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{{short description|Script system used to write Sanskrit}} | {{short description|Script system used to write Sanskrit}} | ||
{{Redirect|Late Brahmi script|the Brahmi script|Brahmi script}} | |||
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}} | {{EngvarB|date=February 2020}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox Writing system | {{Infobox Writing system | ||
| name = Gupta script<br/><small>(Late Brahmi script)</small> | |||
| type = [[Abugida]] | |||
|sample=Barabar Caves Gopika Cave Inscription of Anantavarman 5th- or 6th-century CE Sanskrit in Gupta script.jpg | | sample = Barabar Caves Gopika Cave Inscription of Anantavarman 5th- or 6th-century CE Sanskrit in Gupta script.jpg | ||
|caption=The [[Gopika Cave Inscription]] of Anantavarman, in the [[Sanskrit]] language and using the Gupta script. [[Barabar Caves]] in [[Jehanabad]] Bihar, 5th or 6th century CE. | | caption = The [[Gopika Cave Inscription]] of Anantavarman, in the [[Sanskrit]] language and using the Gupta script. [[Barabar Caves]] in [[Jehanabad]] Bihar, 5th or 6th century CE. | ||
| languages = [[Sanskrit]] | |||
| time = c. 4th–6th century CE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy |date=1998 |page=32}}</ref> | |||
| fam1 = [[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup> | |||
| fam2 = [[Phoenician alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup> | |||
| fam3 = [[Aramaic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup> | |||
| footnotes = <sup>[a]</sup> The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. | |||
| fam4 = [[Brahmi script|Brāhmī]] | |||
| sisters = {{plainlist| | |||
*[[Pallava script|Pallava]] | *[[Pallava script|Pallava]] | ||
*[[Kadamba script|Kadamba]]}} | *[[Kadamba script|Kadamba]]}} | ||
| children = {{plainlist| | |||
*[[ | *[[Sharada script|Śāradā]] | ||
*[[Siddham script|Siddhaṃ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url= | *[[Siddham script|Siddhaṃ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D|title=Epigraphy, Indian Epigraphy Richard Salmon OUP|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref> Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27</ref> | ||
*[[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]<ref name=daniels>{{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=P. T. |title=Writing systems of major and minor languages |date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1993 |page=143}}</ref>}} | *[[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]<ref name=daniels>{{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=P. T. |title=Writing systems of major and minor languages |date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1993 |page=143}}</ref>}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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[[File:Kushan signet in Gupta Brahmi script 3rd century CE.jpg|thumb|[[Kushan Empire]] signet in Gupta Brahmi script, showing [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Julia Domna]]. The seal reads ''Damputrasya Dhanguptasya'' ("[Seal of] Dhangupta son of Dama). 3rd century CE.]] | [[File:Kushan signet in Gupta Brahmi script 3rd century CE.jpg|thumb|[[Kushan Empire]] signet in Gupta Brahmi script, showing [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Julia Domna]]. The seal reads ''Damputrasya Dhanguptasya'' ("[Seal of] Dhangupta son of Dama). 3rd century CE.]] | ||
[[File:Coin of Vikramaditya Chandragupta II with the name of the king in Brahmi script 380 415 CE.jpg|thumb|right|Coin of Vikramaditya ([[Chandragupta II]]) with the name of the king in Gupta Brahmi script 380–415 CE.]] | [[File:Coin of Vikramaditya Chandragupta II with the name of the king in Brahmi script 380 415 CE.jpg|thumb|right|Coin of Vikramaditya ([[Chandragupta II]]) with the name of the king in Gupta Brahmi script 380–415 CE.]] | ||
[[File:Mihirakula of the Alchon Huns.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Alchon Huns]] ruler [[Mihirakula]]. Obv: Bust of king, with legend in Gupta script ([[File:Gupta_allahabad_j.svg|12px]])[[File:Gupta_allahabad_y.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_tu.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_mi.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka hi.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_r.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_l.svg|12px]]<ref>The "h" ([[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|12px]]) is an early variant of the Gupta script | [[File:Mihirakula of the Alchon Huns.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Alchon Huns]] ruler [[Mihirakula]]. Obv: Bust of king, with legend in Gupta script ([[File:Gupta_allahabad_j.svg|12px]])[[File:Gupta_allahabad_y.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_tu.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_mi.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka hi.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_r.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_l.svg|12px]]<ref>The "h" ([[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|12px]]) is an early variant of the Gupta script.</ref> ''(Ja)yatu Mihirakula'' ("Let there be victory to Mihirakula"). Rev: Dotted border around Fire altar flanked by attendants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Thakur Prasad |title=The Imperial Maukharis: History of Imperial Maukharis of Kanauj and Harshavardhana |date=2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781643248813 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09FqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT264 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Studies in Indian Coins |date=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120829732 |page=376 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=PA376 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tandon |first1=Pankaj | pages=24–34|title=Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer |date=2013 |publisher= Oriental Numismatic Society |url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-alchon-early.html}} also [http://coinindia.com/galleries-toramana.html Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)]</ref>]] | ||
The study of Gupta coins began with the discovery of a hoard of [[gold coin]]s in 1783. Many other such hoards have since been discovered, the most important being the [[Bayana]] ( situated in [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] district of [[Rajasthan]]) hoard, discovered in 1946, which contained more than 2000 gold coins issued by the Gupta Kings.<ref>Bajpai, KD. '' 'Indian Numismatic Studies. ' '' New Delhi: Abhinav Publications 2004</ref> Many of the Gupta Empire’s coins bear inscriptions of legends or mark historic events. In fact, it was one of the first Indian Empires to do so, probably as a result of its unprecedented prosperity.<ref name=anupama/> Almost every Gupta king issued coins, beginning with its first king, [[Chandragupta I]]. | The study of Gupta coins began with the discovery of a hoard of [[gold coin]]s in 1783. Many other such hoards have since been discovered, the most important being the [[Bayana]] (situated in [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] district of [[Rajasthan]]) hoard, discovered in 1946, which contained more than 2000 gold coins issued by the Gupta Kings.<ref>Bajpai, KD. '' 'Indian Numismatic Studies. ' '' New Delhi: Abhinav Publications 2004</ref> Many of the Gupta Empire’s coins bear inscriptions of legends or mark historic events. In fact, it was one of the first Indian Empires to do so, probably as a result of its unprecedented prosperity.<ref name=anupama/> Almost every Gupta king issued coins, beginning with its first king, [[Chandragupta I]]. | ||
The scripts on the coin are also of a different nature compared to scripts on pillars, due to conservatism regarding the coins that were to be accepted as currency, which would have prevented regional variations in the script from manifesting on the coinage.<ref name=anupama/> Moreover, space was more limited especially on their silver coins, and thus many of the symbols are truncated or stunted. An example is the symbol for /ta/ and /na/, which were often simplified to vertical strokes. | The scripts on the coin are also of a different nature compared to scripts on pillars, due to conservatism regarding the coins that were to be accepted as currency, which would have prevented regional variations in the script from manifesting on the coinage.<ref name=anupama/> Moreover, space was more limited especially on their silver coins, and thus many of the symbols are truncated or stunted. An example is the symbol for /ta/ and /na/, which were often simplified to vertical strokes. | ||
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* [[Brahmic scripts]] | * [[Brahmic scripts]] | ||
* [[Kadamba script]] | * [[Kadamba script]] | ||
* [[Lipi]] | * [[Lipi (script)|Lipi scripts]] | ||
* [[Pallava script]] | * [[Pallava script]] | ||
* [[Telugu-Kannada alphabet]] | * [[Telugu-Kannada alphabet]] | ||