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{{short description|Province of British India and later, Dominion of India ( | {{short description|Province of British India, and later, Dominion of India (1903–1950)}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} | ||
{{Infobox former subdivision | {{Infobox former subdivision | ||
|native_name = | | native_name = | ||
|conventional_long_name =Central Provinces and Berar | | conventional_long_name = Central Provinces and Berar | ||
|common_name =Central Provinces and Berar | | common_name = Central Provinces and Berar | ||
|nation = [[British India]] | | nation = [[British India]] | ||
|status_text = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Province of British India]] | | status_text = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Province of British India]] | ||
|era = | | era = | ||
|year_start = 1903 | | year_start = 1903 | ||
|date_start = | | date_start = | ||
|event_start= Merger of the [[Central Provinces]] and [[Berar Province]] | | event_start = Merger of the [[Central Provinces]] and [[Berar Province]] | ||
|year_end = 1950 | | year_end = 1950 | ||
|date_end = | | date_end = | ||
|event_end= Creation of [[Madhya Bharat]] State | | event_end = Creation of [[Madhya Bharat]] State | ||
|event1 = | | event1 = | ||
|date_event1 = | | date_event1 = | ||
|p1 =Central Provinces | | p1 = Central Provinces | ||
|p2 =Berar Province | | p2 = Berar Province | ||
|s1 =Madhya Pradesh | | s1 = Madhya Pradesh | ||
|s2 = Chhattisgarh | | s2 = Chhattisgarh | ||
|s3 = Maharashtra | | s3 = Maharashtra | ||
|flag_p1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg | | flag_p1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg | ||
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg | | flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg | ||
|image_flag =British Raj Red Ensign.svg | | image_flag = British Raj Red Ensign.svg | ||
|image_coat =Indian Embassy in London wall plaque (1).jpg | | image_coat = Indian Embassy in London wall plaque (1).jpg | ||
|image_map =Central Provs 1909.jpg | | image_map = Central Provs 1909.jpg | ||
|image_map_caption =<small>Central Provinces and Berar in 1909, showing the districts, divisions, and princely states under the authority of the province, as well as the 1905 changes to the eastern boundary</small> | | image_map_caption = <small>Central Provinces and Berar in 1909, showing the districts, divisions, and princely states under the authority of the province, as well as the 1905 changes to the eastern boundary</small> | ||
|stat_area1 = | | stat_area1 = | ||
|stat_year1 =1941 | | stat_year1 = 1941 | ||
|stat_pop1 = 16,813,584 | | stat_pop1 = 16,813,584 | ||
| | | demonym = | ||
| capital = Nagpur | |||
| today = | |||
}} | |||
The '''Central Provinces and Berar''' was a [[Provinces of India|province]] of [[British India]] and later the [[Dominion of India]] which existed from 1903 to 1950. It was formed by the merger of the [[Central Provinces]] with the province of [[Berar Province|Berar]], which was territory leased by the British from the [[Hyderabad State]]. Through an agreement signed on 5 November 1902, 6th [[Nizam]] [[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI]] leased Berar permanently to the British for an annual payment of 25 lakhs Rupees. [[Lord Curzon]] decided to merge Berar with the Central Provinces, and this was proclaimed on 17 September 1903.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BULDHANA/his_british%20period.html|title=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency-Buldhana district-History-British Period|publisher=Buldhana District Gazetteer website|access-date=25 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006221954/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BULDHANA/his_british%20period.html|archive-date=6 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> | The '''Central Provinces and Berar''' was a [[Provinces of India|province]] of [[British India]] and later the [[Dominion of India]] which existed from 1903 to 1950. It was formed by the merger of the [[Central Provinces]] with the province of [[Berar Province|Berar]], which was territory leased by the British from the [[Hyderabad State]]. Through an agreement signed on 5 November 1902, 6th [[Nizam]] [[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI]] leased Berar permanently to the British for an annual payment of 25 lakhs Rupees. [[Lord Curzon]] decided to merge Berar with the Central Provinces, and this was proclaimed on 17 September 1903.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BULDHANA/his_british%20period.html|title=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency-Buldhana district-History-British Period|publisher=Buldhana District Gazetteer website|access-date=25 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006221954/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BULDHANA/his_british%20period.html|archive-date=6 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
The [[Central Provinces]] was formed in 1861 by the merger of the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]] and [[Nagpur Province]]. Administration of the [[Berar Province|Berar]] region of the [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[princely state]] was assigned to the Chief Commissioner of the [[Central Provinces]] in 1903, and for administrative purposes, Berar was merged with the Central Provinces to form the Central Provinces | The [[Central Provinces]] was formed in 1861 by the merger of the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]] and [[Nagpur Province]]. Administration of the [[Berar Province|Berar]] region of the [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[princely state]] was assigned to the Chief Commissioner of the [[Central Provinces]] in 1903, and for administrative purposes, Berar was merged with the Central Provinces to form the Central Provinces and Berar on 24 October 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rulers.org/indprov.html|title=Provinces|access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref> After Indian Independence in 1947, a number of [[princely state]]s were merged into the Central Provinces and Berar, which, when the [[Constitution of India]] went into effect in 1950, became the new Indian state of [[Madhya Bharat]], merged with [[Madhya Pradesh]] in 1956, also meaning ''Central Province.'' | ||
As its name suggests, the province was situated in the center of the Indian peninsula. It comprised large portions of the broad belt of hill and plateau which interposes between the plains of the Ganges and the Deccan plateau. The Central Provinces and Berar were bounded on the north and northeast by the [[Central India Agency]], including the [[Bundelkhand]] and [[Bagelkhand]] agencies, and along the northern edge of [[Sagar District]] by the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces of Agra & Oudh]]; on the west by the princely states of [[Bhopal state|Bhopal]], [[Holkar|Indore]] and by the [[Kandesh District]] of [[Bombay Presidency]]; on the south by [[Hyderabad State]], and on the east by [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] (till 1937, a part of [[Bengal Presidency]]) and the [[Eastern States Agency]]. | As its name suggests, the province was situated in the center of the Indian peninsula. It comprised large portions of the broad belt of hill and plateau which interposes between the plains of the Ganges and the Deccan plateau. The Central Provinces and Berar were bounded on the north and northeast by the [[Central India Agency]], including the [[Bundelkhand]] and [[Bagelkhand]] agencies, and along the northern edge of [[Sagar District]] by the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces of Agra & Oudh]]; on the west by the princely states of [[Bhopal state|Bhopal]], [[Holkar|Indore]] and by the [[Kandesh District]] of [[Bombay Presidency]]; on the south by [[Hyderabad State]], and on the east by [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] (till 1937, a part of [[Bengal Presidency]]) and the [[Eastern States Agency]]. | ||
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The Central Provinces comprised 19th-century British conquests from the [[Mughals]] and [[Maratha]]s in central India, and covered much of present-day [[Chhattisgarh]] with portions of [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Maharashtra]] states. Its capital was [[Nagpur]].<ref>Hunter, Sir William Wilson, et al. (1908). ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford</ref> | The Central Provinces comprised 19th-century British conquests from the [[Mughals]] and [[Maratha]]s in central India, and covered much of present-day [[Chhattisgarh]] with portions of [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Maharashtra]] states. Its capital was [[Nagpur]].<ref>Hunter, Sir William Wilson, et al. (1908). ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford</ref> | ||
After the defeat of the [[Marathas]] in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], the territories north of the [[Satpura Range]] ceded in 1817 by the Maratha [[Peshwa]] (parts of Saugor and Damoh) and in 1818 by [[Appa Sahib]], were in 1820, formed into the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]] under an agent to the [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]]. In 1835 the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were included in the newly formed [[North-Western Provinces]] (which later became the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh). In 1842, in consequence of an uprising, they were again placed under the jurisdiction of an agent to the governor-general. They were restored to the North-Western Province in 1853. | After the defeat of the [[Marathas]] in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], the territories north of the [[Satpura Range]] ceded in 1817 by the Maratha [[Peshwa]] (parts of Saugor and Damoh) and in 1818 by [[Appa Sahib]], were in 1820, formed into the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]] under an agent to the [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]]. In 1835 the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were included in the newly formed [[North-Western Provinces]] (which later became the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh). In 1842, in consequence of an uprising, they were again placed under the jurisdiction of an agent to the governor-general. They were restored to the North-Western Province in 1853.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=683}} | ||
In 1818, the Maratha [[Bhonsle]] Maharajas of Nagpur submitted to British sovereignty. In 1853, on the death of Raghoji III without heirs, Nagpur was annexed by the British under the [[doctrine of lapse]]. Until the formation of the Central Provinces in 1861, [[Nagpur Province]], which consisted of the Nagpur Division, [[Chhindwara]] and Chhattisgarh, was administered by a commissioner under the central colonial government. | In 1818, the Maratha [[Bhonsle]] Maharajas of Nagpur submitted to British sovereignty. In 1853, on the death of Raghoji III without heirs, Nagpur was annexed by the British under the [[doctrine of lapse]]. Until the formation of the Central Provinces in 1861, [[Nagpur Province]], which consisted of the Nagpur Division, [[Chhindwara]] and Chhattisgarh, was administered by a commissioner under the central colonial government. | ||
[[Image:Central Provinces India 1903.gif|thumb|Central Provinces and Berar, 1903. Princely states are shown in yellow.]] | [[Image:Central Provinces India 1903.gif|thumb|Central Provinces and Berar, 1903. Princely states are shown in yellow.]] | ||
The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were joined with the Nagpur province to constitute the new Central Provinces in 1861. on 1 October 1903 Berar was placed under the administration of the commissioner of the Central Provinces. In October 1905 most of [[Sambalpur]] and the princely states of [[Bamra]], [[Rairakhol]], [[Sonepur, Orissa|Sonpur]], [[Patna]] and [[Kalahandi]] were transferred from the Central Provinces and Berar to [[Bengal]], while the Hindi-speaking [[Chota Nagpur States]] of [[Chang Bhakar]], [[Koriya|British Korea]], [[Surguja]], [[Udaipur]] and [[Jashpur]] were transferred from Bengal to the Central Provinces & Berar. | The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were joined with the Nagpur province to constitute the new Central Provinces in 1861. on 1 October 1903 Berar was placed under the administration of the commissioner of the Central Provinces. In October 1905 most of [[Sambalpur]] and the princely states of [[Bamra]], [[Rairakhol]], [[Sonepur, Orissa|Sonpur]], [[Patna]] and [[Kalahandi]] were transferred from the Central Provinces and Berar to [[Bengal]], while the Hindi-speaking [[Chota Nagpur States]] of [[Chang Bhakar]], [[Koriya|British Korea]], [[Surguja]], [[Udaipur]] and [[Jashpur]] were transferred from Bengal to the Central Provinces & Berar.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=683}} | ||
In 1903, the Marathi-speaking [[Berar Province|Berar]] region of the [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[princely state]] was placed under the administration of the Governor of the Central Provinces, although it officially remained part of Hyderabad, leased in perpetuity by the Government of India. In 1905, most of [[Sambalpur district]] and the [[princely state]]s of [[Bamra State|Bamra]], [[Rairahkhol State|Rairakhol]], [[Sonepur State|Sonpur]], [[Patna State|Patna]], and [[Kalahandi State|Kalahandi]] were transferred to [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] and the princely states of [[Changbhakar State|Changbhakar]], [[Koriya State|Korea]], [[Surguja State|Surguja]], [[Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh|Udaipur]], and [[Jashpur State|Jashpur]] were transferred from Bengal to the Central Provinces.<ref>''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', (New ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908-1909. Vol. 10, Page 1.</ref> | In 1903, the Marathi-speaking [[Berar Province|Berar]] region of the [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[princely state]] was placed under the administration of the Governor of the Central Provinces, although it officially remained part of Hyderabad, leased in perpetuity by the Government of India. In 1905, most of [[Sambalpur district]] and the [[princely state]]s of [[Bamra State|Bamra]], [[Rairahkhol State|Rairakhol]], [[Sonepur State|Sonpur]], [[Patna State|Patna]], and [[Kalahandi State|Kalahandi]] were transferred to [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] and the princely states of [[Changbhakar State|Changbhakar]], [[Koriya State|Korea]], [[Surguja State|Surguja]], [[Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh|Udaipur]], and [[Jashpur State|Jashpur]] were transferred from Bengal to the Central Provinces.<ref>''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', (New ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908-1909. Vol. 10, Page 1.</ref> | ||
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The ministry collapsed in 1933 due to infighting among the ministers and a new ministry was formed under Raghavendra Rao with Muhammad Yusuf Shareef and V. B. Choubal as ministers. This ministry collapsed in 1934 and a new ministry was formed with [[Balkrishna Ganesh Khaparde|B. G. Khaparde]] as Chief Minister and K. S. Naidu as the other minister. This ministry remained in office till 1937.<ref name="PLNM"/> | The ministry collapsed in 1933 due to infighting among the ministers and a new ministry was formed under Raghavendra Rao with Muhammad Yusuf Shareef and V. B. Choubal as ministers. This ministry collapsed in 1934 and a new ministry was formed with [[Balkrishna Ganesh Khaparde|B. G. Khaparde]] as Chief Minister and K. S. Naidu as the other minister. This ministry remained in office till 1937.<ref name="PLNM"/> | ||
In 1933 the princely states in Chhattisgarh Division were transferred to the [[Eastern States Agency]], and Makrai to the [[Central India Agency]]. On 24 October 1936, the Central Provinces became the | In 1933 the princely states in Chhattisgarh Division were transferred to the [[Eastern States Agency]], and Makrai to the [[Central India Agency]]. On 24 October 1936, the Central Provinces became the Central Provinces and Berar when it was fully merged with [[Berar Division]], although it remained under the nominal sovereignty of Hyderabad.<ref name="Olson, James S 1996. P. 227">Olson, James S. and Robert Shadle, eds. ''Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Vol. 1.'' Greenwood Publishing Group, UK 1996. P. 227.</ref> | ||
In 1935 the [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act]] was passed by the British Parliament. This act provided for the election of a provincial assembly, with an electorate made up of men with a minimum of financial resources, and excluding women and the poor. Supervisory powers over the enclaved and attached Princely States were reserved to the Governor and removed from the authority of the popular provincial governments. Elections were held in 1937, and the [[Indian National Congress]] took a majority of the seats but declined to form the government. A minority provisional government was formed under E. Raghavendra Rao.<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Governments (Ministers) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1937/apr/19/provincial-governments-ministers |website=Parliament.uk |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> | In 1935 the [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act]] was passed by the British Parliament. This act provided for the election of a provincial assembly, with an electorate made up of men with a minimum of financial resources, and excluding women and the poor. Supervisory powers over the enclaved and attached Princely States were reserved to the Governor and removed from the authority of the popular provincial governments. Elections were held in 1937, and the [[Indian National Congress]] took a majority of the seats but declined to form the government. A minority provisional government was formed under E. Raghavendra Rao.<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Governments (Ministers) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1937/apr/19/provincial-governments-ministers |website=Parliament.uk |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Khare resigned in 1938, and [[Ravi Shankar Shukla]] next became Premier. In 1939, along with Congress leaders from other provinces, Shukla resigned in protest of the Governor-General's declaration of war on Germany without consulting with Indian leaders, and the Central Provinces & Berar came under [[Governor's Rule]]. Another round of elections were held in 1946, yielding another Congress majority, and Shukla again became Premier.<ref | Khare resigned in 1938, and [[Ravi Shankar Shukla]] next became Premier. In 1939, along with Congress leaders from other provinces, Shukla resigned in protest of the Governor-General's declaration of war on Germany without consulting with Indian leaders, and the Central Provinces & Berar came under [[Governor's Rule]]. Another round of elections were held in 1946, yielding another Congress majority, and Shukla again became Premier.<ref name="Olson, James S 1996. P. 227"/> | ||
=== After Indian independence === | === After Indian independence === | ||
India became independent on 15 August and the Central Provinces & Berar became a province of the [[Dominion of India]]. The princely states, which were under the Central Provinces before 1936, were merged into the province, and organized into new districts. When the [[Constitution of India]] went into effect in 1950, the Central Provinces & Berar was reorganized with territorial changes as the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], which name also means ''Central Province.'' | India became independent on 15 August and the Central Provinces & Berar became a province of the [[Dominion of India]]. The princely states, which were under the Central Provinces before 1936, were merged into the province, and organized into new districts. When the [[Constitution of India]] went into effect in 1950, the Central Provinces & Berar was reorganized with territorial changes as the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], which name also means ''Central Province.'' | ||
On 1 November 1956, Madhya Bharat, together with the states of [[Vindhya Pradesh]] and [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal State]], was merged into Madhya Pradesh. In 1956, | On 1 November 1956, Madhya Bharat, together with the states of [[Vindhya Pradesh]] and [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal State]], was merged into Madhya Pradesh. In 1956, strong demand due to linguistic similarity from [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Irredentism|Irredentists]], the [[Berar Division|Berar]] and Nagpur divisions were transferred to [[Bombay State]]. In 1960, the Bombay State was partitioned into [[Maharashtra]] & [[Gujarat]]. In 2000, the eastern portion of Madhya Pradesh was split off to become the new state of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>Markovits, Claude (ed.) (2004). ''A History of Modern India: 1480-1950''. Anthem Press, London</ref> | ||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
{{reflist}} | |||
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Central Provinces and Berar|volume=5|pages=681–683}} This contains a more-detailed account of the geography and history of the provinces up to the 19th century. | |||
{{Presidencies and provinces of British India}} | {{Presidencies and provinces of British India}} | ||