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{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}} | {{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}} | ||
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement | <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement | ||
| name | | name = Dhar | ||
| native_name | | native_name = | ||
| native_name_lang | | native_name_lang = | ||
| other_name | | other_name = | ||
| settlement_type | | settlement_type = [[City]] | ||
| image_alt | | image_alt = [[File:Kharbuza Mahal, Dhar, Madhya Pradesh 3.jpg|thumb|Kharbuza Mahal, Dhar, Madhya Pradesh 3]] | ||
| image_caption | | image_caption = View of Dhār from the fort | ||
| nickname | | nickname = | ||
| image_map | | image_map = | ||
| map_alt | | map_alt = | ||
| map_caption | | map_caption = | ||
| pushpin_map | | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3 | ||
| pushpin_label_position | | pushpin_label_position = right | ||
| pushpin_map_alt | | pushpin_map_alt = | ||
| pushpin_map_caption | | pushpin_map_caption = | ||
| coordinates | | coordinates = {{coord|22.598|N|75.304|E|display=inline,title}} | ||
| subdivision_type | | subdivision_type = Country | ||
| subdivision_name | | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | ||
| subdivision_type1 | | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | ||
| subdivision_type2 | | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | ||
| subdivision_name1 | | subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]] | ||
| subdivision_name2 | | subdivision_name2 = [[Dhar district|Dhar]] | ||
| established_title | | established_title = <!-- Established --> | ||
| established_date | | established_date = | ||
| named_for | | named_for = | ||
| government_type | | government_type = [[Municipal Council]] | ||
| governing_body | | governing_body = Dhar Municipal Council | ||
| unit_pref | | unit_pref = Metric | ||
| area_footnotes | | area_footnotes = | ||
| area_total_km2 | | area_total_km2 = | ||
| area_rank | | area_rank = | ||
| elevation_footnotes | | elevation_footnotes = | ||
| elevation_m | | elevation_m = 559 | ||
| population_total | | population_total = 93,917 | ||
| population_as_of | | population_as_of = 2011 | ||
| population_footnotes | | population_footnotes = | ||
| population_density_km2 | | population_density_km2 = auto | ||
| population_rank | | population_rank = | ||
| population_demonym | | population_demonym = Dharwasi | ||
| demographics_type1 | | demographics_type1 = [[Language]] | ||
| demographics1_title1 | | demographics1_title1 = Official | ||
| demographics1_info1 | | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=7 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> | ||
| timezone1 | | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| utc_offset1 | | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | ||
| postal_code_type | | postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --> | ||
| postal_code | | postal_code = 454001 | ||
| registration_plate | | registration_plate = MP-11 | ||
| website | | website = {{URL|www.dhar.nic.in}} | ||
| footnotes | | footnotes = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Dhar''' is a city located in the [[Malwa]] region in | '''Dhar''' is a city located in [[Dhar district, India|Dhar district]] of the [[Malwa]] region in the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. The city is the administrative headquarters of the [[Dhar district]]. Before Indian independence from [[Great Britain]], it was the capital of the [[Dhar State|Dhar princely state]]. | ||
== Location == | == Location == | ||
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On the overgrown ramparts of the medieval city, overlooking the old moat, is the tomb of Shaykh Abdullah Shāh Changāl, a warrior saint. The tomb has been rebuilt, with its original inscription now incorporated into the compound gate. The inscription is written in Persian and has been dated to 1455. As a record of historical interest, it recounts the Shaykh's arrival in Dhar and his conversion of Bhoja to Islām after locals committed an atrocity against the small Muslim community who had settled in the city.<ref>G. H. Yazdani, ‘The Inscription on the Tomb of ‘Abdullah Shāh Changāl at Dhār’ ''Epigraphica Indo-Moslemica'' (1909-10): 1-5; now translated and reinterpreted in {{cite journal | last1 = Golzadeh | first1 = Razieh B. | year = 2012 | title = On Becoming Muslim in the City of Swords: Bhoja and Shaykh Changāl at Dhār | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume = 22 | issue = 1| pages = 115–27 | doi = 10.1017/S1356186311000885 | s2cid = 163000586 }}</ref> The story does not so much refer to King [[Bhoja]] but to a rising interest in Bhoja's biography in the 15th century and the attempts made at that time to appropriate his legacy in [[Sanskrit]] and Persian literature.<ref>The point made in {{cite journal | last1 = Golzadeh | first1 = Razieh B. | year = 2012 | title = On Becoming Muslim in the City of Swords: Bhoja and Shaykh Changāl at Dhār | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume = 22 | issue = 1| pages = 115–27 | doi=10.1017/s1356186311000885| s2cid = 163000586 }}</ref> | On the overgrown ramparts of the medieval city, overlooking the old moat, is the tomb of Shaykh Abdullah Shāh Changāl, a warrior saint. The tomb has been rebuilt, with its original inscription now incorporated into the compound gate. The inscription is written in Persian and has been dated to 1455. As a record of historical interest, it recounts the Shaykh's arrival in Dhar and his conversion of Bhoja to Islām after locals committed an atrocity against the small Muslim community who had settled in the city.<ref>G. H. Yazdani, ‘The Inscription on the Tomb of ‘Abdullah Shāh Changāl at Dhār’ ''Epigraphica Indo-Moslemica'' (1909-10): 1-5; now translated and reinterpreted in {{cite journal | last1 = Golzadeh | first1 = Razieh B. | year = 2012 | title = On Becoming Muslim in the City of Swords: Bhoja and Shaykh Changāl at Dhār | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume = 22 | issue = 1| pages = 115–27 | doi = 10.1017/S1356186311000885 | s2cid = 163000586 }}</ref> The story does not so much refer to King [[Bhoja]] but to a rising interest in Bhoja's biography in the 15th century and the attempts made at that time to appropriate his legacy in [[Sanskrit]] and Persian literature.<ref>The point made in {{cite journal | last1 = Golzadeh | first1 = Razieh B. | year = 2012 | title = On Becoming Muslim in the City of Swords: Bhoja and Shaykh Changāl at Dhār | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume = 22 | issue = 1| pages = 115–27 | doi=10.1017/s1356186311000885| s2cid = 163000586 }}</ref> | ||
=== | ===Lat Mosque=== | ||
[[File:Lat masjid 1.JPG|thumb|left|Lāṭ Masjid, interior, built in 1405.]] | [[File:Lat masjid 1.JPG|thumb|left|Lāṭ Masjid, interior, built in 1405.]] | ||
The [[Lat Masjid]], or 'Pillar Mosque', located to the south of the town, was built as the [[Jama Mosque|Jami' Mosque]] by [[Dilawar Khan]] in 1405.<ref>''Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy'' (1971-72): 81, no. D. 73</ref> It derives its name from the [[iron pillar of Dhar|iron pillar]] of Dhar ("lāṭ" in Hindi), which is believed to have been set up in the 11th century.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = V. A. | title = The Iron Pillar of Dhār | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume = 1898 | pages = 143–46 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ray | first1 = Amitava | last2 = Dhua | first2 = S. K. | last3 = Prasad | first3 = R. R. | last4 = Jha | first4 = S. | last5 = Banerjee | first5 = S. | year = 1997 | title = The ancient 11th century iron pillar at Dhar, India: a microstructural insight into material characteristics | journal = Journal of Materials Science Letters | volume = 16 | issue = 5| pages = 371–375 | doi = 10.1023/A:1018550529070 | s2cid = 134653889}}</ref> The pillar, which is nearly 13.2 m high according to the most recent assessment, has fallen and broken; the three surviving parts are displayed on a small platform outside the mosque. It carries an inscription recording a visit by the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] in 1598 while on a military campaign in the Deccan. The pillar's original stone footing is also displayed nearby. | The [[Lat Masjid]], or 'Pillar Mosque', located to the south of the town, was built as the [[Jama Mosque|Jami' Mosque]] by [[Dilawar Khan]] in 1405.<ref>''Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy'' (1971-72): 81, no. D. 73</ref> It derives its name from the [[iron pillar of Dhar|iron pillar]] of Dhar ("lāṭ" in Hindi), which is believed to have been set up in the 11th century.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = V. A. | title = The Iron Pillar of Dhār | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume = 1898 | pages = 143–46 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ray | first1 = Amitava | last2 = Dhua | first2 = S. K. | last3 = Prasad | first3 = R. R. | last4 = Jha | first4 = S. | last5 = Banerjee | first5 = S. | year = 1997 | title = The ancient 11th century iron pillar at Dhar, India: a microstructural insight into material characteristics | journal = Journal of Materials Science Letters | volume = 16 | issue = 5| pages = 371–375 | doi = 10.1023/A:1018550529070 | s2cid = 134653889}}</ref> The pillar, which is nearly 13.2 m high according to the most recent assessment, has fallen and broken; the three surviving parts are displayed on a small platform outside the mosque. It carries an inscription recording a visit by the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] in 1598 while on a military campaign in the Deccan. The pillar's original stone footing is also displayed nearby. | ||
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The town of Dhar, derived from ''Dhārā Nagara'' ('city of sword blades'), is of considerable antiquity,<ref name="EB1911"/> the first reference to it appearing in an inscription in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] during the [[Maukhari]] dynasty (6th century).<ref>[[John Faithfull Fleet|J. F. Fleet]], ''Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings and their Successors'', Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. 3 (Calcutta, 1888): 228 (line 6). [[Hans T. Bakker]], 'The So-Called Jaunpur Inscription of Īśvaravarman', ''Indo-Iran Journal'' 2009; 50: 207-16 shows that inscription belongs not to Īśvaravarman but to Īśānavarman or one of his successors. Online abstract: http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/001972409x12525778274224</ref> Dhar rose to prominence when it was made the primary seat of the [[Paramara]] chiefs of [[Malwa]] by Vairisiṃha (''circa'' 920-45 CE). Vairisimha appears to have transferred his headquarters to Dhar from [[Ujjain]]. During the rule of the Paramāras, Dhar was a respected centre of culture and learning,<ref name="EB1911"/> especially under the rule of King [[Bhoja]] (circa 1000-1055). The wealth and splendor of Dhar drew the attention of competing dynasties in the 11th century. The [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Cāḷukyas of Kalyāṇa]] under [[Someshvara I|Someśvara I]] (circa CE 1042-68) captured and burnt the city, also occupying Māṇḍū (ancient Māṇḍava).<ref>G. Yazdani, ed., ''The Early History of the Deccan'', 2 vols. (London, 1960) 1: 331 according to the Nander inscription (dated CE 1047) and Nāgai inscription (dated CE 1058).</ref> Dhar was subsequently sacked by the [[Chalukyas of Gujarat|Cāḷukyas of Gujarāt]] under [[Jayasimha Siddharaja|Siddharāja]].<ref>A. K. Majumdar, ''Chalukyas of Gujarat'' (Bombay, 1956): 72-3.</ref> The devastation and political fragmentation caused by these wars meant that there was no significant opposition when [[Ala ud din Khilji]], the Sultān of [[Delhi]], dispatched an army to Mālwa in the early 14th century. The region was annexed to [[Delhi]], and Dhar was made the capital of the province under [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani|'Ayn al-Mulk Mūltānī]], who served as governor until 1313.<ref>Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui, ''Authority and Kingship under the Sultans of [[Delhi]]'' (Delhi, 2006): 283-84.</ref> The events that occurred during the following seventy years are unclear, but some time in A.H. 793/C.E. 1390-91 [[Dilawar Khan]] was appointed ''muqṭi''' of Dhar (and also the governor of Mālwa) by Sulṭān Muḥammad Shāh.<ref>Day, ''Medieval Malwa'', p. 13.</ref> Dilāwar Khān took the title 'Amīd Shāh Dā'ūd' and mandated the ''khutba'' to be read in his name in A.H. 804/C.E. 1401-02, thereby establishing himself as an independent sulṭān.<ref>Day, ''Medieval Malwa'', p. 21.</ref> Upon his death in 1406, his son [[Hoshang Shah]] became king, with his capital situated in Māṇḍū. In the time of [[Akbar]], Dhar fell under the dominion of the [[Mughals]], and remained under Mughal control until 1730, when the town was conquered by the [[Maratha]]s.<ref name="EB1911"/> | The town of Dhar, derived from ''Dhārā Nagara'' ('city of sword blades'), is of considerable antiquity,<ref name="EB1911"/> the first reference to it appearing in an inscription in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] during the [[Maukhari]] dynasty (6th century).<ref>[[John Faithfull Fleet|J. F. Fleet]], ''Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings and their Successors'', Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. 3 (Calcutta, 1888): 228 (line 6). [[Hans T. Bakker]], 'The So-Called Jaunpur Inscription of Īśvaravarman', ''Indo-Iran Journal'' 2009; 50: 207-16 shows that inscription belongs not to Īśvaravarman but to Īśānavarman or one of his successors. Online abstract: http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/001972409x12525778274224</ref> Dhar rose to prominence when it was made the primary seat of the [[Paramara]] chiefs of [[Malwa]] by Vairisiṃha (''circa'' 920-45 CE). Vairisimha appears to have transferred his headquarters to Dhar from [[Ujjain]]. During the rule of the Paramāras, Dhar was a respected centre of culture and learning,<ref name="EB1911"/> especially under the rule of King [[Bhoja]] (circa 1000-1055). The wealth and splendor of Dhar drew the attention of competing dynasties in the 11th century. The [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Cāḷukyas of Kalyāṇa]] under [[Someshvara I|Someśvara I]] (circa CE 1042-68) captured and burnt the city, also occupying Māṇḍū (ancient Māṇḍava).<ref>G. Yazdani, ed., ''The Early History of the Deccan'', 2 vols. (London, 1960) 1: 331 according to the Nander inscription (dated CE 1047) and Nāgai inscription (dated CE 1058).</ref> Dhar was subsequently sacked by the [[Chalukyas of Gujarat|Cāḷukyas of Gujarāt]] under [[Jayasimha Siddharaja|Siddharāja]].<ref>A. K. Majumdar, ''Chalukyas of Gujarat'' (Bombay, 1956): 72-3.</ref> The devastation and political fragmentation caused by these wars meant that there was no significant opposition when [[Ala ud din Khilji]], the Sultān of [[Delhi]], dispatched an army to Mālwa in the early 14th century. The region was annexed to [[Delhi]], and Dhar was made the capital of the province under [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani|'Ayn al-Mulk Mūltānī]], who served as governor until 1313.<ref>Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui, ''Authority and Kingship under the Sultans of [[Delhi]]'' (Delhi, 2006): 283-84.</ref> The events that occurred during the following seventy years are unclear, but some time in A.H. 793/C.E. 1390-91 [[Dilawar Khan]] was appointed ''muqṭi''' of Dhar (and also the governor of Mālwa) by Sulṭān Muḥammad Shāh.<ref>Day, ''Medieval Malwa'', p. 13.</ref> Dilāwar Khān took the title 'Amīd Shāh Dā'ūd' and mandated the ''khutba'' to be read in his name in A.H. 804/C.E. 1401-02, thereby establishing himself as an independent sulṭān.<ref>Day, ''Medieval Malwa'', p. 21.</ref> Upon his death in 1406, his son [[Hoshang Shah]] became king, with his capital situated in Māṇḍū. In the time of [[Akbar]], Dhar fell under the dominion of the [[Mughals]], and remained under Mughal control until 1730, when the town was conquered by the [[Maratha]]s.<ref name="EB1911"/> | ||
In late 1723, [[Bajirao]], at the head of a large army and accompanied by his lieutenants [[Malharrao Holkar]], [[Ranoji Shinde]] (Scindia) and Udaji Rao Pawar, swept through Malwa. A few years earlier, the Mughal Emperor had been forced to relinquish to the Marathas the right to collect ''[[Chauth]]'' taxes in Malwa and [[Gujarat]]. This levy was financially beneficial to the [[Maratha]] | In late 1723, [[Bajirao]], at the head of a large army and accompanied by his lieutenants [[Malharrao Holkar]], [[Ranoji Shinde]] (Scindia) and Udaji Rao Pawar, swept through Malwa. A few years earlier, the Mughal Emperor had been forced to relinquish to the Marathas the right to collect ''[[Chauth]]'' taxes in Malwa and [[Gujarat]]. This levy was financially beneficial to the [[Maratha]] caste, as both the king [[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]] and his Peshwa, [[Bajirao]], were in large amounts of debt at the time. Agriculture in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] depended heavily on the timeliness and duration of the monsoons. The most important source of royal revenue was, therefore, the C''hauth'' (a 25% tax on produce) and S''ardeshmukhi'' (a ten per cent surcharge) exacted by the Marathas. The revenues the Marathas collected from their own lands were not sufficient to run the administration of their state and finance their large military expenditure, as their government was focused on conquest and not economic development. | ||
The Marathan armies eventually defeated the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor and attacked the capital [[Ujjain]]. [[Bajirao]] established military outposts in the country as far north as [[Bundelkhand]]. | The Marathan armies eventually defeated the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor and attacked the capital [[Ujjain]]. [[Bajirao]] established military outposts in the country as far north as [[Bundelkhand]]. | ||
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The Bhumias, or "Allodial" Chiefs, were all [[Bhilala]]s, a clan claiming to be of mixed [[Bhil people|Bhil]] and Rajput ([[Chauhan]]) descent. Their grants were originally obtained from the Darbar on the understanding that they would keep the peace among the Bhils and other hill tribes. They paid yearly tribute to the Darbar, in turn receiving cash allowances (Bhet-Ghugri), an ancient feudal custom. | The Bhumias, or "Allodial" Chiefs, were all [[Bhilala]]s, a clan claiming to be of mixed [[Bhil people|Bhil]] and Rajput ([[Chauhan]]) descent. Their grants were originally obtained from the Darbar on the understanding that they would keep the peace among the Bhils and other hill tribes. They paid yearly tribute to the Darbar, in turn receiving cash allowances (Bhet-Ghugri), an ancient feudal custom. | ||
[[File:HH Maharaja Shrimant Hemendra Singh Rao Pawar of Dhar State.jpg|thumb|HH Maharaja Shrimant [[Hemendra Singh Rao Pawar]] of the [[Dhar State]] seated on the 'Gadi' of the Kshatriya Maratha-Rajput Pawar (Puar/Parmar) Clan. The coronation of the 12th Maharaja of the Dhar State was solemnised on 15 January 2015 at the 'Rajwada' (Old Palace) of Dhar.]] | |||
=== Political representation and Royal Legacy === | === Political representation and Royal Legacy === | ||
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Maharaja Shrimant [[Hemendra Singh Rao Pawar]] is the present titular head of the [[Kshatriya]] [[Maratha]] [[Pawar]] (Puar/[[Parmar]]) dynasty of the State of Dhar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hemendra-singh-puar-is-head-of-erstwhile-princely-state-of-dhar/story-4H53hVYBjS6GnttmlL8ggL.html|title=Hemendra Singh Puar is head of erstwhile princely state of Dhar|date=15 January 2015|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Hemendra-Puar-to-be-new-Dhar-maharaja/articleshow/45893428.cms|title=Hemendra Puar to be new Dhar maharaja | Indore News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/hemendra-singh-becomes-new-king-of-dhar/ |title=Hemendra Singh becomes new King of Dhar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725012024/http://www.freepressjournal.in/hemendra-singh-becomes-new-king-of-dhar/ |archive-date=25 July 2015 |access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Administration-to-remove-seal-on-Dhar-royal-estates-on-HC-orders/articleshow/48211141.cms|title=Administration to remove seal on Dhar royal estates on HC orders | Indore News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riBJH0J1FR0C&q=dhar+parmar+puar&pg=PA302 |title = Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey|isbn = 9788120619654|last1 = Solomon|first1 = R. V.|last2 = Bond|first2 = J. W.|year = 2006}}</ref> | Maharaja Shrimant [[Hemendra Singh Rao Pawar]] is the present titular head of the [[Kshatriya]] [[Maratha]] [[Pawar]] (Puar/[[Parmar]]) dynasty of the State of Dhar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hemendra-singh-puar-is-head-of-erstwhile-princely-state-of-dhar/story-4H53hVYBjS6GnttmlL8ggL.html|title=Hemendra Singh Puar is head of erstwhile princely state of Dhar|date=15 January 2015|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Hemendra-Puar-to-be-new-Dhar-maharaja/articleshow/45893428.cms|title=Hemendra Puar to be new Dhar maharaja | Indore News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/hemendra-singh-becomes-new-king-of-dhar/ |title=Hemendra Singh becomes new King of Dhar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725012024/http://www.freepressjournal.in/hemendra-singh-becomes-new-king-of-dhar/ |archive-date=25 July 2015 |access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Administration-to-remove-seal-on-Dhar-royal-estates-on-HC-orders/articleshow/48211141.cms|title=Administration to remove seal on Dhar royal estates on HC orders | Indore News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riBJH0J1FR0C&q=dhar+parmar+puar&pg=PA302 |title = Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey|isbn = 9788120619654|last1 = Solomon|first1 = R. V.|last2 = Bond|first2 = J. W.|year = 2006}}</ref> | ||
== Demographics == | == Demographics == | ||