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{{short description|Seventh consonant in many Brahmi-derived abugidas}} | |||
{{distinguish|Ca (Indic)}} | {{distinguish|Ca (Indic)}} | ||
{{cleanup lang|date=April 2021}} | {{cleanup lang|date=April 2021}} | ||
{{Indic | {{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Cha | ||
| | |bengcp = 099B |bengimg = Bengali Letter Cha.svg | ||
| | |tibtcp = 0F46 |tibtimg = Tibetan Cha.svg | ||
| | |thaicp = 0E09 | ||
|mlymcp = 0D1B | |||
|brahcp = 11019 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ch.svg | | |sinhcp = 0DA1 | ||
| | |brahcp = 11019 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ch.svg | ||
| | |devacp = 091B |devaimg = Devanagari ch.svg | ||
|ipa = t͡ʃʰ |iast = cha |iscii = B9 | | hbchar = ק | ||
| grchar = Ϙ (Ϟ), Φ | |||
| lachar = Q | |||
| cychar = Ҁ, Ф | |||
|ipa = t͡ʃʰ |iast = cha |iscii = B9 | |||
}} | |||
'''Cha''' is the seventh consonant of Indic [[abugida]]s. In modern [[Brahmic scripts|Indic scripts]], cha is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ch.svg|13px|ng]], which is [[Brahmi script#Semitic model hypothesis|probably]] derived from the Aramaic letter [[File:Qoph.svg|10px]] ("Q") after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad ch.svg|13px]]. | |||
'''Cha''' is the seventh consonant of Indic [[abugida]]s. In modern [[Brahmic scripts|Indic scripts]], cha is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ch.svg|13px|ng]], which is [[Brahmi script# | |||
==Āryabhaṭa numeration== | ==Āryabhaṭa numeration== | ||
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}} | {{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}} | ||
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. | [[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. | ||
The values of the different forms of छ are:<ref name=Ifrah>{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|url=https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411/page/n468 447]–450}}</ref> | The values of the different forms of छ are:<ref name=Ifrah>{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|url=https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411/page/n468 447]–450}}</ref> | ||
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===Brahmi Cha=== | ===Brahmi Cha=== | ||
The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ch.svg|13px|Cha]], Cha, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the altered Aramaic [[Tsade]] [[File:Sade 1.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the Greek [[San (letter)]]. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Cha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style. | The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ch.svg|13px|Cha]], Cha, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the altered Aramaic [[Tsade]] [[File:Sade 1.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the Greek [[San (letter)]]. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Cha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style. | ||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
|+Brahmi Cha historic forms | |+Brahmi Cha historic forms | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Ashoka<br />([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" ( | !Ashoka<br />([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar<br />(~150 BCE) !! Kushana<br />([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat<br />(~250 CE) !! Gupta<br />([[Gupta script|~350 CE]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Brahmi ch.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar ch.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka ch.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat ch.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad ch.svg|37px]] | | [[File:Brahmi ch.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar ch.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka ch.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat ch.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad ch.svg|37px]] | ||
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===Tocharian Cha=== | ===Tocharian Cha=== | ||
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter cha.gif|25px|Cha]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi ch.svg|13px|Cha]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. | The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter cha.gif|25px|Cha]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi ch.svg|13px|Cha]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. | ||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
|+Tocharian Cha with vowel marks | |+Tocharian Cha with vowel marks | ||
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===Kharoṣṭhī Cha=== | ===Kharoṣṭhī Cha=== | ||
The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква CHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter CHA.svg|15px|Cha]] is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic [[Tsade]] [[File:Sade 1.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the Greek [[San (letter)]], in addition to the Brahmi Cha. | The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква CHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter CHA.svg|15px|Cha]] is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic [[Tsade]] [[File:Sade 1.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the Greek [[San (letter)]], in addition to the Brahmi Cha. | ||
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===Devanagari-using Languages=== | ===Devanagari-using Languages=== | ||
In all languages, छ is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|t͡ʃʰə|}} or {{IPAblink|t͡ʃʰ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel: | In all languages, छ is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|t͡ʃʰə|}} or {{IPAblink|t͡ʃʰ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel: | ||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Devanagari छ with vowel marks | |+ Devanagari छ with vowel marks | ||
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|छ् | |छ् | ||
|} | |} | ||
<!--Certain words that have been borrowed from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] implement the [[nukta]] to more properly approximate the original word. It is then transliterated as a ''<letter>''. | <!--Certain words that have been borrowed from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] implement the [[nukta]] to more properly approximate the original word. It is then transliterated as a ''<letter>''. | ||
*[[wikt:#Hindi|]] = ''<tranliteration>'' {{IPA-hi|<pronunciation>|}} "<word>"--> | *[[wikt:#Hindi|]] = ''<tranliteration>'' {{IPA-hi|<pronunciation>|}} "<word>"--> | ||
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====Ligature conjuncts of छ==== | ====Ligature conjuncts of छ==== | ||
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha. | True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha. | ||
* Repha र্ (r) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature rcʰa: {{ref|note|note}} | * Repha र্ (r) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature rcʰa: {{ref|note|note}} | ||
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RCha.svg|100px]] | [[File:Devanagari Conjunct RCha.svg|100px]] | ||
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====Stacked conjuncts of छ==== | ====Stacked conjuncts of छ==== | ||
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature. | Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature. | ||
* ब্ (b) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature bcʰa: | * ब্ (b) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature bcʰa: | ||
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct BCha.svg|100px]] | [[File:Devanagari Conjunct BCha.svg|100px]] | ||
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==Bengali script== | ==Bengali script== | ||
The Bengali script ছ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham ch.svg|13px]], and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, छ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ছ will sometimes be transliterated as "cho" instead of "cha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /cʰo/. | The Bengali script ছ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham ch.svg|13px]], and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, छ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ছ will sometimes be transliterated as "cho" instead of "cha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /cʰo/. | ||
Like all Indic consonants, ছ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a". | Like all Indic consonants, ছ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a". | ||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Bengali ছ with vowel marks | |+ Bengali ছ with vowel marks | ||
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===ছ in Bengali-using languages=== | ===ছ in Bengali-using languages=== | ||
ছ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. <!--It is also used with a nukta, ়, for foreign borrowings of //.--> | ছ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. <!--It is also used with a nukta, ়, for foreign borrowings of //.--> | ||
===Conjuncts with ছ=== | ===Conjuncts with ছ=== | ||
Bengali ছ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Unlike most Bengali letters, conjuncts with ছ do not tend towards stacked ligatures.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> | Bengali ছ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Unlike most Bengali letters, conjuncts with ছ do not tend towards stacked ligatures.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> | ||
* চ্ (c) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa: | * চ্ (c) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa: | ||
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ccha.svg |100px]] | [[File:Bengali Conjunct Ccha.svg |100px]] | ||
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===Gujarati-using Languages=== | ===Gujarati-using Languages=== | ||
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, છ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|cʰə|}} or {{IPAblink|cʰ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel: | The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, છ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|cʰə|}} or {{IPAblink|cʰ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel: | ||
{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;" | {| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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===Conjuncts with છ=== | ===Conjuncts with છ=== | ||
Gujarati છ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Cha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Cha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. | Gujarati છ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Cha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Cha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. | ||
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. | True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. | ||
* ર્ (r) + છ (cʰa) gives the ligature RCha: | * ર્ (r) + છ (cʰa) gives the ligature RCha: | ||
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RCha.svg|100px]] | [[File:Gujarati conjunct RCha.svg|100px]] | ||
* છ્ (cʰ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ChRa: | * છ્ (cʰ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ChRa: | ||
[[File:Gujarati conjunct ChRa.svg|100px]] | [[File:Gujarati conjunct ChRa.svg|100px]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Cha''' ('''ఛ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ch.svg|13px|Ch]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಛ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. | '''Cha''' ('''ఛ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ch.svg|13px|Ch]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಛ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. | ||
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct. | Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct. | ||
==Malayalam Cha== | ==Malayalam Cha== | ||
[[File:Malayalam letter Cha.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Cha]] | [[File:Malayalam letter Cha.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Cha]] | ||
'''Cha''' ('''ഛ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ch.svg|13px|Ch]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Cha.svg|x15px|Cha]] ''Cha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. | '''Cha''' ('''ഛ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ch.svg|13px|Ch]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Cha.svg|x15px|Cha]] ''Cha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. | ||
[[File:Malayalam Cha matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Cha matras: Cha, Chā, Chi, Chī, Chu, Chū, Chr̥, Chr̥̄, Chl̥, Chl̥̄, Che, Chē, Chai, Cho, Chō, Chau, and Ch.]] | [[File:Malayalam Cha matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Cha matras: Cha, Chā, Chi, Chī, Chu, Chū, Chr̥, Chr̥̄, Chl̥, Chl̥̄, Che, Chē, Chai, Cho, Chō, Chau, and Ch.]] | ||
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== Thai script == | == Thai script == | ||
'''Cho ching''' ('''ฉ''') is the ninth letter of the [[Thai script]]. It falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. In [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], ''cho ching'' is pronounced as [tɕʰ] at the beginning of a syllable and may not be used to close a syllable. The eighth letter of the alphabet, ''cho chan'' (จ), is also named ''cho'' and falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. The tenth and twelfth letters of the alphabet, ''cho chang'' (ช) and ''cho choe'' (ฌ), are also named ''cho'', however, they all fall under the low class of Thai consonants. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the [[Thai alphabet#Pinthu|pinthu]]''—''an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, ''ching'' (ฉิ่ง) means ‘cymbals ([[ching (instrument)|ching]])’. ''Cho ching'' corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘छ’. | '''Cho ching''' ('''ฉ''') is the ninth letter of the [[Thai script]]. It falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. In [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], ''cho ching'' is pronounced as [tɕʰ] at the beginning of a syllable and may not be used to close a syllable. The eighth letter of the alphabet, ''cho chan'' (จ), is also named ''cho'' but represents a different initial consonant sound ([tɕ]) and falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. The tenth and twelfth letters of the alphabet, ''cho chang'' (ช) and ''cho choe'' (ฌ), are also named ''cho'', however, they all fall under the low class of Thai consonants. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the [[Thai alphabet#Pinthu|pinthu]]''—''an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, ''ching'' (ฉิ่ง) means ‘cymbals ([[ching (instrument)|ching]])’. ''Cho ching'' corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘छ’. | ||
==Odia Cha== | ==Odia Cha== | ||
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| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Cha. | | footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Cha. | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Cha''' ('''ଛ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ch.svg|13px|Ch]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ch.svg|x15px|Cha]] ''Cha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. | '''Cha''' ('''ଛ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ch.svg|13px|Ch]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ch.svg|x15px|Cha]] ''Cha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. | ||
{| class=wikitable | {| class=wikitable | ||
|+ Odia Cha with vowel matras | |+ Odia Cha with vowel matras | ||
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=== Conjuncts of ଛ === | === Conjuncts of ଛ === | ||
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters. The "infinity" shaped subjoined form of Cha used in a few conjuncts is identical to the normal subjoined form of [[Tha (Indic)#Odia Tha|Tha]] and should not be confused with Tha. | As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters. The "infinity" shaped subjoined form of Cha used in a few conjuncts is identical to the normal subjoined form of [[Tha (Indic)#Odia Tha|Tha]] and should not be confused with Tha. | ||
* ଚ୍ (c) + ଛ (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa: | * ଚ୍ (c) + ଛ (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa: | ||
[[File:Odia conjunct CCha.svg]] | [[File:Odia conjunct CCha.svg]] | ||
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* ଶ୍ (ʃ) + ଛ (cʰa) gives the ligature ʃcʰa: | * ଶ୍ (ʃ) + ଛ (cʰa) gives the ligature ʃcʰa: | ||
[[File:Odia conjunct ShCha.svg]] | [[File:Odia conjunct ShCha.svg]] | ||
==Comparison of Cha== | |||
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Cha, are related as well. | |||
{{Indic glyph |letname = Cha | |||
|devacp = 091B |devaimg = Devanagari ch.svg | |||
|bengcp = 099B |bengimg = Bengali Letter Cha.svg | |||
|telucp = 0C1B | |||
|oryacp = 0B1B | |||
|kndacp = 0C9B | |||
|mlymcp = 0D1B | |||
|gujrcp = 0A9B | |||
|gurucp = 0A1B | |||
|brahcp = 11019 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ch.svg | |||
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka ch.svg | |||
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad ch.svg | |||
|kharcp = 10A16 | |||
|siddcp = 11594 |siddimg = Siddham ch.svg | |||
|grancp = 1131B | |||
|tibtcp = 0F46 |tibtimg = Tibetan Cha.svg | |||
|phagcp = A845 | |||
|zanbcp = 11A11 | |||
|newacp = 11415 | |||
|bhkscp = 11C14 | |||
|shrdcp = 11197 | |||
|mymrcp = 1006 | |||
|lanacp = 1A28 | |||
|talucp = 1989 | |||
|khmrcp = 1786 | |||
|thaicp = 0E09 | |||
|laoocp = 0E89 | |||
|tavtcp = AA8C | |||
|tavt2cp = AA8D | |||
|sinhcp = 0DA1 | |||
|cakmcp = 1110D | |||
|talecp = 1961 | |||
|ahomcp = 1170B | |||
|diakcp = 11912 | |||
|saurcp = A898 | |||
|chamcp = AA0D | |||
|modicp = 11614 | |||
|nandcp = 119B4 | |||
|soyocp = 11A62 | |||
|sylocp = A80D | |||
|gongcp = 11D7C | |||
|kthicp = 11093 | |||
|tirhcp = 11495 | |||
|lepccp = 1C07 | |||
|limbcp = 1907 | |||
|marccp = 11C77 | |||
|takrcp = 11690 | |||
|dogrcp = 11810 | |||
|khojcp = 1120F | |||
|sindcp = 112C1 | |||
|mahjcp = 1115A | |||
|multcp = 1128B | |||
|balicp = 1B19 | |||
|javacp = A996 | |||
|gonmcp = 11D12 | |||
|tochimg = Tocharian letter cha.gif | |||
|kawiimg = Aksara Kawi cha.svg | |||
| armiimg = Qoph.svg | |||
| plavaimg = Pallava Cha.svg | |||
| ranjimg = Ranjana ch.svg | |||
}} | |||
==Character encodings of Cha== | |||
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Cha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Cha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]]. | |||
{{Indic encoding |= Cha | |||
|devacp = 091B |devaimg = Devanagari ch.svg | |||
|bengcp = 099B |bengimg = Bengali Letter Cha.svg | |||
|telucp = 0C1B | |||
|oryacp = 0B1B | |||
|kndacp = 0C9B | |||
|mlymcp = 0D1B | |||
|gujrcp = 0A9B | |||
|gurucp = 0A1B | |||
|iscii = B9 | |||
|brahcp = 11019 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ch.svg | |||
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka ch.svg | |||
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad ch.svg | |||
|kharcp = 10A16 | |||
|siddcp = 11594 |siddimg = Siddham ch.svg | |||
|grancp = 1131B | |||
|tibtcp = 0F46 |tibtimg = Tibetan Cha.svg | |||
|tibtaltcp = 0F96 | |||
|phagcp = A845 | |||
|zanbcp = 11A11 | |||
|newacp = 11415 | |||
|bhkscp = 11C14 | |||
|shrdcp = 11197 | |||
|mymrcp = 1006 | |||
|lanacp = 1A28 | |||
|talucp = 1989 | |||
|khmrcp = 1786 | |||
|thaicp = 0E09 | |||
|laoocp = 0E89 | |||
|tavtcp = AA8C | |||
|tavt2cp = AA8D | |||
|sinhcp = 0DA1 | |||
|cakmcp = 1110D | |||
|talecp = 1961 | |||
|ahomcp = 1170B | |||
|diakcp = 11912 | |||
|saurcp = A898 | |||
|chamcp = AA0D | |||
|modicp = 11614 | |||
|nandcp = 119B4 | |||
|soyocp = 11A62 | |||
|sylocp = A80D | |||
|gongcp = 11D7C | |||
|kthicp = 11093 | |||
|tirhcp = 11495 | |||
|lepccp = 1C07 | |||
|limbcp = 1907 | |||
|marccp = 11C77 | |||
|takrcp = 11690 | |||
|dogrcp = 11810 | |||
|khojcp = 1120F | |||
|sindcp = 112C1 | |||
|mahjcp = 1115A | |||
|multcp = 1128B | |||
|balicp = 1B19 | |||
|javacp = A996 | |||
|gonmcp = 11D12 | |||
}} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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| journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | ||
| date = January 1911 | | date = January 1911 | ||
| volume = 43 | |||
| doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00040995 | |||
| jstor = 25189823 | | jstor = 25189823 | ||
}}<!--| accessdate = 2010-06-10--> | }}<!--| accessdate = 2010-06-10--> | ||
* {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00040995| jstor = 25189823 | pages = 109–126 | volume = 43 | journal = The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | title = Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers | publisher = Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | year = 1911| | * {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00040995| jstor = 25189823 | pages = 109–126 | volume = 43 | journal = The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | title = Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers | publisher = Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | year = 1911| last1 = Fleet | first1 = J. F.}} | ||
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś". | ::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś". | ||
{{Devanagari abugida}} | {{Devanagari abugida}} | ||
[[Category:Indic letters]] | [[Category:Indic letters]] | ||