |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] liberated and assimilated the Hyderabad State on 17 September 1948, in an operation by the [[Indian Army]] called [[Operation Polo]].


A [[Communist]]-led [[Telangana Rebellion|peasant revolt]] started in Telangana in 1946, which lasted until 1951.{{cn|date=February 2021}} [[Hyderabad state]] included 9 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking districts of Telangana, 4 [[Kannada]] districts in [[Gulbarga]] division & 4 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] speaking districts in Aurangabad division. [[Rangareddy district]] was carved out of [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad district]] of Telangana in 1978. Now Telangana has 31 districts. Two districts were added in 2018, which made them 33 districts . Telangana has changed  from 9 districts to 33 districts in just 30 years The Central Government appointed a civil servant, [[M. K. Vellodi]], as First Chief Minister of Hyderabad state on 26 January 1950. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from [[Madras state]] and [[Bombay state]]. In 1952, Dr. [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State in the first democratic election. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules'(Local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.<ref name="mulki1">{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm |title=Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826122139/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm |archive-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Agitation Against Non-Mulkis |url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1952_4/37/hyderabad_agitation_against_nonmulkis.pdf |publisher=he Economic and Political Weekly |access-date=22 June 2021 |pages=943-944 |date=September 13, 1952}}</ref>
A [[Communist]]-led [[Telangana Rebellion|peasant revolt]] started in Telangana in 1946, which lasted until 1951.{{cn|date=February 2021}} [[Hyderabad state]] included 9 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking districts of Telangana, 4 [[Kannada]] districts in [[Gulbarga]] division & 4 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] speaking districts in Aurangabad division. [[Rangareddy district]] was carved out of [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad district]] of Telangana in 1978. Now Telangana has 31 districts. Two districts were added in 2018, which made them 33 districts . Telangana has changed  from 9 districts to 33 districts in just 30 years The Central Government appointed a civil servant, [[M. K. Vellodi]], as First Chief Minister of Hyderabad state on 26 January 1950. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from [[Madras state]] and [[Bombay state]]. In 1952, Dr. [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State in the first democratic election. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules'(Local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.<ref name="mulki1">{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm |title=Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826122139/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm |archive-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Agitation Against Non-Mulkis |url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1952_4/37/hyderabad_agitation_against_nonmulkis.pdf |publisher=he Economic and Political Weekly |access-date=22 June 2021 |pages=943-944 |date=13 September 1952}}</ref>


In 1952, [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking people were distributed in about 22 districts, 9 of them in the former  Nizam's dominions of the princely state of Hyderabad, 12 in the [[Madras Presidency]] ([[Andhra State|Andhra region]]), and one in French-controlled [[Yanam (India)|Yanam]]. Meanwhile, Telugu-speaking areas in the Andhra region were carved out of the erstwhile [[Madras state]] by leaders like [[Potti Sri Ramulu]] to create [[Andhra State]] in 1953, with [[Kurnool]] as its capital.<ref name="aponline1">{{cite web |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |title=History and Culture&nbsp;– History-Post-Independence Era |publisher=APonline |accessdate=2010-09-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922235740/http://aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/history_post.html |archivedate=22 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/18/stories/2002121802120900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017024759/http://hindu.com/2002/12/18/stories/2002121802120900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-17 |title=After Sriramulu, Andhra State |date=2002-12-18|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/01/stories/2003100100050900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204171326/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/01/stories/2003100100050900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-12-04 |title=Andhra State formed |date=2003-10-01|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref>
In 1952, [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking people were distributed in about 22 districts, 9 of them in the former  Nizam's dominions of the princely state of Hyderabad, 12 in the [[Madras Presidency]] ([[Andhra State|Andhra region]]), and one in French-controlled [[Yanam (India)|Yanam]]. Meanwhile, Telugu-speaking areas in the Andhra region were carved out of the erstwhile [[Madras state]] by leaders like [[Potti Sri Ramulu]] to create [[Andhra State]] in 1953, with [[Kurnool]] as its capital.<ref name="aponline1">{{cite web |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |title=History and Culture&nbsp;– History-Post-Independence Era |publisher=APonline |accessdate=2010-09-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922235740/http://aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/history_post.html |archivedate=22 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/18/stories/2002121802120900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017024759/http://hindu.com/2002/12/18/stories/2002121802120900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-17 |title=After Sriramulu, Andhra State |date=2002-12-18|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/01/stories/2003100100050900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204171326/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/01/stories/2003100100050900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-12-04 |title=Andhra State formed |date=2003-10-01|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref>
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In Hyderabad assembly out of 174 MLAs On 3 December 1955, 147 MLAs expressed their view. 103 MLA's (including Marathi and Kannada MLAs) supported the merger, 16 MLAs maintained neutral stand and 29 opposed merger. Among Telangana MLAs, 25 Telangana MLAs disagreed with the merger, 59 Telangana MLAs supported the merger.  Out of 94 Telangana MLAs in the assembly, 36 were Communists (PDF), 40 were Congress, 11 were Socialist party (SP), 9 were independents.  Voting did not take place on the resolution because Telangana proponents insisted on to including the phrase "As per the wishes of people" in the resolution.<ref>{{cite web|title=Page 1 of the edition December 5, 1955|url=http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/newspaperframe.aspx?bookid=43984|publisher=Andhra Prabha dated 5 December 1955|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|publisher=Election Commission|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref>
In Hyderabad assembly out of 174 MLAs On 3 December 1955, 147 MLAs expressed their view. 103 MLA's (including Marathi and Kannada MLAs) supported the merger, 16 MLAs maintained neutral stand and 29 opposed merger. Among Telangana MLAs, 25 Telangana MLAs disagreed with the merger, 59 Telangana MLAs supported the merger.  Out of 94 Telangana MLAs in the assembly, 36 were Communists (PDF), 40 were Congress, 11 were Socialist party (SP), 9 were independents.  Voting did not take place on the resolution because Telangana proponents insisted on to including the phrase "As per the wishes of people" in the resolution.<ref>{{cite web|title=Page 1 of the edition December 5, 1955|url=http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/newspaperframe.aspx?bookid=43984|publisher=Andhra Prabha dated 5 December 1955|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|publisher=Election Commission|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref>


With lobbying from Andhra Congress leaders and with pressure from the Central leadership of Congress party, an agreement was reached between Telangana leaders and Andhra leaders on 20 February 1956 to merge Telangana and Andhra with promises to safeguard Telangana's interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560201&printsec=frontpage |title=SRC sub committee said no decision on Visalandhra taken.- Page 1 of Feb 1, 1956 Indian Express |publisher=News.google.com |date=1956-02-01 |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560221&printsec=frontpage |title=New Telugu state to be called Hyderabad. Regional council for Telangana. - Page 1 of Feb 21, 1956 Indian Express |publisher=News.google.com |date=1956-02-21 |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref>  This came to be known as the [[Gentlemen's agreement of Andhra Pradesh (1956)|Gentlemen's agreement]]. The agreement allowed the formation of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 1956 itself, against the SRC's recommendations of waiting until 1961 to get the approval of 2/3 of Telangana state assembly after the 2 cycles of elections in Telangana state.
With lobbying from Andhra Congress leaders and with pressure from the Central leadership of Congress party, an agreement was reached between Telangana leaders and Andhra leaders on 20 February 1956 to merge Telangana and Andhra with promises to safeguard Telangana's interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560201&printsec=frontpage |title=SRC sub committee said no decision on Visalandhra taken.- Page 1 of Feb 1, 1956 Indian Express |publisher=News.google.com |date=1956-02-01 |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560221&printsec=frontpage |title=New Telugu state to be called Hyderabad. Regional council for Telangana. - Page 1 of Feb 21, 1956 Indian Express |publisher=News.google.com |date=1956-02-21 |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref>  This came to be known as the [[Gentlemen's agreement of Andhra Pradesh (1956)|Gentlemen's agreement]]. The agreement allowed the formation of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 1956 itself, against the SRC's recommendations of waiting until 1961 to get the approval of 2/3 of Telangana state assembly after the 2 cycles of elections in Telangana state.{{fact|date=August 2021}}


[[Prime minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] initially was skeptical of merging Telangana with Andhra State, fearing a "tint of expansionist imperialism" in it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=msw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4365%2C259207 |title=Visalandhra demand was bearing a taint of "expansive imperialism": Nehru - page8 of Indian express Oct 2, 1953 |publisher=News.google.com |date=1953-10-02 |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://i51.tinypic.com/288b4pc.jpg |title=Visalandhra demand was bearing a taint of "expansive imperialism": Nehru - page8 of Indian express Oct 2, 1953 |date= |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref> He compared the merger to a matrimonial alliance having "provisions for divorce" if the partners in the alliance cannot get on well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2626/stories/20100101262602100.htm |title=Reorganisation, then and now |publisher=Frontlineonnet.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://i50.tinypic.com/5161l2.jpg |title=Nehru compares merger with Matrimonial alliance with provision for divorce |date= |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref><ref>[http://i51.tinypic.com/kbvui8.jpg Nehru compares the Andhra Telangana merger to Matrimonial alliance. Page 5 of Andhra Patrika 3 Nov 1956 ]</ref> Following the [[Gentlemen's agreement of Andhra Pradesh (1956)|Gentlemen's agreement]], the central government established a unified Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956.<ref name="aponline1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/dated-march-7-1956-visalandhra-to-be-formed/article3160633.ece |title= dated March 7, 1956: Visalandhra to be formed  |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 March 2006 |accessdate=28 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/02/stories/2006110200140901.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323055652/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/02/stories/2006110200140901.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-03-23 |title=Andhra Pradesh formed |date=2006-11-02|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref>  The agreement provided reassurances to Telangana in terms of power-sharing as well as administrative domicile rules and distribution of expenses of various regions.
[[Prime minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] initially was skeptical of merging Telangana with Andhra State, fearing a "tint of expansionist imperialism" in it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=msw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4365%2C259207 |title=Visalandhra demand was bearing a taint of "expansive imperialism": Nehru - page8 of Indian express Oct 2, 1953 |publisher=News.google.com |date=1953-10-02 |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://i51.tinypic.com/288b4pc.jpg |title=Visalandhra demand was bearing a taint of "expansive imperialism": Nehru - page8 of Indian express Oct 2, 1953 |date= |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref> He compared the merger to a matrimonial alliance having "provisions for divorce" if the partners in the alliance cannot get on well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2626/stories/20100101262602100.htm |title=Reorganisation, then and now |publisher=Frontlineonnet.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://i50.tinypic.com/5161l2.jpg |title=Nehru compares merger with Matrimonial alliance with provision for divorce |date= |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref><ref>[http://i51.tinypic.com/kbvui8.jpg Nehru compares the Andhra Telangana merger to Matrimonial alliance. Page 5 of Andhra Patrika 3 Nov 1956 ]</ref> Following the [[Gentlemen's agreement of Andhra Pradesh (1956)|Gentlemen's agreement]], the central government established a unified Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956.<ref name="aponline1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/dated-march-7-1956-visalandhra-to-be-formed/article3160633.ece |title= dated March 7, 1956: Visalandhra to be formed  |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 March 2006 |accessdate=28 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/02/stories/2006110200140901.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323055652/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/02/stories/2006110200140901.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-03-23 |title=Andhra Pradesh formed |date=2006-11-02|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref>  The agreement provided reassurances to Telangana in terms of power-sharing as well as administrative domicile rules and distribution of expenses of various regions.{{fact|date=August 2021}}


==1969 Telangana Agitation==
==1969 Telangana Agitation==
{{main|1969 Telangana Agitation}}
{{main|1969 Telangana Agitation}}


In 1969, Telangana agitation arose after students felt betrayed and ensuing battle with the government and the students, 369 students were killed in police firing.
In 1969, Telangana agitation arose after students felt betrayed and ensuing battle with the government and the students, 369 students were killed in police firing.{{fact|date=August 2021}}


==See also==
==See also==
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* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0075) Telanaga movement article in US Library of Congress]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0075) Telanaga movement article in US Library of Congress]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html Official history of AP on AP government website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html Official history of AP on AP government website]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4139882072561017394 Video (30 minutes): ''Still Seeking Justice'' - A documentary on Telangana]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4139882072561017394 Video (30 minutes): ''Still Seeking Justice'' - A documentary on Telangana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221134141/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4139882072561017394 |date=21 December 2009 }}
* [http://www.telangana.org/Papers.asp Some research papers by Telangana proponents]
* [http://www.telangana.org/Papers.asp Some research papers by Telangana proponents]
* [[s:India States Reorganisation Commission Report Telangana Andhra|State reorganisation committee reports at Wikisource]]
* [[s:India States Reorganisation Commission Report Telangana Andhra|State reorganisation committee reports at Wikisource]]
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