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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}} | {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}} | ||
'''Baishya Kapali''' | '''Baishya Kapali''' is a [[Bengali Hindu]] agricultural caste found in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] and in [[Bangladesh]]. From the 1960s, a section of the Kapali caste embraced 'Baishya Kapali' as their caste name, which remains a matter of dispute to date. The Kapalis have excelled in cultivating [[jute]] and the manufacture of gunny bags. Baishya Kapalis or Kapalis are listed as [[Other Backward Classes]] in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Other Backward Classes (O.B.C.) Recognized by Govt. of West Bengal |url=http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/pdf/category-wise-obc-list.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113195035/http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/pdf/category-wise-obc-list.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Prasenjit|date=2017|title=Multiple Identities of the Kapalis of Bengal: An Ethnohistorical Perspective|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44789610|journal=Anthropos|volume=112|issue=1|pages=282–289|doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2017-1-282|jstor=44789610|issn=0257-9774}}</ref> | ||
== Mythology == | == Mythology == | ||
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== History == | == History == | ||
[[File:Jute fibre extraction.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Extraction of jute fibre.]] | [[File:Jute fibre extraction.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Extraction of jute fibre.]] | ||
Risely mentions Kapalis as "a cultivating and weaving caste of Eastern Bengal, who claim to be the offspring of a [[Karmakar]] father and a [[Teli]] mother".<ref name="globalEncy">{{cite book |title=Global Encyclopaedia Of Brahamana Ethnography (2 Vols. Set) |last=Rao |first=K.S. Krishna |year=2008 |publisher=Global Vision Pub House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5EWgRdnLxAC&q=kapali+caste+bengal&pg=PA259 |isbn=978-81-82202-08-5|page=259 | The Dom, Chandal, Savar, and Kapali were the cluster conferred as tribes during the Pala regime. According to Sarma, this caste was higher in status than the Dom and the so-called Chandal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarma |first=Jyotirmoyee |year=1980 |title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus |publisher=Firma KLM |page=19 |ISBN=978-0-8364-0633-7}}</ref> Risely mentions Kapalis as "a cultivating and weaving caste of Eastern Bengal, who claim to be the offspring of a [[Karmakar]] father and a [[Teli]] mother".<ref name="globalEncy">{{cite book |title=Global Encyclopaedia Of Brahamana Ethnography (2 Vols. Set) |last=Rao |first=K.S. Krishna |year=2008 |publisher=Global Vision Pub House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5EWgRdnLxAC&q=kapali+caste+bengal&pg=PA259 |isbn=978-81-82202-08-5|page=259}}</ref> | ||
The caste claims to be | |||
of higher rank than the Bhtiinmāli, Chandāl, or Sáha, and being | of higher rank than the Bhtiinmāli, Chandāl, or Sáha, and being | ||
descended from clean Südras the pure Dhobi and Nápit work | descended from clean Südras the pure Dhobi and Nápit work | ||
for them. The Purohit, who is distinct from that of the Kawāli, | for them. They adopted "Vaishya Kapali" caste name, to put forward the vaishya varna affiliation.The Purohit, who is distinct from that of the Kawāli, | ||
is a Patit Brähman. Their only gotra is Kasyapa; and the | is a Patit Brähman. Their only gotra is Kasyapa; and the | ||
caste Panchäft is presided overby a headman, called Mu'tabar. | caste Panchäft is presided overby a headman, called Mu'tabar. | ||
The titles found among the Kapális are Manjhi, | The titles(surnames) found among the Kapális are Manjhi,Mandal, Shikdar, Mala, and Haldar; the families with the first three patronymics being regarded as higher than the others, while a larger sum is paid for their daughters.According to Sarkar, the Kapalis were arranged horizontally into elucidated and organised classes; the custom of kulinism was also exercised by them.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Prasenjit|date=2013-01-01|title=Social Structure of the Kapalis of Bengal An Oral Historical Approach|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297689073|journal=Anthropos: International Review of Anthropology and Linguistics|volume=108|pages=137–147|doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2013-1-137}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Saha|first=Sanghamitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92EwAQAAIAAJ|title=A Handbook of West Bengal|date=1998|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics|isbn=978-81-85692-24-1|pages=72–74|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sarkar|first1=Prasenjit|last2=Mukherjee|first2=D. P.|date=2010|title=Patterns of Marriage among a Hindu Caste Population of the Southern Part of West Bengal, Bordering Bangladesh|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25734824|journal=Anthropos|volume=105|issue=2|pages=583–587|jstor=25734824|issn=0257-9774}}</ref> | ||
sum is paid for their daughters. | |||
<ref | |||
After the demotion in the social strata, the Kapalis took to agriculture, dairy farming and business. The Kapalis excelled in the cultivation of jute and the preparation of gunny bags from jute. Gradually they became prosperous and some of them even became wealthy landowners. During the reign of [[Maharaja Pratapaditya]], many Kapalis were employed in the government as well as in the army.<ref name="kundu">{{cite book |script-title=bn:বাঙালী হিন্দু জাতি পরিচয় |trans-title=An Introduction of Bengali Hindu Castes |language=bn |last=Kundu |first=Santosh Kumar |year=2008 |publisher=Presidency Library |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-81-89466-13-8 |page=80}}</ref> The Kapalis do not work as labourers, servants or domestic helps.<ref name="mitra345">{{cite book |title=Jashor Khulnar Itihas |trans-title=The History of Jessore and Khulna |language=bn |last=Mitra |first=Satish Chandra |publisher=Deys Publishing |location=Kolkata |page=345}}</ref> | After the demotion in the social strata, the Kapalis took to agriculture, dairy farming and business. The Kapalis excelled in the cultivation of jute and the preparation of gunny bags from jute. Gradually they became prosperous and some of them even became wealthy landowners. During the reign of [[Maharaja Pratapaditya]], many Kapalis were employed in the government as well as in the army.<ref name="kundu">{{cite book |script-title=bn:বাঙালী হিন্দু জাতি পরিচয় |trans-title=An Introduction of Bengali Hindu Castes |language=bn |last=Kundu |first=Santosh Kumar |year=2008 |publisher=Presidency Library |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-81-89466-13-8 |page=80}}</ref> The Kapalis do not work as labourers, servants or domestic helps.<ref name="mitra345">{{cite book |title=Jashor Khulnar Itihas |trans-title=The History of Jessore and Khulna |language=bn |last=Mitra |first=Satish Chandra |publisher=Deys Publishing |location=Kolkata |page=345}}</ref> | ||
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[[Category:Bengali Hindu castes]] | [[Category:Bengali Hindu castes]] | ||
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]] | [[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]] | ||