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{{Short description|Part of Anglo-Maratha Wars between 1775 and 1818}} | |||
{{Original research|date=November 2019}} | {{Original research|date=November 2019}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}} | |||
{{EngvarB|date=June 2023}} | |||
{{Infobox military conflict | {{Infobox military conflict | ||
|conflict=First Anglo-Maratha War | | conflict = First Anglo-Maratha War | ||
|image= File:Maratha British Treaty.JPG | | image = File:Maratha British Treaty.JPG | ||
|caption= A mural depicting the British surrender during the First Anglo-Maratha War. The mural is a part of the Victory Memorial (Vijay Stambh) located at [[Vadgaon Maval]] (Off NH-4, Malinagar, [[Vadgaon Maval]], [[Pune]]) | | caption = A mural depicting the British surrender during the First Anglo-Maratha War. The mural is a part of the Victory Memorial (Vijay Stambh) located at [[Vadgaon Maval]] (Off NH-4, Malinagar, [[Vadgaon Maval]], [[Pune]]). | ||
|date=1775–1782 | | date = 1775–1782 | ||
|partof=the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars]] | | partof = the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha Wars]] | ||
|place=[[Central India]] | | place = {{hlist|[[Central India]]|[[Western India]]}} | ||
|result= Maratha victory<ref name="West2009">{{cite book|last=West|first=Barbara A. |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=AMYZAQAAIAAJ|keywords= First Anglo-Maratha War}}|volume=M to Z|year=2009|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0-8160-7109-8|page=509}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote= | | result = Maratha victory<ref>{{cite book | last=Barua | first=P. | title=The State at War in South Asia | publisher=University of Nebraska Press | series=Studies in war, society, and the military | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA90 | quote=Marathas thoroughly defeated the British. Finally, under severe pressure from London, the British sought peace. | page=90}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9ZP3DlSgAAC|title=Modern Hindu Trinity : Ambedkar-Hedgewar-Gandhi|quote=When they were united they inflicted a crushing defeat on the English in the 1st Anglo-Maratha war and the treaty of Salbai|page=10|publisher=Northern Book Centre|author=Y G Bhave|year=2005 |isbn=9788172111632 }}</ref><ref name="West2009"/><ref>{{cite book|quote=Thereafter the Marathas defeated British-led forces.|title=The American Revolution: A Global War|url=https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti00dupu|url-access=registration|publisher=David McKay Company, Incorporated|year=1977|author=Richard Ernest Dupuy, Gay M. Hammerman, Grace P. Hayes|isbn=9780679506485 }}</ref> | ||
* [[Treaty of Salbai]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELDlCAAAQBAJ|page=867|quote=British were compelled to restore all lands annexed from the Marathas since 1773 and renounced their connection with the would-be Peshwa, Raghunath Rao.|title=International Encyclopedia of Military History|publisher=Routledge|author=James C. Bradford|date=December 2004 |isbn=9781135950347 }}</ref><ref name="West2009">{{cite book|last=West|first=Barbara A. |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=AMYZAQAAIAAJ|keywords= First Anglo-Maratha War}}|volume=M to Z|year=2009|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0-8160-7109-8|page=509|quote=This period also coincided with the First Anglo-Maratha War, which was settled only in 1782 with a Maratha victory over the British and their local allies.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote=Hastings promptly repudiated the Treaty of Wadgaon and sent troops from Calcutta all the way across central India to strengthen the Bombay forces. One by one they captured Maratha cities. In May 1782 a new treaty was signed with the Marathas, the Treaty of Salbai. Although it merely restored the status quo ante bellum, this treaty gave the British twenty years of peace with the Marathas and permitted them to concentrate their efforts against the French and the forces of Mysore.|title=The American Revolution: A Global War|url=https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti00dupu|url-access=registration|publisher=David McKay Company, Incorporated|year=1977|author=Richard Ernest Dupuy, Gay M. Hammerman, Grace P. Hayes|pages=247|isbn=9780679506485 }}</ref><ref name="ThorpeThorpe2011">{{cite book|last1=Thorpe|first1=Edgar|last2=Thorpe|first2=Showick|title=Concise General Knowledge Manual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nywer__WVHMC&pg=PT49|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-5512-9|page=49}}</ref> | |||
|combatant1=[[File:Flag of Great Britain.svg|23px]] [[British Empire]] | | combatant1 ={{ubl|[[File:Flag of Great Britain.svg|23px]] [[British Empire]]|[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] [[British East India Company]]}} | ||
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Empire]] | |||
[[ | | commander1 = {{ubl|[[File:Flag of Great Britain.svg|23px]] [[Warren Hastings]]<ref name="Kantak1993">{{cite book|last=Kantak|first=M. R. |title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774-1783: A Military Study of Major Battles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&pg=PA220|year=1993|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-696-1|page=220}}</ref>|[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] Colonel Keating|[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] Thomas Wyndham Goddard<ref name="Kantak1993" />|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Raghunathrao]]<ref name="Naravane2006" />}} | ||
| commander2 ={{ubl|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Sawai Madhavrao|Madhavrao II]]<ref name="Kantak1993" />|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Mahadji Shinde]]<ref name="Kantak1993" />|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Nana Fadnavis]]|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Hari Pant|Haripant Phadke]]|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukoji Holkar]]<ref name="Kantak1993" /><ref name="History of the Mahrattas">{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Al8OAAAAQAAJ&q=Holkar | title=History of the Mahrattas| last1=Duff| first1=James Grant| year=1878}}</ref>}} | |||
|combatant2=[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Empire]] | | strength1 = 93,000 troops total<ref name="West2009" /><ref name="Kantak1993" /> | ||
|commander1= [[ | |||
[[ | |||
[[ | |||
[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Raghunathrao]] | |||
|commander2=[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[ | |||
[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[ | |||
[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[ | |||
[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Hari Pant|Haripant Phadke]] | |||
[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukoji Holkar]]<ref name="Kantak1993" /><ref name="History of the Mahrattas">{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Al8OAAAAQAAJ&q=Holkar | title=History of the Mahrattas| last1=Duff| first1=James Grant| year=1878}}</ref> | |||
|strength1=93,000 troops total<ref name="West2009" /><ref name="Kantak1993" /> | |||
23 ships<ref name="Kantak1993" /> | 23 ships<ref name="Kantak1993" /> | ||
|strength2= Around 146,000 troops total<ref name="West2009" /><ref name="Kantak1993" /> | | strength2 = Around 146,000 troops total<ref name="West2009" /><ref name="Kantak1993" /> | ||
14 ships<ref name="Kantak1993" />}} | 14 ships<ref name="Kantak1993" /> | ||
}} | |||
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Maratha Wars}} | {{Campaignbox Anglo-Maratha Wars}} | ||
{{Wars of Great Britain}} | {{Wars of Great Britain}} | ||
The '''First Anglo-Maratha War''' (1775–1782) was the first of three [[Anglo-Maratha Wars]] fought between the [[British East India Company]] and [[Maratha Empire]] in India. The war began with the [[Treaty of Surat]] and ended with the [[Treaty of Salbai]]. | The '''First Anglo-Maratha War''' (1775–1782) was the first of three [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha Wars]] fought between the [[British East India Company]] and [[Maratha Empire]] in India. The war began with the [[Treaty of Surat]] and ended with the [[Treaty of Salbai]]. The war was fought in between Surat and Pune Kingdom saw British defeat and restoration of positions of both the parties before the war. [[Warren Hastings]], the first President and Governor-General of [[East India Company]]'s provinces in India decided not to attack [[Poona]] directly. | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
After the death of [[Madhavrao Peshwa]] in 1772, his brother [[Narayanrao Peshwa|Narayanrao]] became [[peshwa]] ( | After the death of [[Madhavrao Peshwa]] in 1772, his brother [[Narayanrao Peshwa|Narayanrao]] became [[peshwa]] (prime minister) of the Maratha Empire. Narayanrao was murdered by his palace guards in August 1773, and his uncle [[Raghunathrao]] (Raghoba) became Peshwa. However, Narayanrao's wife, [[Gangabai]], gave birth to a posthumous son, who was the legal heir to the throne. The newborn infant was named [['Sawai' Madhavrao]] (Sawai means "One and a Quarter"). Twelve Maratha chiefs, known as the Baarbhai <ref>Known as the Baarbhai or Barbhai Council {{Cite book|last=Kulkarni |first=Sumitra |year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&pg=PA74|title=The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |page= 74 |isbn=978-81-7099-581-4 }}</ref> and led by [[Nana Phadnavis]], directed an effort to install the infant as the new Peshwa and to rule in his name as [[regent]]s. | ||
[[Raghunathrao]], unwilling to give up his position of power, sought help from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] at [[Bombay]] and signed the [[Treaty of Surat]] on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of [[Salsette]] and [[Vasai|Bassein]] (Vasai) to the British, along with part of the revenues from [[Surat]] and [[Bharuch]] districts. In return, the British promised to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers. | [[Raghunathrao]], unwilling to give up his position of power, sought help from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] at [[Bombay]] and signed the [[Treaty of Surat]] on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of [[Salsette]] and [[Vasai|Bassein]] (Vasai) to the British, along with part of the revenues from [[Surat]] and [[Bharuch]] districts. In return, the British promised to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers. | ||
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==Initial stage and Treaty of Purandar (1775–1776)== | ==Initial stage and Treaty of Purandar (1775–1776)== | ||
British troops under the command of Colonel Keating, left [[Surat]] on March | British troops under the command of Colonel Keating, left [[Surat]] on 15 March 1775, for Pune. But they were checked by Haripant Phadke at Adas and were totally defeated on 18 May 1775.<ref name="Rathod1994" /> Casualties for Keating's force, accompanied by [[Raghunathrao]], included 96 killed. The Marathas casualties in the Battle of Adas (Gujarat) included 150 killed.<ref name="Naravane2006">{{cite book|first=M. S. |last=Naravane|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&pg=PA53|year=2006|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0034-3}}</ref>{{rp|53–56}} | ||
[[Warren Hastings]] estimated that direct actions against Pune would be detrimental. Therefore, | [[Warren Hastings]] estimated that direct actions against Pune would be detrimental. Therefore, the [[Supreme Council of Bengal]] condemned the [[Treaty of Surat]], sending Colonel Upton to [[Pune]] to annul it and make a new treaty with the regency. An agreement between Upton and the ministers of Pune called [[Treaty of Purandar (1776)|Treaty of Purandar]] was signed on 1 March 1776. | ||
The [[Treaty of | The '''Treaty of Purandar''' (or '''Treaty of Purandhar''') was a doctrine signed on 1 March 1776 by the [[peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] and the [[British East India Company]]'s [[Supreme Council of Bengal]] in [[Calcutta]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061935/Treaty-of-Purandhar Encyclopædia Britannica - Treaty of Purandhar] ''After the death of the peshwa Narayan Rao in 1773, his uncle Raghunath Rao tried to secure the succession.Raghunath's claim in the Treaty of Surat (7 March 1775) in return for Salsette Island and Bassein (Vasai). But the supreme government disallowed this treaty and sent its own agent to renegotiate. The resulting Treaty of Purandhar annulled that of Surat. Raghunath was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but Salsette and the Broach revenues were retained by the British. The tangle was increased by the support of the London authorities for Bombay, which in 1778–79 again supported Raghunath. Peace was finally restored in 1782.''</ref> Based on the terms of the accord, the British were able to secure [[Salsette]].<ref>Sugden, p. 96. ''It appeared that the Mahrattas had no plans to recover Bassein and Salsette by force, and that they were about to conclude an armistice with the East India Company. Indeed, the supreme council of the company had sent a plenipotentiary to the Mahratta capital, Poona, and it was expected that Salsette would be yielded without violence. This is, in fact, what happened. By playing one faction among the Mahrattas against the other, the company secured Salsette in 1776 by the treaty of Purandhar.''</ref> | ||
Treaty was signed between the then Governor General Warren Hasting who sent Colonel Upton and Nana Fadnavis of Peshwa in which British accepted Sawai Madhav Rao as a new Peshwa and Maratha accepted not to recognise existence of French in India. | |||
The Treaty of Purandhar (1 March 1776) annulled that of Surat, Raghunath Rao was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but the revenues of Salsette and Broach districts were retained by the British. | |||
==Battle of Wadgaon== | ==Battle of Wadgaon== | ||
{{Main Article|Battle of Wadgaon}} | {{Main Article|Battle of Wadgaon}} | ||
Following a treaty between France and the [[Poona]] Government in 1776, the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] Government decided to invade and reinstate Raghoba. They sent a force under Col. Egerton reached [[Khopoli]] and made its way through the [[Western Ghats]] at [[Bhor Ghat]] and onwards toward Karla, which was reached on 4 | Following a treaty between France and the [[Poona]] Government in 1776, the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] Government decided to invade and reinstate Raghoba. They sent a force under Col. Egerton reached [[Khopoli]] and made its way through the [[Western Ghats]] at [[Bhor Ghat]] and onwards toward Karla, which was reached on 4 January 1779 while under Maratha attacks. Finally the British were forced to retreat back to Wadgaon, but were soon surrounded. The British surrendered<ref>{{cite news |last= Athale|first= Colonel Anil A|date=12 January 2018|title=How a Maratha general defeated the British|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/how-a-maratha-general-defeated-the-british/20180112.htm|newspaper=Rediff News}}</ref> and were forced to sign the [[Treaty of Wadgaon]] on 16 January 1779, a victory for the Marathas.<ref name="Naravane2006" />{{rp|56–58}} | ||
Reinforcements from northern India, commanded by Colonel (later General) Thomas Wyndham Goddard, arrived too late to save the Bombay force. The British [[Governor-General]] in [[Bengal]], [[Warren Hastings]], rejected the treaty on the grounds that the Bombay officials had no legal power to sign it, and ordered Goddard to secure British interests in the area. | Reinforcements from northern India, commanded by Colonel (later General) Thomas Wyndham Goddard, arrived too late to save the Bombay force. The British [[Governor-General]] in [[Bengal]], [[Warren Hastings]], rejected the treaty on the grounds that the Bombay officials had no legal power to sign it, and ordered Goddard to secure British interests in the area. | ||
Goddard with 6,000 troops stormed [[Bhadra Fort]] and captured [[Ahmedabad]] on February | Goddard with 6,000 troops stormed [[Bhadra Fort]] and captured [[Ahmedabad]] on 15 February 1779. There was a garrison of 6,000 Arab and Sindhi infantry and 2,000 horses. Losses in the fight totalled 108, including two British.<ref name="toib">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-12/ahmedabad/28165182_1_bhadra-fort-walled-city-cultural-centre | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216064235/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-12/ahmedabad/28165182_1_bhadra-fort-walled-city-cultural-centre | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 February 2013 | title=Bhadra Fort to turn into heritage hangout! | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=12 June 2009 | agency=TNN | access-date=17 January 2013 | location=Ahmedabad}}</ref><ref name="Duff-446" /><ref name="hb">{{cite book | title=A comprehensive history of India, civil, military and social | publisher=Blackie | last=Beveridge |first=Henry | url=https://archive.org/details/acomprehensiveh02bevegoog/page/n498| year=1862 | pages=456–466}}</ref> Goddard also captured [[Vasai|Bassein]] on 11 December 1780. Another [[Bengal]] detachment led by Captain Popham and assisted by the Rana of Gohad, captured [[Gwalior]] on 4 August 1780, before Mahadji Scindia could make preparations. Skirmishes took place between Mahadji Scindia and General Goddard in Gujarat, but indecisively. Hastings sent yet another force to harass [[Mahadji Shinde]], commanded by Major Camac.{{efn|Camac (not to be confused with Carnac!) received his promotion to Lieutenant-Colonel while on this mission}} | ||
== Central India and the Deccan == | == Central India and the Deccan == | ||
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[[File:Vijay Stambh Vadgaon.JPG|right|thumb| A ''Vijay Stambh'' (Victory Pillar) erected to commemorate Maratha victory over British. The pillar is located at [[Vadgaon Maval|Vadgaon/Wadgaon Maval]], close to the city of [[Pune]], India]] | [[File:Vijay Stambh Vadgaon.JPG|right|thumb| A ''Vijay Stambh'' (Victory Pillar) erected to commemorate Maratha victory over British. The pillar is located at [[Vadgaon Maval|Vadgaon/Wadgaon Maval]], close to the city of [[Pune]], India]] | ||
[[File:Scindia Memorial Vadgaon.JPG|right|thumb|An information plaque describing the Maratha victory over British. The plaque is located at [[Vadgaon Maval|Vadgaon/Wadgaon Maval]], close to the city of [[Pune]], India]] | [[File:Scindia Memorial Vadgaon.JPG|right|thumb|An information plaque describing the Maratha victory over British. The plaque is located at [[Vadgaon Maval|Vadgaon/Wadgaon Maval]], close to the city of [[Pune]], India]] | ||
After capturing [[Vasai|Bassein]], Goddard marched towards [[Pune]]. But he was routed in the | After capturing [[Vasai|Bassein]], Goddard marched towards [[Pune]]. But he was routed in the Battle of Bhor Ghat in April 1781 by Parshurambha, [[Hari Pant|Haripant Phadke]] and [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukoji Holkar]].<ref name="Kantak1993" /><ref name="History of the Mahrattas">{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Al8OAAAAQAAJ&q=Holkar | title=History of the Mahrattas| last1=Duff| first1=James Grant| year=1878}}</ref> | ||
In central India, [[Mahadji]] stationed himself at Malwa to challenge Camac. Initially, [[Mahadji]] had an upper hand and British forces under Camac, being harassed and reduced, had to retreat to Hadur.<ref name="Rathod1994">{{cite book|last=Rathod|first=N. G. |title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C|year=1994|publisher=Sarup & Sons|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-85431-52-9}}</ref>{{rp|20}} | In central India, [[Mahadji]] stationed himself at Malwa to challenge Camac. Initially, [[Mahadji]] had an upper hand and British forces under Camac, being harassed and reduced, had to retreat to Hadur.<ref name="Rathod1994">{{cite book|last=Rathod|first=N. G. |title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C|year=1994|publisher=Sarup & Sons|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-85431-52-9}}</ref>{{rp|20}} | ||
In February 1781 the British beat Shinde to the town of Sipri,<ref name="Duff-446">{{Cite book|last=Duff|first= James Grant |date=1826 |title= A History of the Mahrattas |location=London |publisher=Longman |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorymahratt01duffgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorymahratt01duffgoog/page/n489 446]}}</ref> but every move they made after that was shadowed by his much larger army, and their supplies were cut off, until they made a desperate night raid in late March, capturing not only supplies, but even guns and [[war elephant|elephants]].<ref name="Mill1826">{{cite book|last=Mill|first= James|chapter-url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/mill-the-history-of-british-india-vol-4 |title=The History of British India|volume= | In February 1781 the British beat Shinde to the town of Sipri,<ref name="Duff-446">{{Cite book|last=Duff|first= James Grant |date=1826 |title= A History of the Mahrattas |location=London |publisher=Longman |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorymahratt01duffgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorymahratt01duffgoog/page/n489 446]}}</ref> but every move they made after that was shadowed by his much larger army, and their supplies were cut off, until they made a desperate night raid in late March, capturing not only supplies, but even guns and [[war elephant|elephants]].<ref name="Mill1826">{{cite book|last=Mill|first= James|chapter-url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/mill-the-history-of-british-india-vol-4 |title=The History of British India|volume=4| chapter=Chapter 6|location=London|publisher= Baldwin |date=1826}}</ref> Thereafter, the military threat from Shinde's forces to the British was much reduced. | ||
The contest was equally balanced now. Where Mahadji scored a significant victory over Camac at [[Battle of Sironj|Sironj]],<ref name="Naravane2006" />{{rp|62}} the | The contest was equally balanced now. Where Mahadji scored a significant victory over Camac at [[Battle of Sironj|Sironj]],<ref name="Naravane2006" />{{rp|62}} the British avenged the loss through the [[Battle of Durdah]]<ref name="Jaques2007">{{cite book|last=Jaques|first=Tony|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC&pg=PA320|volume=A-E|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33537-2|page=320}}</ref> on 24 March 1781. | ||
Colonel Murre arrived with fresh forces in April | Colonel Murre arrived with fresh forces in April 1781 to assist Popham and Camac. After his defeat at Sipri, [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadji Shinde]] got alarmed. Therefore, Shinde proposed a new treaty | ||
between the Peshwas and the British which came to be known as "Treaty of Salbai". | |||
==Treaty of Salbai== | ==Treaty of Salbai== | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] | * [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] | ||
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] | * [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] | ||
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==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
* Beck, Sanderson. ''India & Southeast Asia to 1800'' (2006) [http://www.san.beck.org/2-10-Marathas1707-1800.html "Marathas and the English Company 1701–1818" online]. Retrieved | * Beck, Sanderson. ''India & Southeast Asia to 1800'' (2006) [http://www.san.beck.org/2-10-Marathas1707-1800.html "Marathas and the English Company 1701–1818" online]. Retrieved 1 October 2004. | ||
* Gordon, Stewart. ''Marathas, marauders, and state formation in eighteenth-century India'' (Oxford University Press, 1994). | * Gordon, Stewart. ''Marathas, marauders, and state formation in eighteenth-century India'' (Oxford University Press, 1994). | ||
* Gordon, Stewart. "The Marathas," in '' New Cambridge History of India,'' II.4, (Cambridge U Press, 1993). | * Gordon, Stewart. "The Marathas," in '' New Cambridge History of India,'' II.4, (Cambridge U Press, 1993). | ||
* Seshan, Radhika. "The Maratha State: Some Preliminary Considerations." ''Indian Historical Review'' 41.1 (2014): | * Seshan, Radhika. "The Maratha State: Some Preliminary Considerations." ''Indian Historical Review'' 41.1 (2014): 35–46. [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0376983614521732 online] | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* Athale, Anil. [http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/feb/14spec.htm Anil Athale on Joffe's Invaders]. Retrieved July | * Athale, Anil. [http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/feb/14spec.htm Anil Athale on Joffe's Invaders]. Retrieved 21 July 2011. | ||
* Hameed, Shahul. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041105041122/http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13258693 The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782)]. Retrieved | * Hameed, Shahul. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041105041122/http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13258693 The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782)]. Retrieved 1 October 2004. | ||
* [http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/maratha.htm Indian History – British Period]. Retrieved | * [http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/maratha.htm Indian History – British Period]. Retrieved 1 October 2004. | ||
* Paranjpe, Amit et al. [http://www.mumbainet.com/cityinfo/histmaha.htm#Peshwa History of Maharashtra]. Retrieved | * Paranjpe, Amit et al. [http://www.mumbainet.com/cityinfo/histmaha.htm#Peshwa History of Maharashtra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040927075428/http://www.mumbainet.com/cityinfo/histmaha.htm#Peshwa |date=2004-09-27 }}. Retrieved 1 October 2004. | ||
* https://sites.google.com/vvdatalink.com/vv-datalink/knowledge/history/indian-history/mordern-history/anglo-maratha-wars | |||
{{British colonial campaigns}} | {{British colonial campaigns}} | ||